初中英语语法-英语从句总结
初中英语语法总结（从句）
英语从句三大类型
按一般说法，可分为三大类14种从句。
一,名词性从句
1主语从句Whether it's right or not remains to be seen.
2宾语从句I wonder whether it's right or not.
3同位语从句This is a question whether it's right or not.
4表语从句The question is whether it's right or not.
二,定语从句
1限定性定语从句She is the student who can speak English well.
2非限定性定语从句She is the student, who can speak English well. 三,状语从句
1时间状语从句The fact will come out when he comes here.
2地点状语从句You can go wherever you like.
3原因状语从句Pay more attention to your lessons because you are a student.
4方式状语从句He walks as if he were a king.
5目的状语从句She went to Japan so that she could learn Japanese well. 6结果状语从句She went to Japan so that she learned Japanese well. 7条件状语从句I will understand it if he tells me.
8让步状语从句He knows a lot though he is little.
1．定语从句
There are some old books in the box.
The boy dressed in blue is from America.
?分清几个概念：先行词与关系代词/关系副词。先行词是指定语从句所修饰的中心词；关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that; 关系副词主要有 when,
where, why。关系代词和关系副词有两个作用，一是连接主句和从句的作用，二
是在定语从句中做成分。
?定语从句分为：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句, 限定性定语从句如果去掉会影
响句子意义的完整性，非限定性定语从句即使去掉也不会影响句子意义的完整性，如： July is the month when we have a lot of rain.
There are many plays (that) I’d like to see.
The meeting was put off, which surprised us a lot.
This note is left by Mary, who was here a moment ago.
1.非限定性定语从句，其作用为：对所修饰的成分作进一步的说明，它与主句用逗号隔
开。此类从句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定语从句中，which可代表前面的整个句子；代表人时只能用who，whom，而不能用that；as也可用作关系代词。例如:
2. telephone，as we know，was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell．
3. D．Roosevelt，who died there on April 12，1945．
4. in a damp（潮湿的）house for a long time is harmful to one’s health，which
is known to everyone．
5.限定性定语从句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在从句中作主语或
宾语。that作宾语时常可省略，which则不能，而且其后的“不及物动词+介词’’中的介词不能省略。which作宾语时，先行词与which之间的介词不能省。例如：
6.first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830．
7. second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which
he sailed round the Cape Horn合恩角．
?代表all，anything，something，nothing，much等词时，用that而不用which，that作宾语可省略。例如：
care anything that has something to do with it．
'd better do something he prefers to do to please him．
is the last time we met each other．
came across the woman you told me about yesterday．
?who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句的主语和宾语。where是关系副词，用于表示地点的定语从句，而when用来表示时间。whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语。例如:
Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production．
knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg． next morning， when she came down to breakfast ， Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new，great discovery．
visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department．?注意几点：that可替代who, whom（指人），也可替代which（指物）
whose 既可指人又可指物
引导定语从句的关系代词紧跟介词做从句的宾语时，不用that,只用
which几个例子：Is she the girl that/who sells flowers?
The train that/which has just left is for Xi’an.
The people (who/that/whom) you were talking to were Russians.
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.
I have never met the boy whose mother is a famous actress.
My book is on the table whose legs are broken.
He went to China in 1945, when the War World II was over.
Look, this is the house where the writer was born.
The tool with which he is working is called a wrench(扳手).
2．状语从句
He swims fast.
Nervous, he opened the letter.
Legs broken, the soldier crawled back home.
She used to stay up until midnight.
With a book in his hand, the teacher came in.
?状语从句可分为：时间状语从句(主要由when，whenever，after，before，a5，since，once，until，while等连词引导)，结果状语从句(由so…that和such…that连接)，让步状语从句(由though，although， no matter，even if， however，whatever 等词引导)，原因状语从句(由as，because，since和for引导)，条件状语从句(由if， whether，as long as，provided that等词引导)，地点状语从句(由where引导)，行为方式状语从句(由as引导)。有时条件状语从句中，主句不可以用将来时，而用一般时代替。
?状语从句中的“主语+be”可以省略，前提是：从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句谓语“be”省略后的结构为“连词+现在分词／过去分词介词短语／形容词／名词短语”。) 例如：
necessary，I would like to see you in your office.
seriously wounded，he never complained．
条件状语从句：
1）Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.(除非,若不；相当于if---not)
即：If y ou are too tired,we’ll not go out for a walk.
2）You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.(只要，表示条件的唯一性)
3）Take your umbrella in case it rains.（以防---，以免---）
4）I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.(条件是---)
5）Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting?(如果,假如)
6）He won't be against us in the meeting provided/providing that we ask for his
advice in advance.(假如,除非以……为条件)
7）You will be successful in the interview once you have confidence.(一旦---就--)
方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1）as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
2） as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿
佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
1.They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
2.He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
3.It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
比较状语从句
1）You seem to know music as well as you know astronomy(天文学).(as---as 结构) 2）There was no garden so lovely as his in this city. (no so---as 结构)
3）Finally he has made as much money as he wanted. (as +adj +n.+as 结构)
4）Your watch is not the same as his.(the same as结构)
5）I never met such a man as your younger brother.(such---as 结构)
6）She studies more diligently than her classmates.(more than结构)
7）No other book has had a greater influence on my life.(否定词和比较级连用表示最高级含义。)
8）This teacher explained the problem more clearly than any other teacher.
(比较级与“any other one”连用表示最高级含义。)
9）The more you read, the better will you write.(the more----the more 结构)11) He earned no more than 800 dollars a month. 他一个月只挣800美元。（no + 比较级+than结构）.
3．名词从句
名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1）主语从句
He is a teacher.
Learning English well could take you a lot of time.
a.由what、wh-ever 等代词引导的主语从句, 一般放在句首，不能用it 做形式主语：
What I want to know is his address.
Whatever was said here must be kept secret.
Whatever she did was right.
Whoever comes will be welcome.
b.由连词that 引导的主语从句, 在大多数情况下，这个从句都放在句子后部，而用
代词it 作形式上的主语：
That I may not be able to come is possible. = It is possible that I may not be able to come.
That we need more equipment is quite obvious. = It is obvious that we need more equipment.
That he will refuse the offer is unlikely. = It is unlikely that he will
refuse the offer.
c.由连接代词或连接副词（或whether）引导的主语从句, 这个从句可以直接放在句
首作主语，也可放到句子后部去，前面用it 作形式主语：
Which is the better choice is obvious. = It is obvious which is the better choice.
Who will go for the meeting has not been decided. = It has not been
decided who will go
for the meeting.
Where he lost his gold watch remained a mystery. = It remained a
mystery where he lost
his gold watch..
When we shall have our sports meet is still a question. = It is still
a question when
we shall have our
sports meet.
Whether he will join us won’t make much difference. = It won’t
make much
difference
whether he will
join us.
Why the old man went to the castle is still unknown. = It is still
unknown why the
old man went to
the castle.
How he had managed to achieve so much at such a young age fascinated many people. = It fascinated many people how he had managed to achieve so much at such a young age.
2)宾语从句
He likes Chinese very much.
I’m surprised at his young age.
a.由that引导的宾语从句，一般做动词的宾语，that可以省略
The letter says (that) they are leaving on the 13th.
I don’t doubt (that) they will be able to overcome the difficulties.
She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend that evening.
b.由what，who，which, how，where，when, whether (if) 等引导的宾语从句，
既可以做动词的宾语，又可以做介词的宾语
I don’t know whether these figures are accurate.
I’ll read whichever book you recommend.
I’ll show you what I have put down in my note-book
Has she informed you when they are to hold the meeting.
She was never satisfied with what she had achieved.
Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.
c. 在某些句型中，特别是带符合宾语的句子中，that引导的从句常常移到后部去，
前面用it做形式宾语
We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.
I took it for granted that they were not coming.
d. 在“be + 形容词”这类结构后，that引导的从句，有些在概念上接近宾语，而
在结构上却接近状语
I’m afraid that I have made a mistake.
We are sure that we shall success.
We are fully confident that we can overcome the difficulties.
I’m not sure whether she would like the idea.
一些表语性的形容词，如：alarmed，amazed，annoyed，astonished， certain，confident，disappointed， glad， pleased， proud， sad， shocked， sure， surprised， worried，ect.做表语时，后面可跟由that， how等引导的宾语从句。例如：
was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures．
is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination．
was surprised how simple his problem is．
are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination.
3)表语从句
He is kind. / He is a teacher.
The Smiths are from Australia.
This is where our basic interest lies.
My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.
What I really what to know is how you have managed to remember 1000 words within an hour.
表语从句对主语的内容起解释和阐述的作用；若表语从句用that引起，that起连接作用，不能省略。表语从句也可用连接词how，when，where，why，what引起。由because引起的表语从句通常只用在“this／that／it is because” 结构中。例如：
thing I admire most about them is that they are hospitable．
works too hard；That is why she is exhausted．
must point out that where you intend to build a supermarket is where the elderly do exercise every day．
4)同位语从句
同位语从句是由两个或两个以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句法功能相同。同位语从句由that引导，也可由whether，how，why，where， when 等来引导。例如：
ignored the teacher's instruction that she must study hard．
question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly．?定语从句与同位语从句的区别：从连接词上来说，定语从句的连接词有许多，但同位语从句的连接词只有that；从主从句间的关系来说，定语从句与主句是从属关系，而同位语从句与主句是并列关系。
?在英语中，只有一部分名词可以跟同位语从句，如：idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt.; probability, certainty, likelihood, evidence; on condition 只要, in spite of the fact
例如：
I had no idea that you were here.
I’ve come from Mr. White with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
There is no doubt that he is qualified for this job.
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled（逃走）from the city.
Obviously, there was little probability that they would succeed, but they don’t mind.
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总(重点笔记)知识讲解
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即 状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以 下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — （一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。
I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school.我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。 Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？ This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago.这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在非正式英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom，亦可省略） whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如：The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。） （二）关系代词which的用法 which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如： I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that） Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which可以换成that） （三）关系代词that的用法 that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如： Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成who） Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?
初中英语语法大全
初中英语语法大全 名词 一名词的定义：表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。 二名词的分类： 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 注意 专有名词一般第一个字母要大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 名词的种类 注意 物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算，称为不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加冠词a或an来表示量。 （三）名词的数 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式： 1.单数 英语中，如果我们要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念时，要用名词的单数
形式，表示名词的单数，要在名词前加冠词a或an。 This is a desk . 这是一张书桌。 There is an orange on the table . 桌上有一个橘子。 an orange 一个橘子 an new orange （×）→ a new orange （○） 一个新橘子 a desk a old desk （×）→ an old desk （○） 一张旧课桌 关键字：初中英语语法大全初中英语语法总结初中英语语法辅导英语语法大全名词复数名词所有格复数冠词抽象名词 a和an的使用区别 a加在以辅音开头的名词前，如a book，a pen。 an加在以元音开头的名词前，如an egg，an apple。 注意 有时a，an后面紧接的不是单数名词，而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。 这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时，要看形容词开头字母的发音，而不是看名词。 2.复数
初中英语语法总结(完整)
英语时态讲解 【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下 英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。 1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 H e usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. 他每天7点上班。 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 We are having English class.
我们正在上英语课。 3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。 They have lived in Beijing for five years. 他们在北京已经住了5年了。 4．一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; He used to smoke a lot. 他过去抽烟比较厉害。 5. 过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。 Beijing was hosting the 29th Olympic Games in August 2008. 在2008年8月，北京正在举行29届奥运会。 6. 过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用( before, after, by, up till ) They finished earlier than we had expected. 他们提前完成了（工作）。 7. 一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用。 I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我明天就要离开北京。 8、将来进行时 表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 9、将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. 到下个月底，他步行将达到1000英里。 英语共有十六个时态、四个体。（注：四个体为——一般、进行、完成、完成进行。） 英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式，如：直陈式，命令式等。
英语语法从句讲解
从句 从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类: 即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)。 引导从句的词称作关联句. 一、名词性从句 引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括: 从属连词that, if, whether; 连接代词 who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,wh ose; 连接副词where, when, why, how。 其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分, 而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分. That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party. I don't know if he will attend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句) [提示]
1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末. It's well-known that water is indispensable to life.(形式主语) 2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. 3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语 从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。 I don't know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。 He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面, 如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
初中英语从句汇总
在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾 语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、 副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让 步、地点、方式等）。 以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 格 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that —
（一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。 Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。 whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如： Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？ This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在非正式英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom，亦可省略） whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如： The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。） （二）关系代词which的用法 which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如： I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that） Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which可以换成that） （三）关系代词that的用法 that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如： Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成who）
初中英语语法——三大从句之表语从句
【初中英语语法——三大从句之表语从句】 【表语从句】 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。 表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。 名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句，例如： T he problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)// The s cissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语)// What I told him was that I would find h im a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略)// That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)// That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语) “That is why...”是常用句型，意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，又如： That is why you se
e this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮，这就是现在这 个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异，说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。// That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。 下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构，它们与“Tha t is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚： (1)“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why...”中why引 导的是—个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样，例如： That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意 的理由。 (2)“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词 性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是为什么……/ 因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由，“That is why...” 则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，例如： He did not see the film last night. That is because he ha d to help his littl e sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有
初中英语语法总结(完整)
初中英语语法总结(完整) 【注】 构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下一般完成进行完成进行现在现在一般时do现在完成时have done现在进行时is doing现在完成进行时have been doing过去过去一般时did过去完成时had done过去进行时was doing过去完成进行时had been doing将来将来一般时will do将来完成时will have done将来进行时will be doing将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来过去将来一般时would do过去将来完成时would have done过去将来进行时would be doing过去将来完成进行时would have been doing英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。
1、一般现在时主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。H e usually goes to work at7 o’clock every morning、他每天7点上班。 2、现在进行时表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。W e are having English class、我们正在上英语课。 3、现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。T hey have lived in Beijing for five years、他们在北京已经住了5年了。 4、一般过去时表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; He used to smoke a lot、他过去抽烟比较厉害。 5、过去进行时表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。B eijing was hosting the29th Olympic Games in August全文结束》》、在xx年8月，北京正在举行29届奥运会。
初中英语三大从句总结
一. 宾语从句object clause： 一. 定义definition： 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。 二. 连接词connections： that: I think that you can pass the exam. Whether/if: I don’t know what the word means. “Wh”: I don’t know what the word means. I don’t know where he found the book. 只用whether的情况： 1. 与or not连用： I don’t know whether it’s raining or not. 2. 与动词不定式连用： He doesn’t know whether to accept the invitation. 3. 连接词前有介词时： It depends on whether he is coming. 三. 时态tenses: 1. 主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定(各种时态均可) She wants to know what he has done for the exam. 2.主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。 1）She said that she was a student. 2）She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. 3）She said that she had finished her homework already. 3. 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。 The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 二. 定语从句Attributive clause： 1.定义：在复合句中修饰名词、代词的从句叫定语从句 2.先行词指人who /that 先行词指物which/ that 3. 定语从句一般紧跟被修饰的名词或代词（即先行词）后 4.关系代词代替先行词在句子中担当成分，所以从句中不可再出现其他代替先行词的代词 5.翻译方法“…. 的” Eg. 1. Yesterday we bought a book which is really hard to understand. 2. The students who are from Maple Leaf School like learning English. Whom: 先行词指人，则代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语（包括介词的宾语）, 与who的区别是如果前面带介词则必须用whom 1.This is the teacher whom\who we like best. 2. I don’t like the boy to whom you are talking. Whose : 指人或物，作定语，表示“…的” eg: Harry is the boy whose mother is our math teacher.
初中英语语法三大从句汇总重点笔记知识讲解
精品文档 初中英语语法——三大从句汇总 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可
以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — （一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 精品文档． 精品文档 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school.我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。 whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：
初中英语语法易错题及初中英语语法三大从句汇总
沪江英语 > 初中英语/初中英语语法易错题 一、名词、冠词 1.-What can I do for you? -I'd like two _______. A. box of apple B. boxes of apples C. box of apples D. boxes of apple 2. Help yourself to _________. A. some chickens B. a chicken C. some chicken D. any chicken 3. ________ it is today! A. What fine weather B. What a fine weather C. How a fine weather D. How fine a weather 4. Which is the way to the __________? A. shoe factory B. shoes factory C. shoe's factory D. shoes' factory 5. This class ________ now. Miss Gao teaches them. A. are studying B. is studying C. be studying D. studying 6. We will have a _________ holiday after the exam. A. two month B. two-month C. two month's D. two-months 7.____ trees are cut down in the forests every year. A. Thousand B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Thousands of 8. Our sports meeting will be held ________. A. on 24, Tuesday, April B. in April 24, Tuesday
初中英语语法大全汇总
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