非谓语动词在独立主格结构和易错用法

六、非谓语动词在独立主格中的应用

谓语动词不能用于独立主格结构，而非谓语动词则可以。

非谓语动词作状语，如果不是特殊情况，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，如果不是，就必须另加一个逻辑主语。这种逻辑主语加逻辑谓语的结构就形成了独立主格结构。总体来讲，“逻辑主语+逻辑谓语”构成独立主格结构。注意，如果逻辑谓语是联系动词，还要跟逻辑表语；如果是及物动词，还要跟宾语。另外，独立主格结构中的非谓语动词being和having been通常被省略。但是，当强调非谓语动词的动作早于谓语动作时，having been不能省略。独立主格结构在句中常作状语，表示时间，条件，原因，伴随或起补充说明的作用。请看以下独立主格结构的四种句型：

⑴逻辑主语+being/having been+逻辑表语（形容词、副词、名词、介词短语）being是一种联系动词的形式，表示逻辑主语现在或当时的性质或状态。若把独立主格结构变成状语从句，从句中的谓语用一般时态。这时，只要不是在there being句型当中，being常被省略。如果不省略，要么是为了强调，要么是为了读起来顺口；having been表示逻辑主语早于谓语动作的性质或状态。若把独立主格结构变成状语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时态。这时，having been不能省略。例如：

He entered the room, his nose (being) red with cold.他进入了房间，鼻子冻得发红。(伴随状语，=and his nose was red with cold)

They went out of the room, the light (being) out.他们走出了房间，灯随之灭了。(伴随状语，=and the light was out)

The meeting being over, they went to the zoo.会议结束了，他们向动物园走去。（时间状语，=when the meeting was over）

She came up, her hair (being) a wreck.她走了进来，头发蓬乱不堪。（伴随状语，= and her hair was a wreck）

Monette having been in prison for years, people couldn’t recognize him at all.莫奈特坐牢多年，人们根本就不能把他认出来。（原因状语，= Because Monette had been in prison for years）

There being nobody else at hand, I had to do it by myself.由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语，=Because there was nobody else at hand)

There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was very dry.因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语，=Because there had been no rain for a long time) In front of the house was a tall tree, its top (being) well above the tops of the other trees.房子前面是一颗大树，树稍高出了其它树很多。（补充说明，=whose top was well above the tops of the other trees）

⑵逻辑主语+doing (sth.)

doing是一种行为动词的现在分词形式，表示主动，作条件和时间状语时，表示动作在将来发生，若把独立主格结构变成状语从句，从句中的谓语用一般时态；作原因、伴随状语或补充说明时，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或紧接着发生，若把独立主格结构变成状语从句或并列句，从句中或并列句中的时态要视情况用进行时态或一般时态。例如：

Time/Weather permitting (=If the time/weather permits), we’ll look around the city.条件许可，我们就去逛街。（条件状语）

Mary coming back, they discussed it together.玛丽回来，我们就一起讨论。（时间状

语，=When Mary came back）

Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.既然再没人发言，会议就结束了。（原因状语，=Since nobody had any more to say）

He lay on his back, his glaring eyes looking straight upward.他仰面躺着，一双愤怒的眼睛直视上方。（伴随状语，=and his glaring eyes were looking straight upward）⑶逻辑主语+being to do (sth.)/being to be done

being to do (sth.)或being to be done是一种“将来时态”的形式，表示动作在将来发生。若把独立主格结构变成状语从句?并列句，从珥中或并列句中用将来时态。being常被省略。例如：

Here are the first two volumes, the third one (being) to come out next week. 这是头两卷，第三卷下个星期出版。(补充说明，= and the third one is to come/will come next week)

We planted 500 trees today, the rest (being) to be planted tomorrow.我们今天种了500棵树，剩下的明天种。（补充说明，= and the rest are to be planted/will be planted tomorrow）

⑷逻辑主语+being done/having been done

being done是一种“被动语态的一般形式”，having been done是一种“被动语态的完成形式”，它们与逻辑主语之间都具有“被动关系”。一般情况下，两者用法相同，being和having been常被省略。但是，当强调被动的动作先于谓语动作，并且有时间间隔时，用having been done，并且having been 不可省略。例如：The signal being given (= Once/As soon as the signal was given）, the train started.信号一发出，火车就开了。

The signal having been given for 2 minutes (=After the signal had been given for 2 minutes), the train started.信号发出了2分钟，火车才开。

Her arm (being) badly hurt (=As her arm was badly hurt), she had to go to the doctor.她的胳膊伤得很厉害，她不得不去看医生。

This (being) done (=When/As soon as this was done), he left the room.这件事情做完了，他就离开了房间。

The thief (having been) caught (=As the thief was/had been caught), they felt relieved.小偷抓住了，他们感到放心了。

七、非谓语动词在with/without的复合结构中的应用

谓语动词不能用于with/without的复合结构中，而非谓语动词则可以。

独立主格结构前面还可以加with或without构成“介词+宾语+宾补”的一种复合结构。这样，原独立主格结构中的逻辑主语就成立介词宾语，所以，如果是人称代词主格，就必须改成宾格。这种复合结构中的非谓语动词的作用与意义与在独立主格结构中的作用与意义相同。例如：

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.有许多问题要解决，新当选的总统日子会不好过。(2002上海春季,37；原因状语，不定式表示动作在将来发生，=As a lot of difficult problems are for him to settle/As there are a lot of difficult problems for him to settle/As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle）

With night coming on, they went home.夜幕降临了，他们就回家了。（伴随状语，现在分词表示动作正在进行，=As night was coming on）

We sat in the courtyard, with the moon rising above the treetops.我们坐在院子里，月

亮从树顶上慢慢升起。（伴随状语，现在分词表示动作正在进行，= As the moon was rising above the treetops, we sat in the courtyard.）

He died with his dream unfinished.他带着梦想未能实现的遗憾死了。（伴随状语，过去分词表示动作已经被完成，=and his dream was unfinished）

Without a word more spoken, she left the room.她没有再说一句话，就离开了房间。（伴随或方式状语，过去分词表示动作已经被完成，= She left the room and didn’t say a more word.）

附：1. 非谓语动词的易错点：be seated，seated与being seated

be seated来源于seat oneself。但是，be seated表示状态，意为“坐着”；而seat oneself 表示动作，意为“使自己坐下”。过去分词seated来源于be seated，所以它也表示状态，也意为“坐着”。现在分词being seated来源于be seating oneself，所以它表示动作，意为“正在坐下”。请看下面的句子：

Seated at the back, we can’t hear a word.坐在后排，我们一个字也听不到。

该句用过去分词作原因状语，seated表示“主语被动的状态”，与主语we构成一般时态的被动语态或系表结构Because we are seated。不能把seated改成being seated，因为它表示动作正在被动进行，等于说Because we are being seated at the back“我们正在后排坐下”，这样就不太符合句意。也不能把seated改成having been seated，因为它表示动作已经先于谓语动作之前完成，Because we have been seated at the back意为“我们已经被使得在后排坐下”，也与句意不符。也不能把seated 改为seating，因为seat是使役动词，需要跟宾语。从语法上讲，可以把seated 改为seating ourselves，但句意变了，意为“我们正在使自己坐在后排，所以听不到一个字。”也可以把seated改为having seated ourselves，但句意也变了，意为“我们已经使自己坐在了后排，所以听不到一个字。”

I found some leaders seated at the back of our classroom.我发现几个领导坐在教室的后排。

该句用过去分词作宾语补足语，补足说明宾语的状态。说明几个领导“已经坐下”。seated=that they were seated/that they had seated themselves。如果把seated改为being seated，则说明几个领导“正在坐下。”being seated=that they were seating themselves/seating themselves。

但是，用于祈使句，两者都表示动作。如：Seat yourself! = Be seated! 坐下！与seat用法相同的词还有hide：hide oneself；be hidden。

总之，选择doing，being done，done和having been done作状语的依据是：与主语构成“be done”系表结构用done，“be+n.”等系表结构用doing。与主语具有主动关系、构成一般时态或进行时态用doing。与主语构成进行时态的被动句用being done。与主语构成一般时态的被动句用done，完成时态的被动句用having been done。例如：

He is sitting on the sofa, watching TV and satisfied with a smile on his face. (=He is watching TV. He is satisfied with a smile on his face.)他坐在沙发上，看着电视，脸上露出了满意的微笑。

Look to the right and left when crossing (=when you are crossing/when you cross) the street.过马路时，要环顾左右。

Being a very tall man (=As he was a very tall man), he took hold of the elephant’s ear.他是一个高个，抓住了大象的耳朵。

If playing (=If you play) all day, you’ll not finish your homework on time.整天玩，你

不会按时完成作业。

Being used (=As it is being used), this dictionary can’t be lent to anyone.这部字典正在用着，不能外借。

Seen (=When/As it is seen) from the top of the building, the city looks more beautiful.从楼顶看去，这座城市显得更美了。

Having been used (=As it has been used) for years, this machine needs repairing.这台机器已经用了多年，需要修理了。

注：doing，being done和done作定语和补语时也是如此。作定语能与被修饰的词，作补语能与被补足说明的词构成进行时态或一般时态的主动语态的，用doing；构成被动语态的，用being done；构成一般时态的被动语态或系表结构的，用done。例如：

the man absorbed in his work专心工作的人(The man is/was absorbed in his work.) hear the song being sung听到有人正在唱这首歌(The song is being sung.)

the man standing at the window 站在窗前的人(The man is/was standing at the window.)

find an old man seated on the sofa 发现一位老人坐在沙发上(An old man is/was seated on the sofa.)

want the work to be done需要人做这项工作(The work is to be done.)

2. 怎样做非谓语动词单选题。

做非谓语动词单选题时，第一要读懂题意，第二要注意考点。考点包括语法成分、逻辑主语、时态和语态。做题人尤其要有“时态和语态”观念：看非谓语动词的逻辑主语，确定其语态；参照谓语动作的时间或时间状语，确定其时态。时态和语态都对了，非谓语动词的形式也就对了。例如：

with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.(2005北京春季，34)

A. To face

B. Having faced

C. Faced

D. Facing

该题的意思是：Arnold面临困境，决定向老板请教。考点是考查非谓语动词作原因状语。因此，非谓语动词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。根据逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，确定用被动语态。参照谓语动作的时间，可知非谓语动作与谓语动作同时完成，并且知道：主语是在面临困境的情况下做出的决定。故答案是C。顺便说，如果题干没有介词with，答案应为D。因为语态上，逻辑主语与非谓语动词构成sb. face sth.的关系；时态上表示两个动作同时发生。

Lucy’s new job paid twice as much as she had made in the restaurant. (2008山东，35)

A. working

B. work

C. to work

D. worked

该题的意思是：露西的新工作所拿的钱是她在餐馆里打工所赚的钱的两倍。考点是考查非谓语动词作时间状语。因此，非谓语动词的逻辑主语就是as从句的主语。根据逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，确定用主动语态。参照从句的谓语动作的时间had made (money)，可知非谓语动作与谓语动作同时发生，即“在餐馆里打工”与“赚钱”同时进行。故答案是A。

后话：非谓语动词是我长期以来的关注与研究，成稿，定会有不当或遗漏之处，敬请各位读者指正。