跨文化交际中的言语行为浅析

跨文化交际中的言语行为浅析
跨文化交际中的言语行为浅析

跨文化交际中的言语行为浅析

张洁

(云南师范大学文学院,云南昆明 650500)

摘要:人们在社会交际中使用各种各样的言语行为,如问候、告别、致谢、恭维、拒绝、邀请、说服、威胁、禁止等。文章从见面语、告别语、宴请招待用语、谦虚用语几个方面对交际中的言语行为进行分析概括,通过跨文化交际中的实际案例说明不同国家使用不同行为方式来表达相同的意思。

关键词:跨文化交际;见面语;告别语;宴请招待用语;谦虚用语

不同的社会、不同的群体或言语社团语用规范存在着差异,都有着各自独特的规则。在相似的交际情景中,所使用的语言有可能截然不同。在阅读了吴为善与严慧仙所著的《跨文化交际概论》以及数篇有关跨文化交际中的语用方面的文章的基础上,笔者从见面语、告别语、宴请招待用语、谦虚用语几个方面对交际中的言语行为进行分析,为跨文化交际者提供一些帮助。

一、见面语

在日常生活中,人们见面一般都要有所表示,我们称之为打招呼。这种打招呼可以是使用语言,也可以使用手势、眼神等,或者通过以上几种综合表达。不同国家、不同文化背景下的人们打招呼的方式不同。如英国人一般会以天气作为见面语,如“what a nice day”“how wonderful the weather is today”。而泰国人见面则双手合十,嘴里道“萨瓦迪卡”或“萨瓦迪卡啦不”。毛利人见面喜欢以额头轻轻接触对方额头来打招呼。而我们中国人见人最喜欢问,“你吃过了吗?”“去哪儿啊?”所以,不同国家见面打招呼的方式是不一样的,如果不了解这个国家的文化,很有可能会造成误解。如中国人的“你吃过了吗?”“你去哪儿?”这种“关心”在跨文化交际中经常会造成误解。对于中国人来说,这只是个礼貌性的招呼,而并不是真正关心你是吃了没有,要去哪儿,并不需要把它当成问题来对待。和其他国家的“你好”“萨瓦迪卡”或者“what a nice day”所表达的意思是一样的,只是单单为了打个招呼而已。而对于西方人来说,这些话就不是见面时的打招呼了,这是涉及了自己的隐私,你这样问是不尊重他们,他们去哪儿是和你无关的。你问他吃了没有,他可能会认为你要请他吃饭。

即使是同一个国家的人在不同的时期的见面语也是不一样的,如中国古代人们见面以跪拜、拱手、鞠躬等作为问候的方式,而现代这些都被“你吃了吗?”“去哪儿?”给代替了。

二、告别语

告别语是交际双方道别时使用的程式化语言。【1】不同的文化有不同的告别语言。如中国人常说“打扰了——没事,没事”“走了——嗯”“改天见——改天见”“慢走,不送了”等。而西方人一般会说“goodbye”“see you later”“good night”等。如果我们在与说英语的

人告别时说“walk slowly”,他们就会觉得很奇怪,走了就走了,哪有那么复杂,我走快点走慢点关你什么事啊。

中国人的热情与礼貌也使得中国人在告别时,主人会习惯性地挽留客人,或者将客人送出一段路,而西方人一般会提前说将要走,在真正要走的时候主人一般将客人送至门口即完成了告别。

三、宴请招待用语

从宴请时,什么情况为丰盛与宴请主人与客人的用语来看,中西方在宴请方面的差异非常大。在西方家庭中,丰盛的西餐一般有四五道菜,,加上一些甜点,客人把所有菜吃完,夸赞菜肴美味,主人会非常高兴,并会说“thank you”。或者客人会说“thank you so much for a wonderful feast”,主人以“you are welcome”回答。

而在中国,一般请人吃饭,至少要摆个八大碗,即使客人只有一位。在女主人花了很多时间和精力准备好丰盛的菜肴时,客人会以“真是不好意思,让你忙了”表示歉疚或礼貌。而主人一定会微笑着说“哪里哪里,不忙”。在吃饭的时候,明明餐桌都摆满了,可是主人一定会说“没准备什么菜,随便吃一点”或者说“菜做得不好吃,还请多担待”等。如果一个不是很懂中国餐桌文化的外国人,此时就会被主人搞糊涂了:菜明明准备了很多,明明很好吃,可是主人却说没准备什么,做的不好吃。在宴请结束后,西方人一般会感谢主人的宴请,而中国人往往以道歉的方式来结束“不好意思,让你忙了”。这些在西方人看来都是不可思议的,太复杂,理解不了。

四、谦虚用语

在中国,我们从小就时刻被提醒着要谦虚,“谦虚使人进步”,谦虚是一种美德。在我们很多人的观念中,往往觉得只有我们中国人才谦虚,西方人只强调张扬个性,其实这种想法是不正确的,西方人也同样谦虚,只是他们的谦虚的方式谦虚的程度与我们不同而已。中国人喜欢一味地否定自己来表示谦虚,如“鄙人”“寒舍”“犬子”“拙著”“习作”等等。另外还有进门的先后,入席的先后,发表意见先后等等,可以说,中国人的谦虚体现在生活的方方面面。

而西方人谦虚的方式一般表现在,在谈到几个人时习惯把自己放在最后,如“my friend and I”“my teacher and I”等。或者在信件的后面签名为“your sincerely”“your faithful”等等,但西方人不会像中国人那样一味地贬低自己。

五、结语

在跨文化交际中,对言语行为的分析很重要。言语行为的差异主要是由于不同的文化背景造成的。不同文化背景的人如果不了解彼此的言语行为的差异,在交际中就会有很多障碍,造成尴尬的交际,甚至有时会造成误解。

参考文献

[1] 吴为善、严慧仙.《跨文化交际概论》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2009

[2] 胡文仲.《跨文化交际学概论》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009

作者简介:张洁(1989.01- ),女,江苏连云港人,云南师范大学文学院2013级语言学硕士。研究方向:少数民族语言文字、方言。

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