研究生英语课后练习整理答案

lesson 6

1. Welcome to the topsy-turvy world of tobacco, where nothing much makes sense except the vast profits, where tobacco-company executives slip-slide along the continuum from aggrieved Innocence to heartfelt regret without breaking a sweat, and where the only people who seem to be able to shoot straight are the jurors who decide the ubiquitous lawsuits.

欢迎来到乌七八糟的烟草世界。在这里，除了巨大的利益，没有什么具有重要意义；在这里，烟草公司的负责人不费吹灰之力就能穿梭于不同角色之间，从表现愤愤不平的无辜转而变为诚心诚意的悔过；在这里，似乎惟一能够言行正直的人就是那些判定随处可见的烟草诉讼案的陪审员们。

2.The jurors—who gave up two years of their lives, listened to endless witnesses and yet deliberated only a few hours—could be forgiven if they felt they'd fallen down Alice's rabbit hole into Wonderland, where the Queen of Hearts cries "Off with their heads" but no one is ever executed.

这些陪审员放弃了生命中的两年时光，聆听了无数证人证言，却仅用了几个小时就商议定案。如果他们感觉像是爱丽丝跌下了兔子洞进入仙境，听着红心王后高喊“砍掉他们的脑袋”，却从未有一个人被砍头，这种感觉是可以谅解的。

3. Since then tobacco companies have spread political contributions around like weed-killer on the lawn in summer, supporting largely complicit Republicans, who like free enterprise (and soft money) more than they hate emphysema.

从此以后，烟草公司就像夏天在草坪上播洒除草剂一般四处提供政治捐款，主要支持和自己立场相似的共和党人，因为共和党人虽然痛恨肺气肿，但却更喜爱自由企业(以及软资金)。

4.Responsibility-minded Americans accept the argument that individuals have the right to poison themselves, although studies showing that the vast majority of smokers began as minors raise questions about informed consent.责任意识强的美国人接受任何人都有权毒害自己的观点，但是研究显示绝大多数吸烟者开始吸烟时仍未成年，这就对知情吸烟提出了疑问。

5.Public-service announcements, catchy commercials for kids, settlements with the states to recover health care costs: the tobacco companies, which once swore they were doing nothing wrong, are now willing to lose some ideological battles to win the war of the profit margin.

公益服务通告，针对儿童的好看易记的广告，与各州达成和解补偿卫生保健费用：曾经发誓绝没有做错任何事情的烟草公司现如今也愿意为最

终保住利润而部分放弃意识形态的斗争。

lesson 7

1 人们普遍对这场冲突的起因及结果极感兴趣，于是创办了不少期刊杂志，成立了许多组织明确表示其目的就是要促进新的研究并鼓励大众及专业人士对此实践关注。

2二十多年前，以为著名学者指出，“历史学家无论其倾向如何，都把内战的起因归结为从单纯的某种势力或某个现象一直到1861年之前几十年间所有重大活动、思潮、行为交织在一起所形成的色彩纷呈的复杂格局。

3亨利维尔森在他发表于19世纪70年代的一本名著中写到：蓄奴势力 “为了维护其受到威胁的生活方式，在对鼓舞人心的共和精神、对基督民众圣洁珍贵的情感、对共和国的长远利益和威望进行了长达几十年的攻击之后，他们组织阴谋叛乱，扩大了变革规模，把国家抛入血腥战争之中。”

4对于大多数北方作者来说,战争的起因是顽固坚持邪恶制度的奴隶主策划的阴谋,而北方则顶着南方无端发起的非道义进攻在捍卫联邦,捍卫宪法.

5布坎南的说法暗示着这样一个假定:如果不是因为北方狂热分子,其次是南方极端分子,这场战争根本没有必要爆发.换言之,当时没有什么实质性的问题严重到了在1861年非动武不可;这场战争就是南北两方极端分子引发的.

lesson 8

1. The technological advances of the 1990s ushered in what appeared to be a social and economic revolution that would rival the Industrial Revolution two centuries earlier, creating a new society of technologically connected citizens with a world of digitized information, commerce, and communication at its fingertips.

20 世纪90 年代的技术进步似乎带来了一场其意义堪与200 媲美的社会与经济方面的革命，它创造了一个崭新的社会年以前的工业革命相在这个社会里人们由技术相互连接，数字化的信息、商业以及通讯都在弹指一挥间。

2.New advances in science and technology seemed to promise eventual solutions to problems ranging from eliminating toxic waste to grocery shopping—genetic engineers developed microbes that would eat industrial sludge and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Media Lab worked to devise a refrigerator that could sense when it was out of milk and use the Internet to order more.

科技的新发展似乎向人们承诺提供从消除有毒废料到食品采买一系列问题的最终解决方案―遗传科技人员培养出了能够吞食工业残渣的微生物，麻省理工学院媒体实验室的研究人员设计出了能够觉察箱内牛奶告罄并可上网定购的电冰箱。

3.The cloning of an animal in 1997 suggested that human cloning had become viable as well, raising concerns—no longer quite theoretical—that humanity might be moving toward a "brave new world" of genetically engineered people.

1997 年克隆动物的成功表明了克隆人也已不成问题，人们担心人类可能会朝着一个由基因制造的人组成的“美丽新世界”方向发展（这己不再是单纯的理论问题了）。

4. While most Americans agreed that children should not be exposed to such material, attempts to regulate the content of individual Web pages and newsgroups conflicted with the idea of the Internet as an open, decentralized mass medium, where even the most absurd or repellant ideas could receive a hearing.

尽管大多数美国人赞成小孩不应接触这些内容，但试图规范个人网页和新闻组内容的努力还是同互联网应是公开、非集权的大众媒体的理念发生了冲突，在这种媒体中，即使最荒唐、最令人讨厌的东西也可以发表。

5.Still, some critics wondered if all of the money spent on space research might not be better used to fund new discoveries here on Earth, almost as if the diversion of space was no longer as necessary when there were so many new and interesting projects going on right here.

但是一些批评人士提出质疑说，把花在太空上的钱用来资助地球上的新发现是不是更好呢？似乎地球上正进行着这么多有趣的新项目，太空研究不再那么必要了。

lesson 9

1当然，你可能是少数乐天派中的一员，不需要我表示敬意：你要么已经能心平气和地接受死亡；要么相信人死后还有灵魂；要么期待着体验融入万物的愉悦。

2 但是不论他是骑在一匹羸弱苍白的马上，身后跟着个小鬼；还是手持长柄镰刀，身披斗篷的骷髅骨架；或是像死神的假期中的费德瑞克玛区那样干净整洁的小伙子，所传递的信息都是同样的：只要死神出现，就要随他离去。

3.确实，是宗教信仰使人们能比较从容地面对和忍受死亡，多年来诸多有关信仰的作品一直致力于安抚人们，是他们接受死亡。

4但当他们两者的之间联系逐渐减弱时，在创造了以死亡来惩罚罪孽的神从地球上被驱逐时，死神的故事有了新意，或者意味着意义的完全丧失。

5我们曾经不存在：我们对此并不在乎——那么为什么我们要对总有一天会化为虚无那么耿耿于怀呢？

lesson 10

1. The popular appeal of returning to the ways of the past as a solution to the problems of the 1980s was demonstrated when Ronald Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980. Time magazine chose President Reagan as its "man of the year' and said of him: "intellectually, emotionally, Reagan lives in the past."

民众普遍希望昔日美好生活能够重现，以寻求解决80年代遇到的种种问题。1980年，罗纳德·里根当选为美国总统，正是这一民意的体现。《时代》周刊推选里根总统为年度风云人物，并说“无论是理智上还是情感上，里根都生活在过去之中”。

2. By moving in this way toward the practices of the past, President Reagan believed that the standard of living of Americans would begin to improve once more in the 1980s as it had done throughout most of the nation's history.里根总统相信，通过这种趋近过去的努力，美国人民的生活水平能像美国历史上大部分时期一样，再次在80年代能得以改善。

3.In time of war Americans have temporarily put aside their dislike of planned national cooperation. They have been willing to cooperate and make personal sacrifices under the direction of the national government to bring the war to satisfactory conclusion. In peacetime, however, planned national cooperation is strongly resisted as a threat to individual freedom.

战争时期，美国人把对有计划的举国合作的厌恶之情暂置一旁，甘愿在国家统一指挥下互相协作，甘愿牺牲个人利益以换取战争的最终胜利。然而，在和平时期，他们却坚决抵制有计划的举国合作，认为这是对个人自由的侵犯。

4. Americans tend to associate the greatness of their nation far more with such values as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, hard work, and competition than with national cooperation.

美国人往往会认为国家的强大更多地源于个人自由、机会均等、勤奋努力、竞争取胜等价值观念而不是源于举国合作。

5. Some observers believe that this slow, cautious approach may be too weak and too timid to meet the challenges of the future. Americans, however, believe that sudden revolutionary changes made in the name of the national

good usually result in dictatorships in which freedom is lost and problems remain unsolved.

有些评论家认为这种缓慢而谨慎的态度太过胆小乏力，无法迎接未来的

挑战。然而，美国人则认为，以国家利益之名，骤然实行根本性变革，

通常会导致独裁体制，不仅问题依然无法得到解决，还会失去个人自

由。

选择

lesson 6

1. We now are provided with several television commentators (narrator) to explain the action to us, with the help of the ubiquitous slow-motion instant replay. (provider sb. with sth.)

A. continuous (continue: vt./vi.)

B. successful

C. ever-present (everlasting/ common)

D. popular

2. The jury deliberated (gave/ discussed) for eighteen minutes and recommended a sentence of from two to five years in the state penitentiary(监

狱, 收容所, 教养所). A. spoke B. discussed C.

complained D. inquired

3. Mr. Anna formally disbanded the fact-finding team Thursday because of Israel's objections to the mission's composition and mandate.

A. motivation

B. identity

C. purpose

D. authority

4. The number of old people is on the rise with this fact comes the number of people with chronic diseases associated more with old age. A. enduring (lasting) B. painful C. severe D.

incurable

5 In the 1984 revised version of The Black and White Truth about Basketball, Greenfield again challenges his readers by asserting that the two races have inherently different styles on the court. A. importantly B.

intrinsically C. inevitably(=unavoidably) D. interestingly

6. I didn't speak to Dominick Dunne or Mark Fuhrman, because their points

of view are unclear, and their factual recitations are patently false. (insincere) A. obviously B. improperly C. unfortunately D. favorably( be in/ out

of favor)

7. Sophie asked her mother to pick her up from the camp a day earlier than scheduled (planned). Although Sophie was "sick of camp and ready (willing)

A. consented (=agreed)

B. disagreed

C. triumphed (=won)

D. changed

8. In the years 1659 to 1681 the celebration of Christmas was actually

outlawed in Boston and the Christmas spirit was fined.

A. forgone (gone forever)

B. disliked

C. condemned

D.

forbidden

9. The personal computer is only a decade old, and the language it spawned

(brought about) has made only minor (small/ unimportant) inroads in English,

but this will change.

A. processed (processed food)

B. prohibited

C. produced

D.

pronounced

10. The case of Hemant Lakhani, the Briton charged in the USA with

attempting to sell a missile to an undercover agent from the FBI, has

highlighted the threat posed by the ever-expanding illicit arms trade. (accuse

sb. of sth./ charge sb. with sth./ highlighter)

A. profitable

B. illegal (=illicit)

C. unacceptable

D. notorious

lesson 8

1. The demise (death) of the industry has caused untold misery to thousands

of hard-working (diligent) tradesmen.

A. size

B. expansion

C. development

D. termination

2. There were difficulties for her about making the whole surgery financially

some basic information about preparing and delivering (~ a speech) formal presentations can help allay (relieve/ reduce) some of the fear

involved in public speaking. [oral presentation]

A. ease [(1)n. feel at ~; (2)to relieve pain]

B. express

C. prevent

D. dispose (get rid of)

4. Whatever the cause (may be), the incident could easily cripple (damage/

paralyze) the peace talks.

A. influence

B. damage

C. end

D. complicate (a./ vt.)

5. Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster

(develop/ cultivate) productivity, not stifle it.

A. retain

B. repress (suppress)

C. crash

D. abandon

(abundant: a. enough)

6. He listened keenly to his guests, treated what he heard with complete

discretion and never said a malicious word. [malice: n.->malicious: a.] [be

keen on sth.]

disheartening B. sympathetic feeling C. harsh (severe) D. polite

7. After the summit (peak) meeting, peace reigned throughout the region once more (again).

A. emerged (appeared)

B. continued

C. dominated

D. resumed (restore)

8. There are many people who still find the act of abortion abhorrent (disgusting/ horrible/ terrible).

A. shocking (=surprising)

B. (tolerate->)tolerable

C. uncontrollable [high ~<->low ~]

D. distasteful (disgusting)

9. The police have got the evidence to sue him, which is shot with a miniature (hidden) camera.

A. small

B. digital

C. concealed (hidden)

D. sophisticated [shoot, shot shot/ gun shot]

10. The chief [chef=cook] has assembled (collected)

(attractive) recipes for all occasions and lifestyles, plus

(=practical) advice on matching food with wine.

A. disturbing

B. tempting

C. promising

D. offending (=offensive/ ~ talk)

lesson 10

1. He hoped to strengthen (strength) the position of the sciences in the leading universities.

2. We took an abundant (abundance) supply of food with us when we went hiking in the mountains.

3. Conservation (conserve) is the protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effect of human activity.

4. And if you're emotionally connected to it, you also get intellectually (intellect) connected to it; you want to learn more about it.

5. Relief (rescue/ relieve) workers are concerned over (=worried about) the shortage (short) of food and shelter in the refugee camps. (shelter sb. from sth./ seek refuge)

6. It is proposed (=suggested) at this conference that the law should impose penalties on companies that use energy wastefully (waste). [suggest sb. (doing) sth./ that sb do sth.]= [sb. (should) do sth.]

7. It is hard (difficult) to believe that in this prosperous (prosper) country, hunger could be a serious problem.

8. We must be careful not to do anything that might endanger (danger) the economic recovery.

9. This disease is hereditary (heredity), so chances are (possibly/ likely) that

10. The president relied on (=depend on) the coercive (coerce) powers of the 填空

lesson 6

the bottom line on behalf of pernicious bankrupt heartfelt hand down addicted to lethal judicial catchy

1. Smokers become addicted to nicotine, and on stopping smoking (when) the sudden loss of nicotine can cause unpleasant symptoms such as irritability, restlessness and craving for (longing for) a cigarette.

2. If these are adhered to they go a long way to ensuring that those (those people) who are dying may do so with dignity and without the need to resort to a lethal dose of drugs. (tourist resort; turn to sb. for help)(tourist resort/ resort to fight = turn to sb./ sth. for help)

3. We should take some comfort from the ability of the judicial system to fight back against corruption (corrupted officials).

4. Tougher (severe/ harsh) punishments are being handed down (carried out) these days.

5. Robin Thompson spoke on behalf of his colleagues about the issue (=problem).

6. The bottom line was they would end up the contract if I ever revealed the truth of what happened.

7. There is a pernicious culture of excellence: everything has to be not merely (only) good but the best.

8. Neither the Trust Fund Bureau, the core of the system, nor any other parts of the FILP have any loans to borrowers who have gone (become) bankrupt, nor do they have any overdue loans to public (institute->)institutions.

9. We expressed our heartfelt (sincere) thanks for helping us care for Daisy.

10. The card has a catchy (=attractive) message: "My heart beats at 90/min for you, my blood pressure rises to 120/80 thinking of you."

lesson 8

predisposed to decode wreak

havoc compromise malfunction

at one's fingertips usher in discriminate toxic customize 1. You have to admit how wonderful the service center is — it just puts anything you may possibly need at your fingertips!

2. He belonged to a generation that took it for granted that after the war a brave new world was to be ushered in (be led to somewhere).

3. We must understand the double language used today and carefully decode its meaning.

4. The civil war has wrought havoc on the economy.

5. The government's future may be plunged (dive)

win situation]

6. This heat can cause certain circuit-board components to malfunction or fail altogether.

7. Evidence showed the herbs were not toxic (poisonous) and did not contain poisons or common drugs.

8. It was alleged (claimed) that the restaurant discriminated against black customers.

9. Some people are genetically predisposed (inclined to do sth.) to cancers.

10. You are in charge of your own schedule (plan/ timetable) and can customize that schedule to fit your own training needs.

lesson 10

bound to compel dictator constructive suspicion

go along with appeal accumulation endanger mutual

1. The main appeal (attraction) these bonds hold for (is meaningful) individual investors is the safety and peace of mind they offer (give). (sth. appeals to sb.)

2. He argues that Americans have been too compliant (=obedient), too willing (ready) to go along with politicians who would reduce their liberties (=freedom), not expand them. (statute of liberty)

3. Despite (=in spite of) these improvements the scientists say that the Baltic Sea continues to be "imperiled (endangered) by the long-term accumulation of toxic (poisonous) chemicals".

4. Toxic (poisonous) waste could endanger lives and poison fish.

5. The East and the West can work together for their mutual benefit and progress.

6. The authorities will be legally bound (bind) to arrest any suspects.

7. In the United States cyclists are compelled to wear a helmet for the sake of safety.

8. Following the fall of the military dictator in March, the country has had a civilian government.

9. After their meeting, both men described the talks as frank, friendly and constructive .

10. He was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving. (suspect)

over time value adequate both extremely

as well as inexhaustible sustainable deposit group into take sth. seriously

The activities of conservation were taken seriously in the 1970s when the United States faced with the problem of energy shortage. The conservationists called for (=needed)_1 sustainable use and protection of natural resources including plants, animals, mineral deposits, soils, clean water, clean air, and fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Natural resources are _2 grouped (classified/ categorized) into two categories, renewable and nonrenewable. A renewable resource is one that may be replaced _3 over time (in the long run) by natural processes, such as fish populations or natural vegetation, or is _4 inexhaustible, such as solar (lunar) energy. The goal of renewable resource conservation is to ensure that such resources are not consumed faster than they are replaced. Nonrenewable resources are those in limited supply that cannot be replaced or can be replaced only over _5 extremely long periods of time. Nonrenewable resources include fossil fuels and mineral _6 deposit, such as iron ore and gold ore. Conservation activities for nonrenewable resources focus on (=emphasize) maintaining (keeping) an _7 adequate (enough) supply of these resources well into the future.

Natural resources are conserved for their biological, economic, and recreational values, _8 as well as (and) their natural beauty and importance to local cultures. For example, tropical rain forests are protected for their important role in 9 both global ecology and the economic livelihood of the local culture, a coral reef (珊瑚礁) may be protected for its recreational 10 value for divers and a scenic river may be protected for its natural beauty. lesson 8

A U.S. company says [sez] they have developed pigs with organs 1 for use in human transplant operations. They are the first pigs 2 engineered to keep their organs from being 3 by humans.

The researchers believe their work is the best hope for people 4 an organ transplant operation. More than seventy-thousand people in the United States alone need 5 an operation to replace organs that 6 work. Scientists consider (think) pigs to be the best animals to provide organs for people. This is

because the organs are 7 .

The company has developed pigs of different 8 . The first four genetically engineered pigs were born in September and October last year. The pigs are smaller than normal. The five other pigs are 9 normal size. They were born in December. The company says it wants to use the pigs as part of its program (project) to 10 a cure for patients with heart disease.

1. A. detailed B. denoted (imply) C. desired D. designed

2. A. genetically B. generally C. especially D. essentially

3. A. eliminated B. discarded C. rejected (repel) D. abandoned

4. A. serving on B. contributing to C. waiting for D. associating with

5. A. thus B. this C. so D. such

6. A. not B. no longer C. not more D. no other

7. A. similar B. familiar C. identical (=same) D. unique

8. A. shapes B. types C. sizes D. sorts

9. A. off B. of C. for D. from

10. A. see B. seem C. size D. seek