研究生英语一课后翻译答案

①A. 从更大的范围上讲，选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出有利的反应。他的对手则因为没有生就一副令人信任的外表而常常遭到否定的评价。这种判断是错误的，其后果可能是灾难性的。就算许多选民投一位候选人的票完全是出于政治原因，但本不该当选的人，如果他有整洁清秀的形象，就会使他在势均力敌的选举中占有优势。我们常常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。再回到政治这一话题上来，许多选民仅仅根据候选人公开演讲的方式就对他的能力做出判断。然而，一个候选人可能非常善于演说，但并不一定能胜任他所竞选的职位。我认识许多才能杰出的人物，他们只是没有培养自己在公开场合演讲的能力，但在与别人一对一的交流中却表现极为出色。这种能充分表达自己见解的能力，固然十分重要，但我们对于那些让人感觉善于辞令的人，往往产生错误的印象，因为很多情况下这种优点仅仅只是“表面现象”。不难想象，一位外表整洁清秀、讲话娓娓动听的政治家会轻而易举地战胜一位不事张扬但更为合格的对手。他之所以取胜仅仅是因为他的形象令人信服。

B. If you want a winning image with others, your first concern must be a winning self-image. The individual who has a losing self-image will never be able to project a winning image to others. He may be able to fool some people for a while, but his poor self-image will eventually make it impossible for him to relate favorably to others. Throughout the ages, great philosophers have stated, “You are what you think you are.”It is imperative for you to have good image of yourself if you want to create the same impression in others. No matter who you are, everything worthwhile will depend on your own self-image. Your happiness will be based on it. You will live only one life, and in order to enjoy it, you must have a winning self-image. Since we can all choose how we want to think ourselves, we should try to have positive, winning thoughts. In your own attempt to build a winning image you must begin with the self —otherwise, the image you strive for will be supported by nothing but a sand foundation. Any athlete will tell you that you must know you’re a winner in order to be one. To many, this kind of message will sound like double-talk, but it contains an essential truth. Although you can apply this same message to anything in life, I will use athletics as the basis for illustrating my thoughts about self-images because sports involve physical exertion by which desired results can be achieved.

②学习艺术的过程可以很方便地分为两个部分：一是精通理论；二是善于实践。如果我想学习医学，我必须首先了解人体结构和各种疾病。当我具有了这些理论知识以后，我并不能胜任医学工作。只有经过大量的实践，我才能掌握这门学科，直到最终我把所掌握的理论知识和实践收获结合起来，并融合为一体——即成为我的直觉知识，这才是掌握任何一门学科的本质。然而，除学习理论和实践以外，在任何一门学科上想成为专家还必需有第三个因素——那就是，掌握这门艺术是你最关心的事情，在这个世界上肯定没有比这门学科更为重要的东西了。这一点适用于音乐、医学、木工——也适合于爱情。这也可能正是问题的答案所在：为什么在我们的文化中人们即使已遭遇显而易见的失败，但人们很少去尝试学习爱这门艺术。虽然人们内心深藏着爱，但他们几乎把所有其他的东西如成功、名誉、金钱、权力都视为比爱更重要，几乎把所有的精力都用来学习如何实现这些目标了，几乎没有人去学习爱这门艺术。只有那些能赢得金钱和荣誉的东西才值得学习，而爱只是一件我们无权为之浪费许多精力的奢侈品，它只能使心灵获益、而毫无现代意义上的好处可言。难道果真如此吗？B. Intimacy, passion, and commitment are the warm, hot, and cold vertices of Sternberg’s love triangle. Alone and in combination they give rise to eight possible kinds of love relationships. The first is nonlove—absence of all three components. This describes the large majority of our personal relationships, which are simply causal interactions. The second kind of love is liking. “If you just have intimacy”, Sternberg explains, “that’s liking. You can talk to the person, tell about your life. And if that’s all there’s to it, that’s what we mean by liking.”It refers to the feelings experienced in true friendships. Liking includes such feelings as closeness and warmth but not the intense feelings of passion or commitment. If you just have passion, it’s called infatuated love—“love at first sight”that can arise almost instantaneously and dissipate just as quickly. It

involves a high degree pf physiological arousal but not intimacy or commitment. It’s the 10th-grader who falls madly in love with the beautiful girl in his biology class but never gets up the courage to talk to her or get to know her. Empty love is commitment without intimacy or passion, the kind of love sometimes seen in a 30-year-old marriage that has become stagnant. The couple used to be intimated, but they don’t talk to each other any more. They used to be passionate, but that’s died out. All that remains is the commitment to stay with the other person. In societies in which marriage are arranged, Sternberg points out, empty love may precede the other kind

③我认为家家都有败类。二十年来汤姆对于他的家庭是一种痛苦的考验。他的人生起步足够体面：做生意、已婚而且有两个孩子。瑞姆塞斯一家是完全值得尊重的人，完全有理由相信汤姆会拥有实惠而光荣的事业。但是有一天，事先没有任何征兆，他突然宣称自己不喜欢工作，而且也不适合结婚。他要享受生活。他不听任何人的忠告。他离开了妻子，离开了办公室。他有点钱，在欧洲各个国家的首都度过了快乐的两年。关于他的种种行为的传言传到了亲戚的耳朵里，他们都深感震惊。毫无疑问，他生活的很好。亲戚们摇头说看他的钞票花完了怎么办。他们很快知道了。他富有魅力，而且厚颜无耻。我从未遇到过象他那样难以拒绝借钱请求的人。他从朋友那里获得稳定的收入，而且他特别容易交上朋友。他经常说把钱花在生活必需品上很没意思；有趣的花钱方式是用它来享受奢华。为此他依赖哥哥乔治。他的魅力在乔治身上没白费。乔治是一个严肃的人，他两次都轻信了汤姆要改过自新的诺言，给了他一笔数目可观的钞票让他重新开始。乔治是个令人敬重的人。有一次汤姆借了一辆汽车和一些漂亮的首饰。可是当周围的事实迫使乔治明白他的弟弟永远都不可能安顿下来时，他想抽手不管了。汤姆，没有感到一点良心的不安，开始敲诈他。发现自己的弟弟在自己钟爱的餐馆的柜台后面摇晃着鸡尾酒或者看见他在俱乐部外面坐在出租车的驾驶员仓里等候客人，对于一位令人尊重的律师而言不太光彩。汤姆说做餐馆服务员或出租车司机完全是体面的职业，但是如果乔治愿意支付他几百英镑的话，他不会介意为了家族的荣誉放弃这种职业。乔治支付了。

B. The lives of most men are determined by their environment. They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with good will. They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and despise the sprightly flivver that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country. I respect them; they are good citizens, good husbands, and good fathers, and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I do not find them exciting. I am fascinated by the men, few enough in all conscience, who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking. It may be that we have no such thing as free will, but at all events we have the illusion of it. At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and, the choice once made, it is difficult to see that the whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.

I never met a more interesting man than Mayhew. He was a lawyer in Detroit. He was an able and a successful one. By the time he was thirty-five he had a large and a lucrative practice, he has amassed a competence, and he stood on the threshold of a distinguished career. He has an acute brain, an attractive personality, and uprightness. There was no reason why he should not become, financially or politically, a power in the land.

④A．电子邮件还会消除办公室里的等级关系。Shreve发现，通过电邮向你的上司和同事提建议，要比在充满压力的会议室提容易得多。“不管什么时候，你有什么事情不便说出来，通过电邮就要好办得多，”她说，“它能起到缓冲作用。”当然，把电邮当作社会润滑剂，也有走极端的一面。不容否认电邮由于缺乏自我控制而带来明显的负面影响。传播色情信息的人很少会给我们打电话，大声建议我们去访问一些“少年色情行为”，但是，他们会毫不犹豫地将各种淫秽广告塞满我们的邮箱。从来不会面对面侮辱我们的人，会通过电邮或短信，或者在毫无约束的聊天室里，竭尽想象之能事，以最可怕的、最恶毒的、最邪恶的话语来谩骂我们。B．People usually receive a variety of will-wishing short messages on such holidays as the Spring Festival, the Lantern’s Day or even the Valentine’s Day. Most of them are from the forwarded ready-made messages, written by those excellent amateurs. Though not very

professional, some of them are still very interesting to read, so sometimes I feel stimulated and forward them to friends and relatives for fun. Such forwarding action invites a lot of criticism because the message is not targeted at the individual, without showing any respect for that person. However, a careful consideration will make it clear that sending greetings via short messages on the Spring Festival, distinct from the traditional social etiquette at the outset, is a new rising communicative form and we cannot evaluate it by the conventional ethical standards because it adapts itself to the modern quick-rhymed life. If we really adhere to the tradition, we are expected to pay a personal visit by taking bags of gifts to show our sincerity. So instead of doing this, why not select the short messages to convey our greetings? With a click of button, a few lines of words have changed the greeting way from the form to the content. How can we put strict restrictions on it by conventional standards

⑤A.在处理我们生活中难以应付的局面时，幽默是一种非常有效的手段，却常常被人们忽视。它可以用来解决分歧、表示道歉、说“不”、进行批评、让别人根据你的要求做事又不丢面子。对于某些工作来说，幽默是唯一能获胜的工具。它是讨论敏感话题的一种办法。在讨论太敏感的话题时一本正经地对话，可能会引起激烈冲突。例如，许多人都认为电视喜剧演员，如今为了种族间和宗教间的相互包容所起的作用，比其他任何论坛的人都更大。幽默通常是防止小误会升级到大问题的最佳方法。最近，我的一位邻居在妻子开车送他去机场的路上，与她发生了一点口角。上了飞机后，他感到很痛苦，知道妻子也很难过。当他妻子两小时后回到家时，接到了一个长途电话。“受话人’Mrs. I. A. Pologize(夫人，我道歉)’，”接线员拖长声音说道，“名字的拼写为P …。”一眨眼功夫，电话线两端的人的整个一天由阴转晴。 B.A sense of humor is universally considered the most valuable asset in a person’s personality. It is born within every person's heart, but it has to be cultivated. A person without a sense of humor is just like a spring without flowers or a dish without seasoning. In a sense, your personality lies in your sense of humor. Humor can enhance physical as well as mental well being. It helps us relieve pressure, reduce tension, helps us overcome our frustrations, relax our muscles, and dissolve countless trifles and irritations offered by day to day life. With the cracking of a joke, all of our worries, sadness and fatigue disappear like mist and we are full of vigor once again. Besides, humor helps us live in harmony with others. With it you can always stay on good terms with others. One way to cultivate a sense of humor is to have a wide range of knowledge about many topics so that the slightest differences in meaning of a joke can be fully understood; otherwise we would be simply at a loss in such a situation. Another crucial point in developing a sense of humor is to have a rich imagination. Nothing can be worse than the lack of imagination to kill an otherwise funny joke. A sense of humor is one of the ways in which we relax and recreate ourselves. The things we find humorous may vary, but to have a sense of humor is very important and should be cultivated to get the most out of life.

⑥A．当这比较复杂的信息受到一些媒体的关注时，我们不断读到一些报道，强调富人可能有一天能够造出他们自己的复制本，或者一个奄奄一息的婴儿的夫妇可能会创造出一个跟这小孩一模一样的人来。大众媒体似乎是被纽约大学社会学家多萝西·内尔金所说的“DNA即命运”弄得束手无策。另外，克隆事件还表明这样一种方式：大众传媒培育了科技决定论的态度，暗示科学“进步”永远不会停止。当然，许多科学家具有同样的看法，而且，他们经常拒绝接受他们参与的科研可能会给人类带来苦难的道德责任。不过，科学家不应该仅仅只顾辛勤科研，而把道德论证留给别人。他们应该参与公众辩论，讨论某些科研项目是否有害，是不是就应该禁止它们继续做下去，因为它们蕴涵了一些丧失人性、不合理的因素。一个很好的例子就是许多核物理学家对核武器的研究进行了直言不讳的批评。而且这些核物理学家成功地限制了旨在制造出更加有效的核设备的研究。B．Science remains to be a two-edged sword ever since. But to judge whether a certain scientific progress is beneficial to the human beings or not will mainly depend on how the human beings treat it and get it applied properly. We should not stop our efforts simply because it seems temporarily unreasonable. Actually, cloning

technique, like atomic energy, can be both a blessing as well as a curse. But the nature of “fear for technology”lies in the fear of misusing the technology instead of fear for technology itself. At present, the attitudes towards cloning humans in the countries of the world tend to be very “ambiguous”. For example, in Britain, a proposed law of allowing scientists to clone the early embryo of humans was voted through last year by the majority of two thirds while in America, Germany and Australia, more voices are heard to require loosening the restrictions of therapeutic cloning. We can definitely say that whichever country that masters the technique of cloning human beings first will win the advantages and initiative while the countries which lag behind will suffer from the unpredictable losses. America’s mastery of the technique of atomic energy is a good case in point. Despite the fact that such technique presents its harmful influence at the outset, yet the other countries still have to follow it by quickening their researches and experiments in this aspect. Simply taken from this angle, it is worth thinking about simply taking negative attitudes towards the experiments of cloning humanS

⑦A. 令人烦恼的二十来岁使我们面对这样的问题：如何在成人世界里立足？由于体力充沛、精神焕发，由于人已长大不再受家庭的管束，不再处于过渡时期无定形的生活状态，我们迫不及待地想找到完全正确的人生模式—即在这个世界上我们自己的生活方式。或者说，在寻找这一模式时，我们想尝试某种临时的生活方式。因为此时，我们不仅竭力想要证明自己能在更大范围的社会里应对自如，而且强烈意识到自己正处在尝试之中。读研究生，对于负担得起费用的人来说，是一种既保险又常见的方式。读学位是年轻人早已知道如何去做的事情。这就延缓了我们不得不到更大而又恃强欺弱的竞技场去证实自我的时间。二次世界大战之前，美国人中享有这种特权者寥寥无几；他们必须在尚未成熟的年龄16岁、18岁或20岁时，就要开始人生的起步。不论是否作好了准备，必须有所行动。但在今天，一个人通常在25岁或更大年龄之后，别人才期望他或他期望自己去确定人生的道路。考虑到允许年轻人尝试、有可能延长求学时间及允许休学，那么一个人在年近30岁时，才确定自己的生活道路，也就不令人感到奇怪了。

B. The tasks of the ages between 18 to 22 are to locate ourselves in a peer group role, a sex role, an anticipated occupation, an ideology or world view. As a result, we gather the impetus to leave home physically and the identity to begin leaving home emotionally. Even as one part of us seeks to be an individual, another part longs to restore the safety and comfort of merging with another. Thus one of the most popular myths of this passage is: we can push ourselves forward by attaching to a stronger one. But people who marry during this time often prolong financial and emotional ties to the family and relatives that impede them from becoming self-sufficient.

A stormy passage through these years will probably facilitate the normal progression of the adult life circle. If one doesn’t have an identity crisis at this point, it will erupt during a later transition, when the penalties may be harder to bear.

⑧A. 工作对于男人来说，生死攸关。通常说来，他踏入社会的最初几年具有决定意义。任何男人到了25岁如果在人生道路上尚未取得显赫的成就，那无论怎么说，都可被视为无药可救了。在这个阶段，他的各种能力都正在发展，他与竞争对手的争斗是一种殊死搏斗。在工作友情的面具下，他密切注视着任何一位同事身上显示出的任何优势，一有优势出现，他就会焦虑不安。如果他关注的这个同事显示出软弱或优柔寡断的迹象，他会立刻加以利用。然而，人仅仅是一台巨大工作机器上的一个小零件，实际上他自己处处受剥削。当他驱使别人时，他首先在驱使自己。他的命令实际上来自上司，由他传达罢了。如果上司偶尔花点时间夸奖他，并非是为了让他高兴，只不过是鞭策他而已，激发他更加卖力。对于从小养成自傲并要人尊敬的男人来说，每一个工作日都不过是一系列无止尽的蒙受耻辱。他明知产品无用却要表现出热情，明知笑话无聊却要放声大笑，他还要讲述并不属于自己的观点。他必须时刻牢记：稍有疏忽就意味着降职，稍有口误就会丢了饭碗。然而女人正是这些争斗的根本原因，并且争斗就在她们眼皮底下进行，而她们却站在一旁，冷眼相看。对于她们来说，上班意味着调情、约会、挑逗和嬉闹，干点零星的“活儿”也不过是做做样子—工作通常无需她们负责。她知道自己不过是在混日子，即便出于这样或那样的

原因她必须继续工作，至少她已经做过了多年的美梦。她站在一个安全的地方观望男人们争斗，偶尔为其中一位斗士鼓掌喝彩，或是鼓励他或是奚落他。在她为男人们冲咖啡、拆邮件或者听他们打电话的时候，她在不露声色地挑选自己的意中人。一旦发现了“如意郎君”，她就欣然引退，将战场留给后来者。 B. The first requirement for the acquisition of power by the Positive Woman is to understand the differences between men and women. Your outlook on life, your faith, your behavior, your potential for fulfillment, all are determined by the factors of your original premise. The Positive Woman starts with the assumption that she is capable of doing whatever she wants to (the world is her oyster). She rejoices in the creative capability with her body and the power potential of her mind. She understands that men and women are different, and that those very differences provide the key to her success as a person and fulfillment as a woman. The women’s liberationist, on the other hand, is imprisoned by her own negative view of herself and of her place in the world around her. This view of women was most succinctly expressed in an advertisement designed by the principal women’s liberationist organization, the National Organization for Women (NOW), and run in many magazines and newspapers and as spot announcements on many television stations. The advertisement showed a darling curlyheaded girl with the caption: “This healthy, normal baby has a handicap. She was born female.”