独立主格结构英语句子结构
独立主格结构
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是或者代词，后一部分是非(不定式、动名词和)或形容词、、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
详细概述
非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing，被动用V-ed。
非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。
功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：
表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
表示原因
There being no taxes, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
用法
独立主格结构主要表示发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
用作时间状语
The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
用作条件状语
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
形式
1>一般独立主格形式:与主句逻辑关系松散
形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + ; n. + ; n. + 副词. ;
名词/主格代词+现在分词
名词/主格代词与之间是主谓关系。如：
The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
名词/主格代词+过去分词
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。如：
The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
名词/主格代词+不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
名词/主格代词+形容词
如：
An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
名词/主格代词+副词
如：
He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
名词/主格代词+介词短语
如：
The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
2>with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密
形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +abj.; with +n. + 介词短语
3>each引导的强调型独立主格:尾的复数名词
形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾 , each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式如:
Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.（题源:《GMAT 语法全解》著，Page38）
4>其他形式
There being +名词（代词）
如：
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
It being +名词（代词）
如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是，所有商店都关门了。
特点
1）独立主格结构的与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的，形容词，副词，不定式，等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room,his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。
如：Don’t sleep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand.她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being il因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed.他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
注意事项
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being＋名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较复合结构。)
示例
请看下面一道题：
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its
B. whose
C. which
D. that
【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接，要么它就用于，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择A）。所以此题最佳答案选A。
请再看一个类似的例子：
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it
B. them
C.which
D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，该句是典型的，因为该句修饰的是前面的novels，即指物，所以只能用which做of的宾语，故本题选C。
再请看下面一例：
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it
B. them
C. which
D. that
【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.（独立主格结构）
A. which
B. them
C. whom
D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners. （非限制性定语从句）
A. which
B. whom
C. who
D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.（两个句子）
A. which
B. them
C. whom
D. that
英语句子结构
英语句子分为简单句(simple sentence)和多重句(multiple sentence)。所谓的简单句就是一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子。多重句包含两种基本情况，一种是两个或者两个以上的简单分句形成并列关系，这样的句子叫做并列句(compound sentence)；另一种是两个或两个以上的简单分句构成主从关系，这样的句子叫做复杂句(complex sentence)。下面我们分别对这三种情况加以分析。
一. 简单句: 英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：
S十V主谓结构
S十V十P主系表结构
S十V十O主谓宾结构
S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构
S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构
说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾
语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾
语补足语五个基本句式详细解释如下：
1. S十V句式
在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．)。例如：
He runs quickly．
他跑得快。
They listened carefully．他们听得很仔细。
He suffered from cold and hunger．他挨冻受饿。
China belongs to the third world country．中国属于第三世界国家。
The gas has given out．煤气用完了。
My ink has run out．我的钢笔水用完了。
2.S十V十P句式
在此句式中，V是系动词(link v．)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。例如：He is older than he looks．他比看上去
要老。
He seen interested in the book．他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
The story sounds interesting．这个故事听起来有趣。
The desk feels hard．书桌摸起来很硬。
The cake tastes nice．饼尝起来很香。
The flowers smell sweet and nice．花闻起来香甜。
You have grown taller than before．你长得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen ill．他突然病倒了。
He stood quite still．他静静地站看。
He becomes a teacher when he grew up．他长大后当了教师。
He could never turn traitor to his country．他永远不会背叛他的祖国。注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如：
He looked me up and down．他上下打量我。
He reached his hand to feel the elephant．他伸出手来摸象。
They are tasting the fish．他们在品尝鱼。
They grow rice in their home town．他们在家乡种水稻。
He's got a chair to sit on．他有椅子坐。
Please turn the sentence into English．请把这个句于泽成英语。
3．S十V十O句式
在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt．)，因此有宾语。例如：
I saw a film yesterday．我昨天看了一部电影。
Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗?
They found their home easily．他们很容易找到他们的家。
They built a house last year．他们去年建了一所房子。
They've put up a factory in the village．他们在村里建了一座工厂。They have taken good care of the children．这些孩子他们照看得很好。
You should look after your children well．你应该好好照看你的孩子。
4．S十V十O1十O2句式
在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：
He gave me a book/a book to me．他给我一本书。
He brought me a pen/a pen to me．他带给我一枝钢笔。
He offered me his seat/his seat to me．他把座位让给我。
注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：
Mother bought me a book/a book for me. 妈妈给我买了一本书。
He got me a chair/a chair for me．他给我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for me．请帮我一下。
He asked me a question/a question of me．他问我个问题。
注意，下边动词只有一种说法：
They robbed the old man of his money．他们抢了老人的钱。
He's warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。
The doctor has cured him of his disease．医生治好了他的病。
We must rid the house of the rats．我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。
They deprived him of his right to speak．他们剥夺了他说话的权利。
5．S十V十O十C句式
在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。
They made the girl angry．他们使这个女孩生气了。
They found her happy that day．他们发现那天她很高兴。
I found him out．我发现他出去了。
I saw him in．我见他在家。
They saw a foot mark in the sand．他们发现沙地上有脚印。
They named the boy Charlie．他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
I saw him come in and go out．我见他进来又出去。
They felt the car moving fast．他们感到汽车行驶得很快。
I heard the glass broken just now．我刚才听到玻璃碎了。
He found the doctor of study closed to him．他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。
2、并列句（compound sentence）
英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。第一种包括and, not only … but (also )…, neither ( nor) 。第二种包括or , either … or …；第三种包括but , while , whereas等。第四种只有一个for。对此我们分别举一个例句说明问题：
(1)As is reported, a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arranged.
(2)Not only is he himself interested in the subject but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.
(3)Dr. Fisher neither loves the environment, nor is he accustomed to the weather.
(4)The children can go with us, or they can stay at home.
(5)You can either go it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it.
(6)The young man has often been praised, but he is never conceited.
(7)While our country has plenty of oil, theirs has none.
(8)They want to live in town, whereas we would rather live in the country.
(9)They apparently have a good drainage system, for the streets never seem to flood after a downpour.
有必要说明的是以上的关联词并非只能有一个含义，比如and就可以表示意义增补、动作先后、转折或让步、条件和结果等等一些用法。这里笔者只是提醒大家辨别从句，所以这方面的语言知识请参考相关的语法书。
另外我们还应该把并列分句和并列结构(coordinate construction)区分开来。并列结构是由并列连词或者其他并列手段例如标点符号连接起来的语法结构序列，它包括并列分句，也包括并列的词或者词组。
3、从属句
构成从属关系的复杂句包括名词性分句(Nominal Clauses)（可以作主语、宾语、同位语、主语补语）、关系分句（Relative Clauses）、状语分句（Adverbial Clauses）。对于它们的连接词，在相应的语法书上都不难找到，这里就不再多讲了。需要提醒读者的是，在判定句子的类型之后，最主要的工作就是分析简单句的成
分，找到主句的谓语，真正抓住句子的纲领。下面请作练习二，首先辨认多重分句的类型，然后找出主句和从属分句的谓语。
Laboratory scientists accustomed to noticing subtle changes in the properties of substances they are investigating are doubtless better than you or I at certain sorts of observations.
这里的主语是Laboratory scientists，但是后面跟了一个过去分词定语，其中分词中的介词又跟了一个-ing 形式，-ing形式后又接了一个宾语和一个带有定语的状语。本句的谓语是are doubtless better than。
4.英语的信息末端原则的应用
在英语中，信息含量大的部分往往出现在句子的末尾。这个特点一方面造就了一些非正常语序的句子，另一方面可以给我们提供线索，帮助我们正确理解英语中的长句。我们知道，一个信息发出者要表达丰富的信息，离开从句是寸步难行的。可是不管句子结构多么复杂，基本的句型还是只有五种。下面我们可以通过逐一的分析，探讨英语难句形成的规律。对于SV结构，由于英语句子一般是末尾的信息含量大，所以这种句子往往难以构成阅读困难，至多是主语位置有定语从句或者同位语从句。例如：（例子）。SVO结构的难点在于主语和宾语都可以连接定语从句；SVC结构也难以构成较复杂的句子；SVOC结构如果出现长句，那么往往是补语被调整到宾语的前面；SVOO结构也要注意哪个是直接宾语，哪个是间接宾语。
SVOC：People often let their fear of speaking up and appearing more dull-witted than their peers interfere with their understanding.
Derived from theoretical considerations and confirmed by observations, the velocity-distance law has made secure the concept of an expanding universe.
下面请做练习，辨认主句的基本类型。
1. They would find relevant the antislavery attitudes of Northerners during the colonial period, the conflict over slavery in the Constitutional Convention, the Missouri Compromise, the militant abolitionist movement of the 1830, and the Compromise of 1850.
2. The study made clear that the working class that is so over-represented in crime statistics consists of
lower-class people living in the lower-class areas of large cities.
3. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.
英语语法——独立主格
英语语法——独立主格 一、独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的形式 英语中，独立主格结构的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。 1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。如： Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、独立主格结构的句法功能 独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1. 作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。
3高中英语语法通霸独立主格结构和with的复合结构
高中英语语法通霸3： 独立主格结构和with的复合结构 考点1.独立主格结构的构成 A.独立主格结构可以看作是把一个分句破坏了谓语 前面我们学过，两个分句放在一起而不用句子连词连接只以逗号隔开，这样的句子是错误的（参看P. 错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）。 His homework was finished, he went out to play.× 这时，我们可以把一个分句的谓语破坏掉，把其谓语变成非谓语或不用动词。上句可以变为： His homework finished, he went out to play. 这样，这个分句被破坏后就成了独立主格结构。独立主格结构可以使句子更简练，有利于表达复杂内容。 破坏谓语的方法：含有be的，把be去掉（主系表结构表原因的，be也可变为being）；不含be的，谓语和主语是主动关系的，把谓语变为现在分词；是被动关系的，把谓语变为过去分词；谓语表将来动作的，变为不定式。 练习：合并下列句子，把画线句子改为独立主格结构。 1.His wife was ill. He had to stay at home. 2.He arrived at home. His face was red. 3.My homework was finished. I went out to play football with my friends. 4.I rode a bike along the street. My dog was following me. 5.I had to stay at home. A lot of homework had to be done. 6.It rained last Sunday. I had to stay at home. B.独立主格结构的构成 ①名词(代词)+现在分词（与前面构成主动关系） Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityou tomorrow. ②名词(代词)+过去分词（与前面构成被动关系） The test finished, we began our holiday. ③名词(代词)+不定式（表将来） He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. ④名词(代词)+副词The game over, the crowd rushed to the exit. ⑤名词(代词)+形容词A hunter came in, his face red with cold. ⑥名词(代词) +介词短语 Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm. ⑦名词(代词) +名词The villagers, most of them women and children, were killed that night. 考点2.with的复合结构与独立主格结构的区别和联系看下面两个句子： ①W ith the traffic light green, the bus got moving. （前面粗体部分是with的复合结构）②The traffic light green, the bus got moving. (前面粗体部分是独立主格结构) 可以看出，作状语时，独立主格结构和with的复合结构在用法上是相同的，可以通过添、去with相互转换。但是作定语时，常用with的复合结构。 The woman with a baby on her back is my aunt. 背上背孩子的那个女的是我阿姨。 在独立主格结构中，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均可以不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。 但 with 的复合结构不受限制。 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. A policeman ran after him, with a stick in his hand. 1.With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settledB. settling C. to settle D. being settled 2.With all the magazines I needed ______, I left the post office. A. buying B. to buy C. bought D. to be bought 3.With electricity ______, we couldn’t drive the machine. A. was cut off B. being cut off C. cut off D. having cut off 4.Everything ______ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions. A. to takeB. takenC. to be takenD. taking 5.______ more and more forests damaged, some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out. A. AsB. ForC. WithD. By 6.【2010山东】The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ______ for a meal to be cooked. A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid 7.Many students ______ around, I explained the story into details. A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing 8.【2012辽宁】The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ______ them. A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows 9.Tom looked at Jenny, tears ______ his eyes, and shouted the words ______ in his heart for years. A. filling; having been hidden B. filled; hidden C. filling; hidden D. filled; hiding 10.With the boy ______ the way, we had no trouble ______ the way ______ to ZhongshanPark. A. leading; finding; leading B. to lead; found; to lead C. led; finding; led D. leading; found; led 11.______, he had to stay at home q329950885 looking after her. A. Being ill B. His wife was ill C. His wife being ill D. Because he was ill 12.______,John returned to school from his hometown. A. The summer vacation being over B. The summer
独立主格结构+英语句子结构.docx
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（ Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动 词(不定式、动名词和分词 )或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主 语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing ， 被动用 V-ed 。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。独“ 立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、 条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done , she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
高中英语语法通霸句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语
高中英语语法通霸1.句子结构成分分析 主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语
英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语在下面画直线 谓语在下面画曲线 宾语在下面画双横线 定语在下面画虚线?（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”）状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟） 补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同） 考点1. 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich） 在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are) 练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true. 10.There comes the bus. 11.Beyond the village lies a small village. 12.Now comes your turn.
英语语法——独立主格
独立主格 10.1 独立主格 （一）：独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （二）独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 10．2With的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题 The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
高中英语语法(8)-独立主格结构
第八章独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和to help you 之间存在着主谓关系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost） = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. A．不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 1．动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.） ——will you go to the comcert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ ——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially can't afford any time. 对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。 （＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.） The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.) B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
20XX独立主格结构英语句子结构
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是或者代词，后一部分是非(不定式、动名词和)或形容词、、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子xx状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing，被动用V-ed。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许
能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 1 / 15 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作 完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次xx小游。
必考英语语法——独立主格
2016年必考英语语法——独立主格 1.独立主格与状语从句的转换 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如： Afterclasswasover（=Classbeingover/Classover），thestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。 2.不能省略being（havingbeen）的情形 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或havingbeen）不能省略： （1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。如： ItbeingSunday,wewenttochurch.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 （2）在Therebeing+名词的结构中。如： Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3.通常不用物主代词或冠词 在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。 比较with的复合结构：MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand.
4.独立主格结构没有所有格形式 Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。 比较动名词复合结构： Thechief-editor’sarrivingmadeusverysurprised. 5.独立主格的时态问题 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如： Thelistenershavingtakentheirseats,theconcertbegan.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。 Tomhavingbeenlateoverandover,hisbosswasverydisappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。
高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结构.doc
2019高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结 构 withwithout 引导的独立主格结构 介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 A.with+名词代词+形容词 He doesn誸like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 = He doesn誸like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。 = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. 注意： 在”with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。 With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。 With his father well-known, the boy didn誸want to study. 父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。 B.with+名词代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。 = The boy was walking and his father was ahead. C.with+名词代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth. 文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth. D.with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了，火车开始起动了。 = After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldn誸dare go home without the job finished. 工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解
英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
高考英语语法：独立主格
高考英语语法：独立主格 一.构成: n / pron.+ 不定式/ 现在分词/过去分词/ 形容词/ 副词/ 介词短语. 其中前一部分是后一部分的逻辑主语 二.用法: 独立主格结构通常用逗号与主句隔开, 位置比较灵活, 主要用于书面语, 特别是文学体裁, 在口语中较为罕见. 独立主格结构在句中通常作状语, 表示方式, 时间, 原因, 条件等 独立主格结构都可变为with / without + O + OC的结构 1.n / pron +不定式 a. A num ber of officials f ollowed the emperor, some to hold his robe. 2. n / pron +现在分词 a. Today being Sunday, we have no school. b. Time permitting, we’ll stay longer. c. He lay on his back, his eyes looking straight upwar d. d. Spring having come, it is getting warmer and w armer. e. The last bus having gone, we had to walked home. 3. n / pron +过去分词 a. All things considered, I think I should not have taken the jo b. b. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. c. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 4. n / pron +形容词 a. The manager sat quietly in the office, ( his ) eyes closed. 5. n / pron +副词 a. The meetin g over, all the workers went home.
英语语法之独立主格结构
独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. A．不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book. Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. B．-ing形式“独立主格结构” Being ill, he went home. Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine. 功能 1．表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The chairman began the meeting, everyone being seated.
英语独立主格结构说明
英语独立主格结构说明 一、独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语)，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的用法 它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相 当于一个状语从句或并列句
(1)作时间状语 The work don e(二After the work had bee n done) , we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。 (2) 作条件状语 Weather permitt ing( = If weather permits) , they will go on an out ing to the beach tomorrow. 女口果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 (3) 作原因状语 An importa nt lecture to be give n tomorrow(二As an importa nt lecture will be give n tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 (4) 作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed un der his head(二a nd his hands were crossed un der his head). 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 (5) 表补充说明 A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。 注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状 语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式 独立主格结构(the absolute structure )是由名词或代词加上分词或 分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结