浙江工商大学_3116中级微观经济学2012--2017年_考博专业课真题试卷
第 1 页，共 1页 浙江工商大学2012年博士研究生入学考试试卷（A ）卷 招生专业： 经济学 考试科目：中级微观经济学
考试时间：3小时 总分：100分
1、如果消费者将全部收入花费在两种商品的购买上，其中一种商品是吉芬品，试证明当这种吉芬商品的价格上涨时，另一种商品的消费量必定减少。请证明之（15分）。
2、某市场上只有A 、B 两个厂商，它们对某种产品的市场需求曲线为100()A B P q q =-+，其中，P 为产品价格，A q 为厂商A 的需求量，B q 为厂商B 的需求量，两个厂商的边际成本都为1。
（1）假设厂商A 、B 是两个古诺厂商，则这两个厂商的反应线分别是什么？求解古诺均衡时两个厂商的产量和利润（10分）。
（2）假设厂商A 是市场的领导者，厂商B 是市场的追随者，试求解斯塔克博格模型的均衡解（10分）。
（3）如果厂商A 和厂商B 不清楚谁是领导者，谁是追随者，则第（2）问中的斯塔克博格模型结果是什么？请给出你的理由（5分）。
3、请说明什么是价格歧视？广义上的价格歧视有哪几种类型？各自的内容和产生原因是什么？试用图形说明不同类型的价格歧视对消费者福利的影响？（20分）
4、已知某地区一企业的生产函数满足柯布—道格拉斯函数（Cobb-Douglas 函数）：
(,)Y F K L AK L αβ==，其中，0,1αβ<<并且0A >，
而资本和劳动的要素价格分别为r 和ω。
（1）假定总预算支出给定，且为0I ，那么请分别求出该企业的资本和劳动要素的需求函数（即为马歇尔需求函数）（10分）。
（2）假定给定最小产量为0q 的条件下，请重新求解该企业资本和劳动要素的需求函数（即为希克斯需求函数）（10分）。
5、请简述科斯第一定理、第二定理和第三定理，并以科斯定理来分析讨价还价行为与经济效率的关系（20分）。
—————————————答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效———————————
浙大考博英语真题部分考试
浙大考博英语真题部分考试
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2016年浙江大学博士生英语 听力 PART A Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at T aylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent. Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent.----- 文章来源托福听力 听力是托福内容，完型填空是大学英语教程第四册里面的内容~~~
浙江工商大学大学英语(四)期末口语考试
2012级新编大学英语（四）（浙大版）期末口语考试范围与内容： 单元范围：Book 4 unit 2 – unit 7 考试内容：每个单元前两篇文章指定的句子翻译；每个单元三篇课文（包括after – class reading passage 2）课后词组的造句；每个单元配套的小组讨论话题。注：句子翻译和小组讨论话题详见以下附件内容，其中小组讨论的话题由开学的11个话题缩减为9个。课后词组及造句这里不提供样板，请同学们课后按照课本自行准备。 以下附件为小组讨论话题和每单元的指定句子翻译： 小组讨论话题 Unit 2 * Is calling better than writing? * What are the most dangerous sentence (words) and the most powerful sentence (words) in your mind? Why? Unit 3 *Who are teachers’ pets, boys or girls? How to avoid gender bias in the classroom? Unit 4 * Which should be emphasized in education, knowledge or creativity? Unit 5 * What is your favorite sport? How do you benefit from it? * Should athletes be role models? Unit6 * Why would people like to take risks? * Are environmental risks worth taking? And how to avoid? Explain your answer. Unit 7 * Talk about the similarities and differences between your expectations of college life and the reality. 大学英语（四）Unit 2 – Unit 7 汉译英句子 Unit 2 The Power of Words 1．因为那时我是个十几岁的小伙子，所以他的话最鼓舞人心了。 Because I was a teenager t hen, his words couldn’t have been more inspiring. 2．每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时，便会重温他的便笺。 Whenever I doubted I had the right stuff to be a writer，I would reread his note. 3．毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利（Erie）湖那么大。
浙江工商大学招生简介
浙江工商大学招生简介 浙江工商大学招生简介 第一章总则 第一条为确保学校招生工作顺利进行，切实维护学校和考生的合法权益，根据《中华人民共和国教育法》、《中华人民共和国高等 教育法》和教育主管部门的有关政策和规定，结合学校招生工作的 实际情况，特制定本章程。 第二条本章程适用于浙江工商大学2017年全日制普通本科招生 工作。 第三条学校招生工作实施“阳光工程”，遵循公开、公平、公正和择优录取的原则，并接受广大考生及其家长和社会的监督。 第二章学校概况 第四条学校全称：浙江工商大学。 第五条学校代码：10353。 第六条办学层次和类型：本科及研究生教育，国家公办全日制普通高等学校。 第七条学校校址：下沙校区(杭州市下沙高教园区学正街18号)，教工路校区(杭州市教工路149号)。 第八条就学地点：高考录取的本科新生在下沙校区就学。 第九条颁发毕业证书及学位证书的学校名称：浙江工商大学。 第三章招生计划与录取原则 第十一条学校面向全国招生，招生计划以各省(直辖市、自治区)招生主管部门公布的为准。
第十二条学校实行“学校负责、省(直辖市、自治区)招生主管部门监督”的录取体制。 第十三条学校根据各省(直辖市、自治区)招生主管部门提供的生源情况，确定调档比例。实行平行志愿的省份，原则上按照招生计 划的1:1确定调档比例;实行非平行志愿的省份，调档比例一般控制 在招生计划的105%以内。 第十四条新生录取时男女比例不限。 第十五条对考生的身体健康要求，参照《普通高等学校招生体检工作指导意见》执行，该《意见》中规定“学校可以不予录取”、“学校有关专业可不予录取”的，学校均按“不予录取”执行。 第十六条录取过程中，学校严格遵守教育部和各省(直辖市、自 治区)招生主管部门的有关政策和规定。新生录取按照以下原则执行： (二)投档成绩相同者，参考排序分、学业水平测试成绩和综合素质评价等，择优录取。 (三)所有专业志愿均未录取者，再根据计划缺额情况，从高分到低分录取服从专业调剂的考生。 (四)浙江省、上海市按新高考录取政策执行，考生所填报的专业(类)志愿须满足该专业(类)选考科目要求。浙江省内参加新课改的 考生，报考我校必须满足综合素质评价中审美与艺术、运动与健康、探究与实践、劳动与技能等四个方面要求等第均为B等及以上(往届 生P等及以上)，学业水平测试各科目成绩均为D等及以上(往届生 C等及以上)。 (五)江苏省考生录取必备条件以江苏省教育考试院公布的为准，按照“先分数后等级”的规则择优录取。 第十七条专业和文化课成绩均合格的美术类专业考生，录取时按综合分排序(其中：专业成绩占50%，文化成绩占50%;专业成绩、文 化成绩均按满分750分制折算)和前述第十六条原则录取。如有省 (直辖市、自治区)招生主管部门单独设定考生综合分计算方式的.， 从其规定。
浙江大学_微观经济学_期中试卷及答案
浙江大学2008–2009学年春学期 《微观经济学(甲)》课程期中考试试卷 开课学院：经济学院，考试形式：闭、开卷，允许带___________入场 考试时间：_____年____月____日,所需时间：120 分钟 考生姓名：_____学号：专业：________ 一．选择题（每题1分，共15分） 1.下列各项中会导致一国生产可能性曲线向外移动的一项是( c ) A.失业 B.价格总水平提高 C.技术进步 D.消费品生产增加，资本品生产下降 2.下列命题中哪一个不是实证经济学命题（c） A.1982年8月联邦把贴现率降到10% B.1981年的失业率超过9% C.联邦所得税对中等收入家庭是不公平的 D.社会保险税的课税依据现已超过2000美元。 3.下列行为中最接近于完全竞争模式的一项是( c ) A.飞机制造业 B.烟草业 C.日用小商品制造业 D.汽车制造业 4、如果某消费者增加1单位X商品的消费量、减少2单位Y商品的消费量，而总效用水平不变，则此时的边际替代率MRS XY为（B ） A.1/2 B.2 C.1 D.4 5、农夫和牧人的生产率分别为农夫每小时生产3磅牛肉或3磅土豆，牧人每小时生产2磅牛肉或1磅土豆。如果他们按各自的比较优势进行生产和贸易，可能进行交易的价格范围是（A ） A.从1/2磅土豆换1磅牛肉到1磅土豆换1磅牛肉 B.从2磅土豆换1磅牛肉到3磅土豆换1磅牛肉 C.从1/2磅牛肉换1磅土豆到1磅牛肉换1磅土豆 D.从2磅牛肉换1磅土豆到3磅牛肉换1磅土豆
6、假定其它条件不变，如果咖啡的价格下跌，下列哪种情况将发生（D ） A.咖啡的需求曲线将向右移动 B.咖啡的需求曲线将向左移动 C.奶茶的需求曲线将向右移动 D.奶茶的需求曲线将向左移动 7. 已知某企业的生产函数为Q ＝(LK)0.5，则(a ) 。 A.生产函数是规模收益不变 B.生产函数是规模收益递增 C .生产函数是规模收益递减 D. 无法确定 8.若两种商品的交叉价格弹性为-2.3，则（d） A. 是替代品 B. 是正常商品 C. 是劣质品 D. 是互补品 9.长期平均成本曲线成U型，短期平均成本曲线也为U型，原因为分别为（a） A. 规模报酬有关；要素的边际生产率有关 B. 外部经济与不经济有关；固定成本与可变成本所占比重有关 C. 要素的边际生产率有关；规模报酬有关 D. 固定成本与可变成本所占比重有关；外部经济与不经济有关 10.政府为了扶持农业，对农产品规定了高于其均衡价格的支持价格。政府为了维持支持价格，应该采取的相应措施是（c） A.增加对农产品的税收 B.实行农产品配给制度 C. 收购过剩的农产品 D.对农产品生产者给予补贴 11.按照蛛网模型原理，若供给曲线和需求曲线均为直线，则收敛型摆动的条件是（a） A.供给曲线的斜率大于需求曲线的斜率 B. 供给曲线的斜率小于需求曲线的斜率 C. 供给曲线的斜率等于需求曲线的斜率 D.以上都不正确（此处斜率值均指其绝对值） 12.下列说法中正确的是（b） A. 在产量的某一变化范围内，只要边际成本曲线位于平均成本曲线的上方，平均成本曲线一定向下倾斜 B. 边际成本曲线在达到一定产量水平后趋于上升，是由边际收益递减规律所造成的 C. 长期平均成本曲线在达到一定的产量水平后趋于上升，是由边际收益递减规律所造成的 D.边际成本曲线就是供给曲线 13.商品X和Y的价格按相同的比率上升，而收入不变，预算线（a） A. 向左下方平行移动 B. 向右上方平行移动 C. 不变D向左下方或右上方平行移动
浙江工商大学_3116中级微观经济学2012--2017年_考博专业课真题试卷
第 1 页，共 1页 浙江工商大学2012年博士研究生入学考试试卷（A ）卷 招生专业： 经济学 考试科目：中级微观经济学 考试时间：3小时 总分：100分 1、如果消费者将全部收入花费在两种商品的购买上，其中一种商品是吉芬品，试证明当这种吉芬商品的价格上涨时，另一种商品的消费量必定减少。请证明之（15分）。 2、某市场上只有A 、B 两个厂商，它们对某种产品的市场需求曲线为100()A B P q q =-+，其中，P 为产品价格，A q 为厂商A 的需求量，B q 为厂商B 的需求量，两个厂商的边际成本都为1。 （1）假设厂商A 、B 是两个古诺厂商，则这两个厂商的反应线分别是什么？求解古诺均衡时两个厂商的产量和利润（10分）。 （2）假设厂商A 是市场的领导者，厂商B 是市场的追随者，试求解斯塔克博格模型的均衡解（10分）。 （3）如果厂商A 和厂商B 不清楚谁是领导者，谁是追随者，则第（2）问中的斯塔克博格模型结果是什么？请给出你的理由（5分）。 3、请说明什么是价格歧视？广义上的价格歧视有哪几种类型？各自的内容和产生原因是什么？试用图形说明不同类型的价格歧视对消费者福利的影响？（20分） 4、已知某地区一企业的生产函数满足柯布—道格拉斯函数（Cobb-Douglas 函数）： (,)Y F K L AK L αβ==，其中，0,1αβ<<并且0A >， 而资本和劳动的要素价格分别为r 和ω。 （1）假定总预算支出给定，且为0I ，那么请分别求出该企业的资本和劳动要素的需求函数（即为马歇尔需求函数）（10分）。 （2）假定给定最小产量为0q 的条件下，请重新求解该企业资本和劳动要素的需求函数（即为希克斯需求函数）（10分）。 5、请简述科斯第一定理、第二定理和第三定理，并以科斯定理来分析讨价还价行为与经济效率的关系（20分）。 —————————————答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效———————————
2019年浙江大学硕士生英语机考及考博英语-听力部分模拟题(难度相当)
Test One（听力播放） Section A Directions: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. You will hear the question only once. When you have heard the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil. 1. A. He’s worried. B. It’s getting late. C. He heard a noise outside. D. He can’t see out of the window. 2. A. Soon B. In 20 minutes. C. They don’t care. D. They don’t know. 3. A. Here. B. A pass. C. An official. D.A letter of introduction. 4. A. Home. B. To town. C. To his friends. D. To a restaurant. 5. A. She uses coffee. B. She hates coffee. C. She never liked coffee. D. She liked coffee before. 6. A. The pay isn’t important. B. They don’t need the money. C. He wants to save the money. D. He doesn’t like waiting in line for his pay. 7. A. He wants to go to sleep. B. Doctors always tell him lies. C. He doesn’t believe in medicine. D. He needs a rest without being bothered. 8. A. He eats too much. B. He kills chickens. C. He only eats chickens. D. He married a greedy person. 9. A. Buying trees. B. Who owns the tree. C. Their family trees. D. How old the tree is. 10. A. A stranger. B. A ticket seller. C. A train attendant. D. Another passenger. Section B Directions: In this section of the test you will hear three brief talks. You will hear them only once. After each one you will hear some questions. You will hear each question only once. After you hear the question, you will have 15 seconds to choose the best answer from the four choices given. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by blackening the corresponding letter with a pencil.
浙江工商大学杭州商学院关于选拔部分品学特优学生转入浙江工商大学学习的实施办法
浙江工商大学杭州商学院文件 浙商大杭商院教〔2008〕66号 浙江工商大学杭州商学院关于 印发选拔部分品学特优学生转入浙江工商大学 学习的实施办法的通知 院内各部门、学生各班级： 现将《浙江工商大学杭州商学院关于选拔部分品学特优学生转入浙江工商大学学习的实施办法》予以印发，请遵照执行。 二○○八年十月六日
浙江工商大学杭州商学院关于 选拔部分品学特优学生转入浙江工商大学 学习的实施办法 第一条为鼓励我院学生积极上进、脱颖而出，规范我院部分品学特优的学生转入浙江工商大学对应专业学习的选拔工作，特制定本实施办法。 第二条根据浙江省教育厅有关文件精神，经浙江工商大学同意，学院每年将选拔一定数量的品学特优的学生转入浙江工商大学对应专业学习。 第三条选拔转入浙江工商大学对应专业学习的学生的范围为我院普通本科二年级学生。 第四条选拔转入浙江工商大学对应专业学习的学生名额以该届学生招生当年学院本科招生章程确定的比例为准。 第五条申报参与选拔的学生必须同时具备以下条件： （一）热爱祖国，遵纪守法，品行优良，入学以来未受通报批评和违纪处分。 （二）前三学期每学期必修课和专业选修课（限最低选修学分内）加权平均分均不低于85分（含），且无不及格课程，无补考和重学记录。 （三）至少获得一次学院特别优秀奖学金。 第六条申报和选拔程序 （一）学院在每学年第一学期初将经浙江工商大学批准的当年各专业可转学生名额在本学院网上公布。
（二）符合选拔条件的学生每学年第二学期开学后两周内自愿申报，递交申报表。 （三）学院对申报者的条件进行审核。 （四）如果符合选拔条件的申报人数超过所申报专业可转入的人数，则按前三学期的必修课和专业选修课加权平均分(保留两位小数)从高分到低分择优录取；若最后名次的人数在2人以上，且加权平均分相同，则以获得学院特别优秀奖学金次数多者优先；若获得学院特别优秀奖学金相同，则以综合测评的名次在前者优先。 （五）学院在入选学生名单确定后，将入选学生名单在学院网上公示一周。 （六）入选学生名单经公示无异议后，经浙江工商大学教务处批准正式转入浙江工商大学对应专业学习，并由浙江工商大学教务处报浙江省教育厅备案。 第七条经批准转入浙江工商大学对应专业学习的学生，从第五学期起进入浙江工商大学对应专业学习。 第八条转入浙江工商大学对应专业学习的学生毕业时达到浙江工商大学毕业和学位授予条件的，由浙江工商大学颁发毕业证书和授予学士学位。 第九条转入浙江工商大学对应专业学习的学生在学习期间，因违纪而受到开除学籍处分以外纪律处分，或学习成绩列所在班级后5%且出现不及格课程的学生，从受处分学期起或自出现不及格课程的下学期起转回浙江工商大学杭州商学院学习。 第十条本办法发文之日起执行,以前相关办法同时废止。
浙江大学微观经济学教程课件 WGZY2
《微观经济学》平时练习（2） 1．假设消费者张某对x和y两种商品的效用函数为U＝x2y2，张某收入为500元，x和y 的价格分别为Px＝2元，Py＝5元，求： （1）张某对x和y两种商品的最佳购买组合 （2）若政府给予消费者消费x商品以价格补贴，即消费者可以原价格的50％购买x，则张某对x和y两种商品的购买量又是多少？ （3）若某工会愿意接纳张某为会员，会费为100元，但张某可以50％的价格购买x，那么张某是否应该会加入该工会？ 2．某消费者收入为60元，红酒每杯3元，奶酪每块6元。（假定只消费这两种物品）（1）画出该消费者的预算约束线（横轴表示红酒），写出这条预算约束线的方程。并求这条曲线的斜率。 （2）如果该消费者在10杯红酒和5块奶酪时达到最佳消费点，作一条最佳消费的无差异曲线，并求最佳消费点的边际替代率。 （3）该消费者的收入从60元降低到30元。说明：如果红酒和奶酪都是正常物品会发生什么变动？如果红酒是正常物品、奶酪是低档物品会发生什么变动？（作图）有没有可能红酒和奶酪对该消费者来说都是低档物品？为什么？ （4）如果奶酪的价格从6元上升到10元，而红酒的价格仍然是3元。对一个收入为60元不变的消费者来说，红酒和奶酪的消费会发生什么变动？把这种变动分为收入和替代效应。（作图）（假定两种商品都为正常商品） （5）奶酪价格上升有可能使消费者购买更多的奶酪吗？并解释之。 3．下面是某企业的成本表，请将它填写完整： 4．某种型号计算机的长期总成本函数为C=28303800+460800Q 式中，C为总成本，Q为产量。 求：（1）如果该机型的市场容量为1000台，且所有企业的长期总成本函数相同，那么占有50%市场份额的企业比占有20%市场份额的企业具有多大的成本优势？ （2）长期边际成本为多少？ （3）是否存在规模经济？
2011浙江大学考博英语听力原文
2011年浙江大学考博英语真题听力原文，仅供参考 第一篇 Among my experiences as a college president is the all‐too‐frequent phone call in the night that begins: "One of your students is in the emergency room with alcohol poisoning." The whole country got a similar wake‐up call in Ju ne when it was reported that alcohol abuse on college campuses is on the rise, especially for women, and that college students drink far more than nonstudents. One statistic showed that college students spend more money on alcohol while in college than on books. Alcohol abuse, although tragic, is but one symptom of a larger campus crisis. A generation has come to college quite fragile, not very secure about who it is, fearful of its lack of identity and without confidence in its future. Many students are ashamed of themselves and afraid of relationships. Students use alcohol as an escape. It's used as an excuse for bad behavior: the insanity defense writ large on campus. This diminished sense of self has caused a growth in racism, sexism, attempted suicide, theft, property‐damage and cheating on most campuses. This is not the stuff of most presidents' public conversations. Nor can it be explained away as an "underclass" problem; it is found on our most privileged campuses. It is happening because the generation now entering college has experienced few authentic connections with adults in its lifetime. I call this the "Culture of Neglect," and we — parents, teachers, professors and administrators — are the primary architects. It begins at home, where social and economic factors — such as declining incomes requiring longer work hours — result in less family time. Young people have been allowed to or must take part‐time jobs rather than spending time in school, on homework or with their families. More children and youths are being reared in a vacuum, with television as their only supervisor, and there is little expectation that they learn personal responsibility. Immersed in themselves, they are left to their peers. 31. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ( ) . ×正确答案为C [A] it is easy to be a college president [B] a college president has to sit up till midnight [C] alcohol abuse is quite common on campus [D] it is harmful for college students to drink alcohol 32. According to the author, college students turn to alcohol as a(n) ( ). ×正确答案为C [A] inspiration [B] stimulation [C] escape [D] relaxation 33. The word "architects" in Para. 2 can be best replaced by ( ). ×正确答案为D [A] artists [B] experts [C] discoverers [D] designers 34. How do parents react to the "Culture of Neglect"?( ) ×正确答案为B [A] Parents have lowered their expectations on children. [B] Parents take little care of the growth of their children. [C] Parents spend too much time watching television.
浙江工商大学英语口语topic讨论
Unit 1 Please talk about the reasons for shyness and how to overcome it. 李：Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people, when they are talking with strangers ,their faces turn red and hardly say anything. 寿: Yes ,that's really common to see .I think people will be shy when they are not so confident .they are likely to guess what others think about them ,and always feel that what they say will be funny and laughed at a lot. 李：yes，I can not agree with 李any more，shy people having self-esteem,are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others.they need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing" 张: I think so .Sometimes I would be shy, especially when I stood in front of many people .I'm excessively concerned with my actions and too nervous to say anything. 韩：I have the same experience with you .At that time,worrisome thoughts are constantly swirling in my mind .I can't help thinking they were against me. 李:is there any ways to overcome shyness?this is what I eager to know .You know, shyness has become barriers when we make friends or do other things. 寿: I think the first step is When you talk with people, try to relax and tell yourself that they are just like your friends .They won't find mistakes on what you are to say or to do, you can just be yourself. 韩：good opinion,for example, you may be timid about being with a group of strangers at a party.don't feel that you must converse with everyone,concentrate on talking to only one or two people,you will feel more comfortable
最新浙江大学考博英语阅读试题汇总
2013浙江大学考博英语阅读试题
学苑教育考博辅导老师为您提供备考建议，希望对您有所帮助。 Today,cigarette smoking is a common habit. About forty-three percent of the adult menand thirty-one percent of the adult women in the United States smoke cigarettesregularly. It is encouraging to see that millions of people have given upsmoking. It is a fact that men as a group smoke more than women. Among both men andwomen the age group with the highest proportion of smokers is 24-44. Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a person’ssmoking habit. City people smoke more than people living on farms.Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes thanmen with fewer years of schooling and lower incomes. On the other hand, if awell-educated man with a higher income smoked at all, he is likely to smokemore packs of cigarettes per day. The situation is somewhat different for women.(80)There are slightly moresmokers among women with higher family income and higher education than amongthe lower income and lower educational groups. These more highly educated womentend to smoke more heavily. Among teenagers the picture is similar. There are fewer teenaged smokers fromupper-income, well-educated families, and fewer from families living in farmareas. Children are most likely to start smoking if one or both of theirparents smoke. 1. What do we know from the first paragraph ? A.More and more people take up the habit of smoking. B. There are more smoking women than smoking men in USA. C. It is good news that more people have given up smoking. D. The U.S. has more smoking people than any other country. 2.What factors determine a person’s smokinghabits ?
浙江大学_微观经济学讲义全
w 微观经济学 主讲：浙江大学经济学院—叶航
目录 第一讲价格理论 (5) 一、需求及其属性 (5) 1．定义 (5) 2．需求函数 (5) 3．需求弹性 (6) 二、供给及其属性 (6) 1．定义 (6) 2．供给函数 (6) 3．供给弹性 (7) 三、均衡价格及其属性 (8) 1．均衡价格的形成 (8) 2．均衡价格定义 (8) 3．均衡价格的变动问题 (8) 四、均衡价格的实例 (9) 1．城市商品房 (9) 2．家电 (9) 3．价格管制与制衡价格 (10) 4．供求弹性对市场均衡价格的影响 (10) 5．珠网模型 (11) 第二讲消费者理论（效用理论） (11) 一、效用及其属性 (11) 1．效用 (11) 2．属性 (12) 3．边际替代率递减规律 (13) 二、消费者均衡与消费者的行为规范 (14) 1．消费者均衡的定义 (14) 2．每元边际效用均等规律 (14) 3．消费者的切点定律 (14) 第三讲生产者理论 (15) 一、生产理论 (15) 1．生产函数 (15) 2．短期生产函数 (16) 3．长期生产函数 (18) 二、成本及其属性 (19) 1．成本的分类 (19) 2．短期成本及其性质 (19) 3．短期成本曲线及其性质 (20) 4．长期成本曲线及其性质 (22) 三、收益与利润 (23) 1．收益、成本与利润 (23) 2．总收益（TR） (23)
3．平均收益（AR） (24) 4．边际收益（MR） (25) 5．利润最大化及其条件 (25) 第四讲市场理论 (27) 一、完全竞争市场 (27) 1．定义 (27) 2．需求特征 (27) 3．完全竞争市场的短期均衡 (27) 4．完全竞争市场的长期均衡 (28) 二、完全垄断市场 (29) 1．定义 (29) 2．原因 (29) 3．市场需求状况 (29) 4．短期均衡 (29) 5．长期均衡 (30) 三、垄断竞争市场 (31) 1．定义 (31) 2．需求状况 (31) 3．短期均衡 (31) 4．长期均衡 (32) 四、寡头垄断 (32) 1．定义 (32) 2．需求状况—拐折的需求曲线 (32) 3．寡头垄断市场的均衡—古尔诺模型 (33) 第五讲分配理论（生产要素理论） (34) 一、概述 (34) 二、生产要素的需求 (34) 生产要素的边际收益—边际产值VMP (34) 2．生产要素的边际成本—生产要素的价格（工资） (35) 3．生产要素的使用原则 VMP = w (35) 三、生产要素的供给 (36) 1．生产要素的分割 (36) 2．要素供给的原则 (36) 四、要素供求的均衡 (36) 第六讲交换理论 (37) 一、最优交换及其实现条件 (37) 1．基本假定 (37) 二、帕累托最优 (38) 1．帕累托改进 (38) 2．帕累托最优 (38) 3．帕累托次优 (38) 三、阿罗不可能定理 (38) 1．给定偏好状态 (38) 2．投票表决 (38)