markets and states in tropical africa中文

《热带非洲的市场和国家》是一本关于热带非洲经济和政治发展的书籍。它描述了热带非洲的市场经济和国家机构的特点和变化。本书详细介绍了热带非洲的市场发展和国家发展的历史、现状和趋势，并对其影响和挑战进行了分析和讨论。这本书旨在帮助读者更好地理解热带非洲的市场经济和国家机构，以及它们在该地区的发展中所起的作用。

专四dictation原文(1993—2012)

Package Holidays (1993) Package holidays, covering a two weeks' stay in an attractive place, are increasingly popular. Once you get to the airport, it is up to the tour operator to see that you get safely to your destination．Everything is laid on for you．There is, in fact, no reason for you to bother to arrange anything yourselves．You make friends and have a good time. But there is very little chance that you will really get to know the local people．This is even less likely on a coach tour, when you spend almost your entire time traveling．Of course, there are carefully planned stops for you to visit historic buildings and monuments. You may visit the beautiful, the historic, the ancient. But time is always short．There is also the added disadvantage of being obliged to spend you holiday with a group of people you have never met before． The American Family (1994) The American family unit is changing. There used to be mainly two types of families, the extended and the nuclear. The former included mother, father, children, and some other relatives such as grandparents, living in the same house or nearby. Then as the economy progressed from agricultural to industrial, people began moving to different parts of the country in order to search for job opportunities. These moves split up the extended family. The nuclear family consisting of only parents and children has therefore become far more wide spread. Today’s family, however, can be composed of diverse combinations. With the divorce rate nearly one in two, there's an increase in single-parent homes—a father or mother living with one or more children. Blended families occur when divorced men and women remarry and combine the children from former marriages into a new family. On the other hand, there is an increase in childless couples while one in rive Americans lives alone. Unidentified Flying Objects (1995) There are many explanations for why UFOs visit the Earth. / The most popular one is that they maybe visitors from other planets./ To fly such aircraft, their builders must develop different forms of aviation,/because they seem to fly much faster than normal aircraft./ The UFOs, it is believed, must contain scientists/ from other planets who are studying life on earth./ It is even believed that several such aircraft may have landed on earth/ and the space visitors may be living amongst us./ But there are also less fantastic explanations available./ Although some sightings of UFOs are difficult to explain, most can be explained quite easily./ In many cases the observers might have made a mistake./ They might have seen a weather balloon or an aircraft./ Or the light they saw in the sky might have been light from the ground,/ reflected on to the clouds./ However, the exact cause of many sightings still remained a mystery. The Indian Medicine Man (1996) Among the Indians of North America, the medicine man was a very important person. He could cure illness and he could speak to the spirits. The spirits were the supernatural forces that controlled the world. The Indians believed that bad spirits made people ill. So when people were ill, the medicine man tried to help them by using magic. He spoke to the good spirits and asked for their help. Many people were cured, because they thought the spirits were helping them, but really these people cured themselves. Sometimes your own mind is the best doctor for you. The medicine men were often successful for another reason, too. They knew about plants that really can cure illness. A lot of medicines are made from the plants that were used by medicine men

国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)课后答案解析

Unit 1 A brief introduction to international trade Key I. Answer my questions 1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental. 2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies. 3. To gain profit. 4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement. 5. There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise. 6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year. 7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing. 8. Yes. There are great differences between them. 1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign

【译林牛津版】2020年高中英语必修五【Unit 2 The environmen】单元检测卷附答案解析

2020年高中英语必修五【Unit 2 The environmen】单元检测卷 (时间：100分钟，满分：120分) 第一部分阅读理解(共两节，满分40分) 第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A Are you planning for your first ever international trip？No worries！We have a list of places that are perfect for first-time getaways. Bali Bali is ever charming.Photographs cannot describe the beauty of its beaches，coral reefs，temples and forest areas.The temples，especially Tanah Lot，are quite a sight.The Mt. Batur is another amazing experience. Top attractions：Tanah Lot，Kuta Beach，Nusa Dua and Jimbaran Beach. Maldives Maldives is an amazing beach destination.Here you can spend quality time away from the city life.Its bright blue shoreline，clean air and white sand can make you start feeling as if you had landed in heaven.Then you get on a seaplane to the hotel that you have booked.The seaplane journey is an adventure that helps you see some of the most beautiful islands. Top attractions：water sports，beach and outdoor activities，local markets and more. Mauritius Whether you are into scenic beauty，adventure，or food，this island will not disappoint you.Mark Twain said，“Mauritius was made first and then heaven.”You can spend an evening in Port Louis and have dinner in Namaste Restaurant.Spend all the other days visiting only the beaches.If you are visiting Ile Aux Cerfs，ensure you reach the island as early as possible as it closes at 4 p．m. Top attractions：Grand Bay，Blue Bay，skydiving and bird watching. Singapore Classical buildings stand tall with elegant skyscrapers(摩天大楼) all around the island-city，mixing perfectly with fancy shopping malls.This small country has good enough places for your 5－6 days’ stay. Top attractions：shopping，street foods，museums and theme parks. 【解题导语】本文向初次进行海外旅行的人们推荐了几个不可错过的旅游目的地。 1．If you are interested in water skiing，which place is the best choice? A．Bali.B．Maldives. C．Mauritius. D．Singapore. B解析：推理判断题。根据Maldives部分的Top attractions：water sports...可知，水上运动最适合在马尔代夫玩，滑水属于水上运动，故选“Maldives”。

IAPP书目

IAPP书目 IAPP Research Bibliography in Chinese and in English 毛寿龙Mao Shoulong 制度分析与公共政策研究(IAPP)并不是凭空产生的，它与人类学术发展史密切相关。在人类知识宝库中，它与一些学者、一些著作有特别密切的关系。这些学者是IAPP研究的先驱或者同行，这些著作构成了IAPP研究的知识资源。本评论开列了IAPP学者或者学生的中文和英文必读书目，这些著作是用制度分析与发展(IAD)框架进行IAPP研究的基础。这些英文著作部分已经有了中译文，许多中文著作都是英文译成中文的，由于翻译必然损失部分信息量，建议IAPP学者能够阅读英文版原著。一、IAPP Chinese Bibliography 阿罗，肯尼思：《社会选择与个人价值》，四川人民出版社，1987。阿特金森和斯蒂格里茨：《公共经济学》，上海三联书店和上海人民出版社，1994。埃格特森：《新制度经济学》，商务印书馆，1996。奥尔森：《集体行动的逻辑》，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社，1995。奥斯特罗姆、菲尼、皮希特：《制度分析与发展的反思》，商务印书馆，1992。奥斯特罗姆，文森特：《复合共和制的政治理论》，上海三联书店，1999。奥斯特罗姆，文森特：《美国公共行政的思想危机》，上海三联书店，1999。奥斯特罗姆，埃莉诺：《公共事物治理之道》，上海三联书店，2000。贝克尔，加里：《人类行为的经济分析》，上海三联书店，1993。边沁：《政府片论》波普：《波普文集》波普：《通过知识获得解放》波普：《开放社会及其敌人》波普：《历史决定论的贫困》波斯纳：《法律的经济分析》伯林：《两种自由概念》布坎南：《民主财政论：财政制度和个人选择》，商务印书馆，1993。布坎南：《自由、市场与国家》，上海三联书店，1989。布坎南和理查德·瓦格纳：《赤字中的民主》，北京经济学院出版社，1988。布劳格，马克：《经济学方法论》，商务印书馆，1992。布劳格：《经济学方法论》布罗姆利：《经济利益与经济制度：公共政策的理论基础》，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社，1996。陈郁编：《所有权、控制权与激励：代理经济学文选》，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社，1998。茨威格：《异端的权利》德姆塞茨：《竞争的经济、法律和政治维度》，上海三联书店，1992。房龙：《宽容》菲吕博顿、瑞切特：《新制度经济学》，上海财经大学出版社，1998。冯友兰：《中国哲学简史》弗里德曼：《资本主义与自由》，商务印书馆。

英语翻译二级笔译实务模拟试题及答案解析(10)

英语翻译二级笔译实务模拟试题及答案解析（10） (1/2)Section ⅠEnglish-Chinese Translation Translate the following two passages into Chinese. Part A Compulsory Translation 第1题 There was, last week, a glimmer of hope in the world food crisis. Expecting a bumper harvest, Ukraine relaxed restrictions on exports. Overnight, global wheat prices fell by 10 percent. By contrast, traders in Bangkok quote rice prices around $1,000 a ton, up from $460 two months ago. Such is the volatility of today's markets. We do not know how high food prices might go, nor how far they could fall. But one thing is certain: We have gone from an era of plenty to one of scarcity. Experts agree that food prices are not likely to return to the levels the world had grown accustomed to any time soon. Imagine the situation of those living on less than $1 a day—the "bottom billion," the poorest of the world's poor. Most live in Africa, and many might typically spend two-thirds of their income on food. In Liberia last week, I heard how people have stopped purchasing imported rice by the bag. Instead, they increasingly buy it by the cup, because that's all they can afford. Traveling through West Africa, I found good reason for optimism. In Burkina Faso, I saw a government working to import drought resistant seeds and better manage scarce water supplies, helped by nations like Brazil. In Ivory Coast, we saw a women's cooperative running a chicken farm set up with UN funds. The project generated income—and food—for villagers in ways that can easily be replicated. Elsewhere, I saw yet another women's group slowly expanding their local agricultural production, with UN help. Soon they will replace World Food Program rice with their own home-grown produce, sufficient to cover the needs of their school feeding program. These are home-grown, grass-roots solutions for grass-roots problems—precisely the kind of solutions that Africa needs. 下一题 (2/2)Section ⅠEnglish-Chinese Translation Translate the following two passages into Chinese. Part A Compulsory Translation 第2题 LONDON—Webster's Dictionary defines plague as "anything that afflicts or troubles; calamity; scourge." Further definitions include "any contagious epidemic disease that is deadly; esp., bubonic plague" and, from the Bible, "any of various calamities sent down as divine punishment." The verb form means "to vex; harass; trouble; torment." In Albert Camus' novel, The Plague, written soon after the Nazi occupation of France, the first sign of the epidemic is rats dying in numbers: "They came up from basements and cubby-holes, cellars and drains, in long swaying lines; they staggered in the light, collapsed and died, right next to people. At night, in corridors and side-streets, one could clearly hear the tiny squeaks as they expired. In the morning, on the outskirts of town, you would find them stretched out in the gutter with a little floret of blood on their pointed muzzles, some blown up and rotting, other stiff,

A force to fight global warming

A force to fight global warming 一种力量来对抗全球变暖 Natural ecosystems and biodiversity must be made a bulwark against climate change, not a casualty of it, argue Will R. Turner, Michael Oppenheimer and David S. Wilcove. 自然生态系统和生物多样性必须成为应对气候变化，不是它的伤亡堡垒，威尔河特纳认为，迈克尔奥本海默和David S. Wilcove.. In the tortured history of climate-change negotiations, enlightened thinking has translated into positive action all too rarely. But governments have recently seen the light on a crucial issue: they have recognized the vital role that intact natural ecosystems have in limiting the build-up of atmospheric greenhouse gases. 在气候变化谈判折磨的历史，开明的思想转化为积极的行动实在太罕见。但政府最近已看到了一个至关重要的问题轻：他们已经认识到的重要作用，在限制完整的自然生态系统的构建，大气温室气体。 When delegates convene in Copenhagen next month to strengthen the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an initiative to preserve the world’s forests to store and sequester carbon will take centre stage. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) should give developing countries the opportunity to benefit financially by preserving their forests, either through direct payments or by allowing them to market the carbon stored in uncut trees. Its backers hope that with sufficient funding REDD could substantially slow rates of deforestation, especially in the tropics. 当代表们在哥本哈根召开下个月加强联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCCC）的一项倡议，以保护世界的森林碳储存和隔离将采取中心舞台。毁林和森林退化（REDD）的，应使发展中国家受益的机会，无论是通过直接付款维护自己的森林，或让他们到市场中未砍伐的树木中存储的碳排放量减少财政。它的支持者希望能有足够的资金REDD的大幅放缓，特别是在热带地区的森林砍伐率。 REDD is just one of many possible ways to exploit the potential of natural ecosystems to slow climate change and lessen its effects on people. Natural habitats are a hugely valuable tool in the fight against global warming. Use them wisely and they could save many lives and vast sums of money in the decades to come. Abuse them, and much of Earth’s biodiversity could be lost, along with the fight against climate change. Urgent action is needed to understand how best to exploit this promise and develop mechanisms that can be woven into the practices of governments, corporations, communities and institutions worldwide. REDD的只是许多可能的方式利用自然生态系统的潜力，减缓气候变化和减少对人的影响之一。自然栖息地是在对抗全球变暖的斗争中获得巨大的宝贵工具。明智地使用他们，他们可以挽救许多生命，大量的资金在未来数十年来的钱。虐待他们，和地球的生物多样性非常可能丢失，以及应对气候变化的斗争。需要采取

历年英语专四听力听写原文1993-2010

历年英语专四听力听写原文1993-2010 Package Holidays (1993) Package holidays, covering a two weeks' stay in an attractive place, are increasingly popular. Once you get to the airport, it is up to the tour operator to see that you get safely to your destination．Everything is laid on for you．There is, in fact, no reason for you to bother to arrange anything yourselves．You make friends and have a good time. But there is very little chance that you will really get to know the local people．This is even less likely on a coach tour, when you spend almost your entire time traveling．Of course, there are carefully planned stops for you to visit historic buildings and monuments. You may visit the beautiful, the historic, the ancient. But time is always short．There is also the added disadvantage of being obliged to spend you holiday with a group of people you have never met before． The American Family (1994) The American family unit is changing. There used to be mainly two types of families, the extended and the nuclear. The former included mother, father, children, and some other relatives such as grandparents, living in the same house or nearby. Then as the economy progressed from agricultural to industrial, people began moving to different parts of the country in order to search for job opportunities. These moves split up the extended family. The nuclear family consisting of only parents and children has therefore become far more wide spread. Today’s family, however, can be composed of diverse combinations. With the divorce rate nearly one in two, there's an increase in single-parent homes—a father or mother living with one or more children. Blended families occur when divorced men and women remarry and combine the children from former marriages into a new family. On the other hand, there is an increase in childless couples while one in rive Americans lives alone. Unidentified Flying Objects (1995) There are many explanations for why UFOs visit the Earth. / The most popular one is that they maybe visitors from other planets./ To fly such aircraft, their builders must develop different forms of aviation,/because they seem to fly much faster than normal aircraft./ The UFOs, it is believed, must contain scientists/ from other planets who are studying life on earth./ It is even believed that several such aircraft may have landed on earth/ and the space visitors may be living amongst us./ But there are also less fantastic explanations available./ Although some sightings of UFOs are difficult to explain, most can be explained quite easily./ In many cases the observers might have made a mistake./ They might have seen a weather balloon or an aircraft./ Or the light they saw in the sky might have been light from the ground,/ reflected on to the clouds./ However, the exact cause of many sightings still remained a mystery. The Indian Medicine Man (1996) Among the Indians of North America, the medicine man was a very important person. He could cure illness and he could speak to the spirits. The spirits were the supernatural forces that controlled the world. The Indians believed that bad spirits made people ill. So when people were ill, the medicine man tried to help them by using magic. He spoke to the good spirits and asked for their help. Many people were cured, because they thought the spirits were helping them, but really these people cured themselves. Sometimes your own mind is the best doctor for you. The medicine men were often successful for another reason, too. They knew about plants that really can cure illness. A lot of medicines are made from the plants that were used by medicine men

the Little Ice Age 原文

A This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather - as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionized human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high. B The Little lce Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in-recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves. C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years. D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 t0 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler. E