英语写作常见错误及改错

英语写作常见错误与分析

一．不一致（Disagreements）

所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致,时态不一致及代词不一致等．

例1．When one have money, he can do what he want to .

(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．)

剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致．

改为：Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do)

另有WE和YOU 上下文混用的问题。

二．修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）

英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化．对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解．

例１．I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.

剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末．

三．句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）

在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生．

例１．There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on .

剖析：本句后半部分＂for example by TV ,rad io ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句．

改为：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV , radio ,and newspaper.

四．悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）

所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清．

例1：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中＂at the age of ten＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时．按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了．

改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.

五．措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)

Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，由于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。

例１．The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.

(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)

剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。

改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.

六．累赘(Redundancy)

言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。例１．In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.

本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.

例2．For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.

剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。

改为：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.

七．不连贯(Incoherence)

不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。

八. Be动词加实意动词的错误

由于大部分同学从小接受英语教育时刚学会的句型都是be动词作谓语，因此，根深蒂固地在造句是总是习惯将be动词挂在嘴边或手头，造成此类错误。

例1：----What are you doing? ----I am read a novel.回答中的am加read就是典型的此类错误。

九. There be句型中动词应用的错误

同学们在造句时有时喜欢用there be句型表达意思,然而又经常回忽略此句型中的be动词已经是主要的谓语动词了,因此常犯类似于下文的错误。

educating your child is important

Nowadays, there are more and more people

此句中are已经是主要的谓语动词,所以后面就不能再出现become这样的动词,而应该将其变化成非位于动词的形式,如becoming.

十. More and more句型的泛滥

相信不少同学在文章的开头都喜欢用“某种现象越来越……” 这样的句子。但是有时用的太多会造成泛滥，如下面这一句：

Nowadays, more and more people are getting more and more rich and buy more and more TV set.

读完此句，除了造句者本人外相信没有人头不大。其实,英语中有很多表达可以表此意，如an increasing/rising number of等。

十一. More 修饰单音节形容词或副词的错误

我们还看上面提到的例句,不难发现其中除了more and more句型的泛滥之外,还存在More 修饰单音节形容词rich的错误。

十二. 前后结构不平行的错误

在十中的例句中我们还可以看到前后结构不平行的错误。此句中，and连接的两个动词明显不对称，前面用的是现在分词getting，而and 后用的是动词原形buy，所以要使之正确必须将buy变为buying，保持and连接前后的结构一致性。

当然，该句中细心的同学还会发现存在Nowadays的拼写错误和数的不一致问题：TV set 应该为TV sets才对。

现在我们可以尝试着将十中的例句来改正：

Nowadays, a rising number of people are getting increasingly richer and buying more and more TV sets.

十三. 连动错误：请务必在最后一个动词前加上and。

常见的病句及其修改方法

串句(run-on sentence)

1. 若句子间的逻辑关系密切，保留逗号并在逗号后加上恰当的并列连词。

串句：The rain was heavy, the land was flooded.

修改：

2. 若句子间的逻辑关系密切，将逗号改为分号并加上合适的连接副词或介词短语。

串句:The rain was heavy, the land was flooded.

修改:

3. 若句子间有一定的逻辑联系，但较难确认其逻辑关系，将逗号改为分号。

串句：No one is born with knowledge, knowledge must be taught and learned.

修改:

4. 若句子间无必然的逻辑联系，将逗号改为句号。

串句：The world is getting hotter, the main cause is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil.

修改:

5. 弄清主次关系，将句子改为复合句。

串句：He had supper, he watched TV.

修改：

残句(fragmentary sentence)

1. 把从句当句子，其修改方法是将其依附其所修饰的句子。

残句：Although in the US most students get to college if they want to. There is a lot of competition to obtain places in the better institutions.

修改：

2. 把短语当句子，其修改方法也是将其依附其所修饰的句子。

残句：Students take part in the sport that interests them most. Not caring whether it is most beneficial to their health.

修改:

3. 把附加成分当句子，其修改方法还是将其依附其所修饰的句子。

残句：I’d like to keep a pet. For example, a dog.

修改:

4. 句中缺谓语，其修改方法是将所缺成分补全。

残句: Mark Twain, a well-known American writer, whose experience as a pilot on a steamboat was no doubt an important factor that helped him to become a famous writer.

修改:

错误平行结构(faulty parallelism)

常见的错误平行结构及修改方法：

A．由and, or, not only…but also…, either… or…, neither…nor…等连接词所连接的部分出现不平行，修改方法是将不平行的部分改为相同的语法形式。

错误平行结构1: We should judge a person not only by his words but also by what he does.

修改:

错误平行结构2: As you preview the material, you get some idea of the content and how it is organized.

修改:

错误平行结构3: My watch is either fast or yours is slow.

修改:

B. 错误的省略造成的不平行，修改方法是将不该省略的词补充完整。

错误平行结构1: I can do as well or even better than any other surgeon.

修改:

错误平行结构2: I have respect and confidence in him.

修改:

错误平行结构3: I have always and will always compete for better positions.

修改:

C. 比较级中出现比较的内容不一致或表达不一致，修改方法是明确比较内容并用一致的语法形式将其表达清楚。

错误平行结构1: The students in our school are better than your school.

修改:

错误平行结构2：In many ways, starting college at forty is more difficult than to start at eighteen.

修改:

修饰语错置(misplaced modifier)

1.起修饰作用的单词错置:由于受汉语的影响或不清楚英语的使用规则，很多学生在使

用诸如often, always, only, just, almost, nearly等修饰语时，常常将其错置。修改方法是弄清所修饰的词，将修饰语放在恰当的位置上。如：

修饰语错置：He nearly brushed his teeth for twenty minutes every night.

修改:

修饰语错置：Students who study often get good marks.

修改:

2.起修饰作用的短语错置:短语主要有介词短语、不定式短语、现在分词短语和过去

分词短语。在使用这些短语作定语或状语时，要尽可能避免将其放在可能造成误解或歧义的位置。

修饰语错置：George couldn’t drive to work in his small sports car with a broken leg.

修改:

3.从句错置:主要指定语从句错置和状语从句错置,从句所修饰的成分一定要明确表示出来，切不可模棱两可。

修饰语错置：Henry intends to if the weather is pleasant, go golfing on one of the Thousand Islands.

修改:

垂悬修饰语(dangling modifier)

1.垂悬分词:一般说来，分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是主句的主语，若主句的主语不是该分词短语的主语，就出现垂悬，修改方法是找出该分词短语的逻辑主语，使其成为句子的主语，或将该分词短语扩展为从句。

垂悬分词：Taking the exam, the room was so stuffy that Tom almost fainted.

修改:

2.垂悬不定式: 当不定式作目的状语时，它的逻辑主语通常与主句的主语是一致的。若不一致，该不定式就出现垂悬。修改方法是找出该不定式的逻辑主语，使其成为该句的主语。

垂悬不定式：To impress the interviewer, punctuality is essential.

修改:

3.垂悬介词短语:一些介词后常跟上动名词短语，一般说来，该动名词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，若不是，该介词短语就出现垂悬。修改方法是找出该介词短语的逻辑主语使其成为该句的主语或将该介词短语扩展为从句。

垂悬介词短语：On entering the classroom, the students stood up and said, : good m orning!”

修改:

4.垂悬省略句:状语从句中若主语与主句的主语一致或主语为it，谓语中又包含be，就可以将从句中的主语与be一起省略。若违背这一规则而将从句的主语和部分谓语省略，就会出现垂悬省略句，修改方法是将省略句扩展为完整的从句或找出从句的逻辑主语并使其成为主句的主语。

垂悬省略句: While working in the field, a snake bit me on the ankle.

修改:

错误的转移(confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, tense and mood)

一般说来，一个好句必须是一个前后人称、数、语气、时态、语态一致的句子，若谓语动词或代词与所指代的名词在人称与数方面不一致、从句与主句的时态不一致、并列句中前后语气与语态等不一致或称之为突然转移，就会产生病句,修改方法是将其不一致改为一致。

1.人称转移

错误的转移：When one is sick, you don’t want company.

修改:

错误的转移：An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.

修改:

2. 时态转移

错误的转移:Many TV commercials imply that a woman’s self-esteem depended on her cleaning ability.

修改:

3.语态转移

错误的转移: She reviewed the lesson taught last week and all the exercises assigned by the teacher were done.

修改:

4.语气转移

错误的转移:First stop the noise and then you may start the discussion.

修改:

累赘的表达(wordiness)

不必要的重复包括同词重复和同义反复，修改方法是删除不必要的重复。

同词重复: The problem of cheating in exams is a serious problem.

修改：

同词重复: During their tour of Washington, they saw the White House and they saw the Lincoln Memorial.

修改：

同义反复：In my opinion, I think doing part-time jobs is good for college students.

修改：

同义反复：The cause of the flood is due to the heavy rain.

修改：

同义反复例子很多，如：repeat again，return back, memorize by heart, master well, find solutions to solve these problems, hurry to run upstairs, hear the sound of my crying, the modern youth of today，这种例

子不胜枚举。

不必要的扩张

不必要的扩张指的是本来只需用一个词的地方，却用了一个短语；本来只需用短语表达的却用了一个从句；本来只需用简单句表示的却用了复合句、并列句甚至并列复合句，这种错误常常是由于词汇量有限或不重视节约用词造成的，修改方法是找到恰当的字眼，尽可能简练地表达思想。换言之，能用一个词的，就不用一个短语，能用短语的，就不用从句，如:

of honesty and ability = an able and honest leader

a man who is thirty-two years old = a 32-year -old man

in all kinds of fields = in all fields

There are two things which are necessary. = Two things are necessary.

Mr. Smith likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France. = Mr. Smith prefers French wines.

矫饰

矫饰指的是表达过于矫揉造作，爱用文诌诌的词和复杂的长句，将简单的概念复杂化，如：

My venerable parent expired a week ago. = My father died a week ago.

Expectoration is prohibited on the vehicle. = Don’t spit on the bus.

The causal factors of her poverty become obvious when one considers the number of offspring she possesses. = She is poor because she has too many children.

完形填空解题思路及技巧

完形填空题是测验考生逻辑思维、判断推理、生活常识、知识范围、阅历经验、语法、词汇、语感和做题的耐心等方面的综合试题。这题也往往是考生最不耐烦的一题和最难取得高分的一题，要把这题完成得好必须注意以下几方面问题：

１、通读。做题前一定要通读一遍。通读中，不要管空白处，只要抓住关键词往下看，边看边捕捉全篇的中心意思。最重要关键词主要是指动词和主语，有时转折连词也重要。而且要对自己有信心，相信自己能看懂文章的大概，要充分发挥想象力，构思出文章内容的轮廓。

２、第一句话很重要。第一句能提纲挈领。考生一见题就堕入烟雾，故设题者会尽量不在第一句话里设计空白处，它也常常是全篇中心句。

３、最后一句话很重要，起到画龙点睛作用。其实最后句往往是：故事发展的结果、陈述事件的结论、启发性的提示、幽默的调侃、点睛扣题、全篇文章的概括。文章讲究首尾呼应、前后连贯和汉语一样。

４、前照应后（或后照应前）。文章都有其逻辑性和连续性，前后照应、起承转合是写文章的基本要素之一。

５、习惯搭配。英语中有许多习惯搭配使用的词组和短语。设题者往往把这种习惯搭配拆去一部分，以此来考考生英语语流、语感的反应如何。

６、语法要求。题中有相当一部分用语法知识来确定答案。

７、词汇的使用范围。英语的词汇和汉语一样有其使用和适用范围：如描写人的动作词有的不能去描写动物及物体，反之亦然。

８、同义词的区别。其表现在范围大小、适用对象、句法功能、语意轻重、具体和概括、口语和书面语，感情色彩、搭配关系、反义词的不同、词性褒贬抑扬、普通用语和专业用语等。

解题思路

1.从上下文的角度来考虑；浏览全文，掌握文章主旨，抓住上下文语境所提供的信息，充分利用各种

线索.

2.从词汇意义及用法的角度考虑.

3.从逻辑推理、常识等角度考虑.

4.从惯用法和搭配的角度考虑.惯用法和单词的搭配是完形填空中的常考点.

解题步骤

1.第一步：略读。看懂文章的首句，快速浏览全文，掌握大意。切忌急于选择答案，但可依据平时积累的相关语言点，在浏览时直接选出固定搭配或习惯用法，这样也有助于更好地理解全文。

2.第二步：细读。读懂大意后，要根据四个选项理顺选项与句子以及句子与上下文地关系。从词性、词义、人称、语法、固定搭配、惯用语、文化背景常识、逻辑等方面进行筛选.若遇到较难判断的选项时，应跳读或回读上下文，仔细推敲答案，前文或后文必有提示。

3.第三步:查读。只要能合理地控制做题时间，这一步不能省略。最后应把已选答案带入文中再读一遍，看其内容是否连贯且符合逻辑，人称、时态、搭配等是否有问题等。

英语完形填空是每年高考重点要求之一，是学生觉得难以得高分的问题之一，无论是在传统的英语教学还是在英语新课程目标的教学中，英语的完形填空能力的培养和教学都是高中英语教学的重要组成部分。

从近几年的各地的英语高考试卷题来看，我们不难发现：高考完形填空所选文章多是记叙文或夹叙夹议文。与过去高考完形填空题相比，最近的命题趋向是：中学英语教学不能只学习词汇和单纯的阅读理解上。在英语教学必须能上学生去欣赏英语文字的美，体会它的文化情感深意，这就对英语教学提出了更高的要求。因此要求我们在做高考英语完形填空时要有行之有效的解题技巧：

1.抓住首句，弄清意图

高考完形填空题的取材大多是记叙文。无论记人或记事，首句至关重要，首句通常就是文章的主旨所在或是文章总的背景。要发生的事情的时间、地点以及其他许多重要信息都可能从此得到，而且可以推测作者可能会写哪一类的故事。

2.浏览全文，理解大意

当做完形填空时，不能先没看完就做题。有的题，看起来似乎很容易，却容易误导学生。因此一定要把全文看上两三遍，掌握住文章的主要内容，理清了文章的思路，然后再着手选择答案。

3.从易入手，采用排除

一篇完形填空题中，各题难易相差很大，有的一眼便可看出，有的要反复推敲。对于一时没有把握的题目，可以采用“迂回战术”，在题号前标上记号，先绕过去做下面的题目。在做完较容易的题目之后再回过头来思考那些难题，同时把已确定好了的答案代入短文，帮助理解。

4.复读全文，核查答案

（1）注意上下文的一致性：即时态、人称和语态的一致性，还有数的一致性。

（2）注意表达法的习惯性：即习惯用语、固定搭配、句型词组是否符合习惯。

（3）注意上下文的连贯性：凭借语感，按照上下文，检查段落与段落，句子与句子之间的衔接是否连贯。这是检查中至关重要的一环，往往能纠正一处甚至多处错误。

总的来说，完形填空要读 3 遍：通读全文了解故事概要；细读，填空恢复原文；再读，检查文章的条理逻辑是否通顺。

而在日常英语教学中，教师也要做到以下四点，帮助学生提高完形填空水平。

1.鼓励学生阅读有情感色彩和人生启迪的书籍

英语学习不仅是背诵单词，做阅读练习，还得注意修养。

2.指导学生重视语篇学习，构建语篇意识

3.指导学生正确理解语境的含义语境是做好完形填空的重要因素。

4.指导学生在做完形练习时，不要盲目填空步骤（1）：浏览全文，掌握主旨；步骤（2）：瞻前顾

后，试选答案；步骤（3）：复核全文，弥补疏漏。这样才能养成良好的做题习惯，为做高考完型打下坚实的基础。

总而言之，完形填空是一项具有多种技巧的思维过程，涉及大量的语言知识。若要想在完形填空中拿到不错的得分的话，学生就得一边阅读，一边进行猜测、推断、归纳、验证。除了必须熟练掌握词汇，还必须具备一定的阅读理解的准确性和阅读速度的能力。同时学生必须经过大量的阅读和长期的阅读训练，才能促使其能力的提高。

英语测试中的完形填空又叫综合填充。它的测试目的是要求学生在对文章整体理解的基础上，运用所具备的语言知识，通过分析推理等手段，从所给出的选项中选出符合文章整体要求的选项，从而使文章通顺。要做好英语测试中完形填空，学生不仅要具备扎实的语言知识和阅读理解能力，而且要有正确、有效的思维和推理方法。这题也往往是考生最厌烦的一题和最难取得高分的一题，要把这题完成得好必须注意以下几方面问题。

阅读理解解题思路及技巧

1.直接解答题。

（1）题型特点：这种题型是高考阅读中最为常见的题型，主要考查考生对文章细节的理解能力，答案一般可以在文中直接找到，在高考阅读理解题中这属于难度不高的题型。

（2）解题技巧：①做好标记，一篇文章如果多次出现时间、地点、人名等内容时，考生不妨在第一遍扫读时就用笔把它们做好标记，以便做题时能迅速查找出答案。②找关键字。先弄清题意，然后在文章当中寻找与题目当中关键字相关的内容直接找出答案或通过理解、计算等方式选出正确的答案。

2.归纳概括题

（1）题型特点，这一题型主要考查考生在阅读中筛选提炼信息、形成概念、得出结论的能力。如归纳段意或全文的主旨大意。有时采取为短文选择最佳标题的方式。这属于高考阅读理解题中中上难度的题，约占阅读理解题总量的三分之一左右。下面就如何做主旨大意题简单谈一下：①主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式：The main idea of the passage is...The passage is mainly about...Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage？What is the passage mainly about？②目的类主旨大意题的题干表现形式：The passage is meant to...The purpose of this article is to...③标题类主旨大意题的题干表现形式：The best title for the passage might be...。

（2）解题技巧，一篇文章文章的主旨大意一般蕴藏在标题、首段或尾段中。另外，通过每段主题句的归纳总结也可得出文章的主旨大意。而主题句一般在一个段落的段首、段尾，有时也在段中。因此正确理解第一段和最后一段以及正确找出主题句是解这类题的关键所在。这类题四个选项中的三个选项主要从以下几个方面进行干扰：①干扰项本身正确，但只是文章主题的一部分或只是文章中某个细节或事实，不是全篇的大意；②干扰项表达主旨思想所使用的词语概括的范围太大、太笼统，超出了作者的本意；③干扰项不是依据文章有关事实的主观臆断。因此考生在做这类题时一定要通读全文，从整体上把握全文并认真分析选项，从而得出根据文章内容所作出的正确的而非做题者凭自己主观臆断得出的答案。

3.推理判断题。

这一题型主要考查考生根据已知信息及语篇的内在联系（文脉）去发掘文中没有明确说出来的意思，包括作者的态度、意图等。这属于高考阅读理解题中难度较高的题型，通常占总题数的15%—30%。另外，阅读理解题中经常出现的根据上下文推断词语的确切意思这类题也属于这种题型。这种题的答案一般在原文中直接找不到答案，需通过做题者的推理判断后才能得到答案。

1.解推断题应注意：①不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；②推理的根据来自于上下文。

2.推断题的常见形式：①It can be inferred from the text that? 2）From the text we know that? 3）The story implies that? 4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be? 5) The writer’s

attitude toward...is?

3.解题技巧：解推断题最主要的方法是根据上下文来推断出具体细节。同时解推断题应注意：①不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；②推理的根据来自于上下文；③答案不是文章原句，而是根据原文所出的推理，因此如果选项是文章中原句应首先排除。

情态动词

情态动词的语法特征

1）情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。

2）情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。

3）情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。

4）情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。

比较can 和be able to

1）can could 表示能力；可能(过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。

be able to可以用于各种时态。They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2）只用be able to

a. 位于助动词后。

b. 情态动词后。

c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。

d. 用于句首表示条件。

e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.

= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.

注意：could不表示时态

1）提出委婉的请求，(注意在回答中不可用could）。

――Could I have the television on?――Yes, you can. / No, you can't.

2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。

He couldn't be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。

比较may和might

1）表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。

May God bless you! He might be at home.

注意：might表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。

2）成语：may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。

If that is the case, we may as well try.

典型例题

Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.

A. must

B. may

C. can

D. will

答案B. 表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。

比较have to和must

1)两词都是"必须"的意思，have to表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。

My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)

He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）

2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。He had to look after his sister yesterday.

3）在否定结构中：don't have to表示"不必"mustn't表示"禁止"

虚拟语气

1）概念: 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。

2）在条件句中的应用

条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

1 真实条件句

真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if 是如果的意思。

时态关系

句型：条件从句主句

一般现在时shall/will + 动词原形

If he comes, he will bring his violin.

典型例题

The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.

A.will rain

B. rains

C. rained

D. is rained

答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意：

1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.

(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.

2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

2 非真实条件句

1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。

a.同现在事实相反的假设。

句型：条件从句主句

一般过去时should( would) +动词原形

If they were here, they would help you.

b.表示于过去事实相反的假设。

句型：条件从句主句

过去完成时should(would) have+ 过去分词

If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.

The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.

If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.

If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.

含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.

If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.

含义：He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.

c.表示对将来的假想

句型：条件从句主句

一般过去时should+ 动词原形

were+ 不定式would + 动词原形

should+ 动词原形

If you succeeded, everything would be all right.

If you should succeed, everything would be all right.

If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

3 混合条件句

主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。

If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）

If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).

4 虚拟条件句的倒装

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。

Were they here now, they could help us.

=If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him

=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词“be”的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。

If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

典型例题

_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I

B. I were

C. Were I

D. Was I

答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do., 而不能说Weren’t I to do.

5 特殊的虚拟语气词：should

1）It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。

句型：

(1)suggested

It is(2)important that…+ (should) do

(3) a pity

(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required,demanded, requested, insisted；+ (should) do

(2)important, necessary, natural, strange a pity, a shame,no wonder

(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.

2）在宾语从句中的应用

在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。这些词常用的有order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist 等，其后的宾语从句中的谓语动词要用(should) do。

I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.

注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

判断改错:

（错）You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. (对)Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

(错)I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. (对)I insisted that you were wrong.

3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用

在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。

My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.

I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

6 wish的用法

1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：

真实状况wish后

从句动作先于主句动词动作现在时过去时

（be的过去式为were）

从句动作与主句动作同时发生过去时过去完成时

（had + 过去分词）

将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could +

动词原形

I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。

He wished he hadn’t said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。

I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2）Wish to do表达法。

Wish sb / sth to do

I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.

I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

7 比较if only与only if

only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响了，就好了。

If only he comes early.但愿他早点回来。

8 It is (high) time that

It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

9 need "不必做"和"本不该做"

Didn’t need to do表示：过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.

Needn’t have done表示：过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn’t need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn’t have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。(Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)

典型例题

There was plenty of time. She ___.

A. mustn’t have hurried

B. couldn’t have hurried

C. must not hurry

D. needn’t have hurried

答案D。needn’t have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。

Mustn’t have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn’t have done, "不可能

已经"。must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。

常见的病句及其修改方法(参考答案)

串句(run-on sentence)

1. 若句子间的逻辑关系密切，保留逗号并在逗号后加上恰当的并列连词。

串句：The rain was heavy, the land was flooded.

修改：The rain was heavy, so the land was flooded.

2. 若句子间的逻辑关系密切，将逗号改为分号并加上合适的连接副词或介词短语。

串句:The rain was heavy, the land was flooded.

修改: The rain was heavy; consequently(as a result), the land was flooded.

3. 若句子间有一定的逻辑联系，但较难确认其逻辑关系，将逗号改为分号。

串句：No one is born with knowledge, knowledge must be taught and learned.

修改: No one is born with knowledge; knowledge must be taught and learned

4. 若句子间无必然的逻辑联系，将逗号改为句号。

串句：The world is getting hotter, the main cause is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil.

修改: The world is getting hotter. The main cause is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil.

5. 弄清主次关系，将句子改为复合句。

串句：He had supper, he watched TV.

修改：After he had supper, he watched TV.

残句(fragmentary sentence)

1. 把从句当句子，其修改方法是将其依附其所修饰的句子。

残句：Although in the US most students get to college if they want to. There is a lot of competition to obtain places in the better institutions.

修改：Although in the US most students get to college if they want to, there is a lot of competition to obtain places in the better institutions.

2. 把短语当句子，其修改方法也是将其依附其所修饰的句子。

残句：Students take part in the sport that interests them most. Not caring whether it is most beneficial to their health.

修改: Students take part in the sport that interests them most, not caring whether it is most beneficial to their health.

3. 把附加成分当句子，其修改方法还是将其依附其所修饰的句子。

残句：I’d like to keep a pet. F or example, a dog.

修改: I’d like to keep a pet, for example, a dog.

4. 句中缺谓语，其修改方法是将所缺成分补全。

残句: Mark Twain, a well-known American writer, whose experience as a pilot on a steamboat was no doubt an important factor that helped him to become a famous writer.

修改: Mark Twain was a well-known American writer, whose experience as a pilot on a steamboat was no doubt an important factor that helped him to become a famous writer.

错误平行结构(faulty parallelism)

常见的错误平行结构及修改方法：

A．由and, or, not only…but also…, either… or…, neither…nor…等连接词所连接的部分出现不平行，修改方法是将不平行的部分改为相同的语法形式。

错误平行结构1: We should judge a person not only by his words but also by what he does.

修改: We should judge a person not only by what he says but also by what he does./ We should judge a

person not only by his words but also by his deeds.

错误平行结构2: As you preview the material, you get some idea of the content and how it is organized.

修改: As you preview the material, you get some idea of what it is about and how it is organized.

错误平行结构3: My watch is either fast or yours is slow.

修改: Either my watch is fast or yours is slow.

B. 错误的省略造成的不平行，修改方法是将不该省略的词补充完整。

错误平行结构1: I can do as well or even better than any other surgeon.

修改: I can do as well as or even better than any other surgeon.

错误平行结构2: I have respect and confidence in him.

修改: I have respect for and confidence in him.

错误平行结构3: I have always and will always compete for better positions.

修改: I have always competed and will always compete for better positions./ I have always competed for better positions and always will.

C. 比较级中出现比较的内容不一致或表达不一致，修改方法是明确比较内容并用一致的语法形式将其表达清楚。

错误平行结构1: The students in our school are better than your school.

修改: The students in our school are better than those in your school.

错误平行结构2：In many ways, starting college at forty is more difficult than to start at eighteen.

修改: In many ways, starting college at forty is more difficult than starting at eighteen.

修饰语错置(misplaced modifier)

1.起修饰作用的单词错置:由于受汉语的影响或不清楚英语的使用规则，很多学生在使

用诸如often, always, only, just, almost, nearly等修饰语时，常常将其错置。修改方法是弄清所修饰的词，将修饰语放在恰当的位置上。如：

修饰语错置：He nearly brushed his teeth for twenty minutes every night.

修改: He brushed his teeth for nearly twenty minutes every night.

修饰语错置：Students who study often get good marks.

修改: Students who often study get good marks./Students who study get good marks often.

2.起修饰作用的短语错置:短语主要有介词短语、不定式短语、现在分词短语和过去

分词短语。在使用这些短语作定语或状语时，要尽可能避免将其放在可能造成误解或歧义的位置。

修饰语错置：George couldn’t drive to work in his small sports car with a broken leg.

修改: With a b roken leg, George couldn’t drive to work in his small sports car.

3.从句错置:主要指定语从句错置和状语从句错置,从句所修饰的成分一定要明确表示出来，切不可模棱两可。

修饰语错置：Henry intends to if the weather is pleasant, go golfing on one of the Thousand Islands.

修改: If the weather is pleasant, Henry intends to go golfing on one of the Thousand Islands.

垂悬修饰语(dangling modifier)

1.垂悬分词:一般说来，分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是主句的主语，若主句的主语不是该分词短语的主语，就出现垂悬，修改方法是找出该分词短语的逻辑主语，使其成为句子的主语，或将该分词短语扩展为从句。

垂悬分词：Taking the exam, the room was so stuffy that Tom almost fainted.

修改: Taking the exam, Tom found the room so stuffy that he almost fainted./ When Tom took the exam, the room was so stuffy that he almost fainted.

2.垂悬不定式: 当不定式作目的状语时，它的逻辑主语通常与主句的主语是一致的。若不一致，该不定式就出现垂悬。修改方法是找出该不定式的逻辑主语，使其成为该句的主语。

垂悬不定式：To impress the interviewer, punctuality is essential.

修改: To impress the interviewer, you must be punctual.

3.垂悬介词短语:一些介词后常跟上动名词短语，一般说来，该动名词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，若不是，该介词短语就出现垂悬。修改方法是找出该介词短语的逻辑主语使其成为该句的主语或将该介词短语扩展为从句。

垂悬介词短语：On entering the classroom, the students stood up and said, : g ood morning!”

修改: On entering the classroom, the teacher was greeted by the students, who stood up and said, “Good morning!”/ When the teacher entered the classroom, the students stood up and said, “Good morning!”

4.垂悬省略句:状语从句中若主语与主句的主语一致或主语为it，谓语中又包含be，就可以将从句中的主语与be一起省略。若违背这一规则而将从句的主语和部分谓语省略，就会出现垂悬省略句，修改方法是将省略句扩展为完整的从句或找出从句的逻辑主语并使其成为主句的主语。

垂悬省略句: While working in the field, a snake bit me on the ankle.

修改: While I was working in the field, a snake bit me on the ankle.

While working in the field, I was bitten on the ankle by a snake.

错误的转移(confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, tense and mood)

一般说来，一个好句必须是一个前后人称、数、语气、时态、语态一致的句子，若谓语动词或代词与所指代的名词在人称与数方面不一致、从句与主句的时态不一致、并列句中前后语气与语态等不一致或称之为突然转移，就会产生病句,修改方法是将其不一致改为一致。

1.人称转移

错误的转移：When one is sick, you don’t want company.

修改: When one is sick, one doesn’t want company./When you are sick, you don’t want company.

错误的转移：An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.

修改: An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, he should not plagiarize.

2. 时态转移

错误的转移:Many TV commercials imply that a woman’s self-esteem depended on her cleaning ability.

修改: Many TV commercials imply that a wo man’s self-esteem depends on her cleaning ability.

3.语态转移

错误的转移: She reviewed the lesson taught last week and all the exercises assigned by the teacher were done.

修改: She reviewed the lesson taught last week and did all the exercises assigned by the teacher.

4.语气转移

错误的转移:First stop the noise and then you may start the discussion.

修改: First stop the noise and then start the discussion

累赘的表达(wordiness)

不必要的重复包括同词重复和同义反复，修改方法是删除不必要的重复。

同词重复: The problem of cheating in exams is a serious problem.

修改：Cheating in exams is a serious problem.

同词重复: During their tour of Washington, they saw the White House and they saw the Lincoln Memorial.

修改：During their tour of Washington, they saw the White House and the Lincoln Memorial.

同义反复：In my opinion, I think doing part-time jobs is good for college students.

修改：In my opinion, doing part-time jobs is good for college students./ I think doing part-time jobs is

good for college students.

同义反复：The cause of the flood is due to the heavy rain.

修改：The flood is due to the heavy rain./The cause of the flood is the heavy rain.

同义反复例子很多，如：repeat again，return back, memorize by heart, master well, find solutions to solve these problems, hurry to run upstairs, hear the sound of my crying, the modern youth of today，这种例子不胜枚举。