考研英语阅读理解基础班讲义(1)

第一部分：对于长难句课程难点重点的回顾

非简单句的障碍来源：

非简单句:﹛S1，S2，S3，S4,…Sn﹜

如何拆分和组合句子

非简单句的障碍解决方案

一．关联词和主句专一原则

关联词:

1. 关系代词：that, who,whom,which,what,as,whose,

2. 关系连词：if, whether,when,where,

3. 标点符号：, ----;

4. 并列连词：and，or

主句专一原则:

1. 一个句子只能有一个主句，主句中没有关联词。

2. 一个句子中有n个分句，则只有n-1个关联词。

例证：

句子之间的关联方式

u 1.并列

l 并列联词的用法

例1..Itis alittle upsettingto read that acertainline describesafight betweenaTurkishanda Bulgarianofficerandto find that the line consistsofthe noiseoftheir falling andthe weightsof theofficers,"Pluff!Pluff!"Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.

u 2.主从复合（嵌套）

主从复合句的分类：

三大从句：

名词性从句：

主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句

形容词性从句：

定语从句

副词性从句：

状语从句

常见的关联词：

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-2-名词性从句：关系代词：what，who，whom，which,

关系连词：that,when,where,how,

形容词性从句：见定语从句

副词性从句：见后表格；

名词性从句的分类讲解：

状语从句种类常用连接词特殊连接词

时间状语从句When,while,

as,before,

since,till,

until,assoon

as

1.一些时间名词：themoment,theinstant,the

minute,theday,nexttime,everytime

2.一些副词：instantly,immediately,directly

3.固定搭配的连词：nosooner---than,

hardly---when,scarcely---when.

地点状语从句Where Wherever,anywhere,everywhere

原因状语从句Because,as,

for,since

Seeingthat,consideringthat,nowthat,given

that,inthat,inasmuchas,insomuchas

目的状语从句Sothat,in

orderthat,

that

Lest,forfearthat,incase,inthehopethat,

onpurposethat,forthepurposethat,totheend

that

结果状语从句So---that,so

that,

such---that

Suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,

tosucha degreethat,tosuchanextentthat

条件状语从句If,unless Suppose,supposing,providing,provided(特别关

注：supposed,provide不用作条件从句的连词）on

conditionthat,solongas,aslongas

让步状语从句Although,

though,even

though,evenif

While(一般用在句首),as(用于倒装结

构),whatever,whoever,whichever,however,

whenever,wherever,whether---or---,asadj.

as+主谓结构用在句首

比较状语从句As,than Themore---,themore---;justas---,so---;

A isto

B what/as

C istoD;nomore--than;

notA somuchasB/notsomuchA asB

方式状语从句as,theway

主语从句：

结构识别：(1).关系连词+句子+动词

(2).It+be动词+形容词/名词短语+关系连词+句子

(3).It+不及物动词+that

例子：1.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.

2.Thattheplatesaremovingisnotbeyonddispute.

3.Whathappenedonthe GuangMingDingwillbeforeveretchedinzhangwuji’smemory.

4.Itis generally agreed that a personofhighintelligence is onewhocan graspideas

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symbolinsolvingproblems.

人们普遍认为，高智商的人有这样一些特点：理解力强，辨别力强，逻辑推理能力强，并且在解决问题的过程中善于利用文字或数学符号。

Itisclearthat…显然；itispossiblethat…很可能…

Itislikely that…很可能；itisnaturalthat…很自然…

Itiscertainthat…可以相信；itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…

Itisfortunatethat…幸运的是；itisnecessarythat…有必要的是…

5.Itis obviousthat amajorityofthe president’sadvisersstilldon’t take globalwarming seriously.

6.Itis atruth universallyacknowledgedthat asinglemanin possessionofagoodfortune mustbeinwantofawife.(PrideandPrejudice)

Itisapitythat…可惜的是…Itisafactthat…

Itisagoodnewsthat ……真是太好了Itisagoodthing that……真是件好事Itisnowonderthat…难怪…It is ashamethat…遗憾的是…/…真是太不

像话了

Itisanhonorthat…真荣幸…Itiscommonknowledge…是常识

Itismybeliefthat…我相信…Itisamiraclethat……真是奇迹

It is an established fact that factory workersworkbetter , harder, and have fewer accidentswhentheir machinesarepaintedorangeratherthanblackorgrey.

, 如果把工厂里的机器漆成橘黄色而不是黑色或灰色，工人就

会干的更勤奋，更出色，事故也会更少。

7.It seemed that Canadawasonce morefalling in step withthe trend toward smaller families that occurredthrough all the Westernworldsince the time ofthe Industrial Revolution.

Itseemsthat…似乎，Itfollowsthat…因此

Ithappensthat…碰巧，Itturnsoutthat…结果,

8.Itis criticalthat ournationandthe worldbaseimportant policiesonthe bestjudgments thatsciencecanprovideconcerningthe futureconsequencesofpresentactions.

宾语从句

结构识别：（1）动词+关联词+句子

（2）动词+宾语1+关联词+句子

（3）介词+关联词+句子

（4）动词+it形式宾语+宾补+关联词+句子

例子：1.Ihavelearned thatlove,nottime,healsallwounds.

2.XiaoguaishouassuredOatmanthathehadnointentionofoffendinghim.

3."The test ofanydemocraticsociety,”hewrotein aWallStreetJournalcolumn,"lies

notin howwellitcancontrolexpressionbutin whetherit givesfreedom ofthought and expressionthe widestpossiblelatitude, howeverdisputableorirritating the results may

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-4-sometimesbe.”

他在《华尔街日报》的一个专栏写道：“对于任何民主社会的检验不在于它能多有效的控制言论的自由表达，而在于它能否最大限度的赋予思想自由和表达自由，尽管其结果有时可能会非常有争议和令人不悦。

4.wemustmakeit clear that the partiesinvolved are to makeeveryeffortto curb the

pollution.

我们必须强调清楚，有关方面应该尽一切努力来治理污染。

表语从句

结构的识别：

系动词+关联词+句子

例子：Thereasonformyreturnis Ileftmykeysbehind.(because/that)

同位语从句

结构识别：

名词+that+句子

名词+定语+that+句子

名词+谓语+that+句子

例子：

1. I havebeenleft withthe knowledgethat it’s betterto expect nothingthan to give everythingandthenbedisappointed

我从中懂得了，不抱任何希望比付出努力却最终失望要好。

2. ThestatementbytheOneEarthathedidnotkillPikachuwasrejectedbytheblackcat sergeant.

3. Concerns(evidence) wereraisedthattheOneearistherealmurder.

层次化句子阅读方法

u 1.层次化结构的表示形式

例子：1.However,for manyyears,physiciststhought that atomsand moleculesalways were muchmorelikely to emitlight spontaneouslyandthat stimulatedemissionthus alwayswouldbe muchweaker.

3. Thehistoryofclinicalnutritionorthe studyofthe relationship betweenhealthandhowthe bodytakes in andutilizesfood substances, can bedividedinto four distincteras: the first beganin the nineteenthcenturyandextendedinto the earlytwentieth centurywhenit was recognized for the first time that food containedconstituentsthat wereessentialfor human functionandthatdifferentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsofthese essentialagents.

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-5-非正常语序：

非正常语序之倒装句

倒装句的分析方法

倒装句的定义：

倒装句的分类:

倒装句的处理流程:

部分倒装：

1. 部分倒装的定义：

2. 部分倒装的识别和还原：

完全倒装：

1.完全倒装定义：

2.完全倒装的存在环境:

2.1能够在句子中充当主语和表语的成份

u

3.完全倒装的判断流程

倒装的例句：

例1：Hereinlay the beginningofwhatultimatelyturned fromignorance to denialofthe valueof nutritionaltherapies inmedicine.

例2：Surroundingthe columnarethree sepalsandthree petals,sometimeseasilyrecognizableas such,oftendistortedinto gorgeous,weird,butalwaysfunctionalshapes.

例2.2:Emergingfrom the 1980census is the pictureofa nationdevelopingmoreand more

regional competition, as population growth in the Northeastand Midwestreaches a near standstill.

例3：Withthe growingprosperitybroughtonbythe SecondWorldWarandthe economicboom

that followed it, youngpeoplemarriedand established householdsearlier and began to raise largerfamiliesthan hadtheir predecessorsduringthe Depression.

例4：Basicto anyunderstandingofCanadain the 20yearsafterthe SecondWorldWaris the country’simpressive populationgrowth.

例4．1 ：Scatteredaroundthe globearemorethan 100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivity knowntogeologistsashotspots.

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-6-例4.2．Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased “opportunities”forstress.

例5：Amongthe speciesofseabirdsthat usethe windsweptcliffsoftheAtlanticcoastofCanada

in the summer to mate,lay eggs,and rear their youngare common murres,Atlanticpuffins,

black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets.

例6：Mostimportant, perhaps,wasthat they hadall maintainedwitha certain fidelity the technique a nd composition consistentwiththose ofAmerica’s first popularlandscape artist, ThomasCole,whobuiltacareerpaintingthe CatskillMountainsceneryborderingthe Hudson

River.

例7：Accustomedthough wearetospeakingofthe filmsmadebefore1927as“silent”, the film hasneverbeenrealsilent.

例8：Coincidentwithconcernsaboutthe acceleratingloss ofspecies andhabitatshasbeena

growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particularecosystem,tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being.

例9：Matchingthe influx offoreign immigrantsinto the larger citiesofthe UnitedStatesduring

the late nineteenthcentury wasa domestic migrationfrom town and farm to city, withinthe UnitedStates.

例10：Indeed,hadit notbeenfor the superbpreservationofthese fossils,they mightwellhave beenclassifiedasdinosaurs.

例11:Allwouldbewell，werereasonthe onlyjudge inthe creationismandevolutiondebate.

非正常语序之强调句的分析方法

1.强调句的构成

2.强调句的处理方法

例1：Itwasjust adecadebeforethis that manydrugcompanieshadfound their vitaminsales skyrocketingandwerequickto supplypracticingphysicianswithgeneroussamplesofvitamins andliteratureextollingthe virtueofsupplementationforavarietyofhealth-relatedconditions.

例2：Itwasshe,aBaltimoreprinter,whopublishedthe firstofficialcopiesofthe Declaration,the firstcopiesthat included the namesofits signersandtherefore heraldedthe supportofallthirteen

colonies.

例3：Itwasin the citiesthat the elementsthat canbeassociatedwithmoderncapitalismfirst

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-7-appeared—the useofmoneyandcommercialpaperin placeofbarter,opencompetitioninplace ofsocialdeferenceandhierarchy,withanattendantrise in socialdisorder,andthe appearanceof factoriesusingcoalorwaterpowerinplaceofindependentcraftspeopleworkingwithhandtools. 第二部分真题演练

Text1

Ahistoryoflong andeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,if properlyhandled,

it maybecomeadrivingforce. Whenthe UnitedStatesenteredjust suchaglowingperiodafter the endofthe SecondWorldWar,it hadamarketeighttimeslarger than anycompetitor,giving

its industries unparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistswerethe world’sbest,its workersthe mostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthe dreamsofthe Europeansand Asianswhoseeconomiesthe warhaddestroyed.

Itwasinevitable that this primacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Just asinevitably, the retreat from predominanceprovedpainful.Bythe mid-1980sAmericanshad found themselves at a loss overtheir fading industrial competitiveness. SomehugeAmerican industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.By1987there wasonlyoneAmericantelevision makerleft, Zenith.(Now there is none:Zenithwasbought by SouthKorea’s LGElectronicsin July.) Foreign-madecars and textiles weresweeping into the domesticmarket. America’s machine-toolindustry wasonthe ropes. Fora whileit looked as though the makingof semiconductors, whichAmericahad inventedandwhichsatatthe heartofthe newcomputerage,wasgoingtobethe nextcasualty. Allofthis causedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstopped taking prosperityfor granted. Theybeganto believethat their wayofdoingbusinesswasfailing, andthat their incomes would therefore shortlybeginto fall aswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiry afteranotherinto the causes ofAmerica’s industrial decline.Theirsometimes sensational findings werefilled with warningsaboutthe growingcompetitionfromoverseas.

Howthings havechanged!In 1995the UnitedStatescanlook backonfive yearsofsolid growthwhileJapan hasbeenstruggling. FewAmericansattribute this solely to such obvious causesasadevalueddollarorthe turning ofthe businesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedto blind pride.“Americanindustry haschangedits structure, hasgoneona diet,haslearnt to bemore quick-witted,”accordingto RichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard’sKennedySchoolof Government. “ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttos eehowourbusinessesareimproving their productivity,”says StephenMooreofthe CatoInstitute, a think-tank in Washington,DC. AndWilliamSahlmanofthe HarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllook backonthis periodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”

51. TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause________.

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-8-[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowards thisgoal

[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslarger than before

[C]the warhaddestroyedthe economiesofmostpotentialcompetitors

[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy

52. Theloss ofU.S.predominancein the worldeconomyin the 1980sis manifestedin the fact

thattheAmerican________.

[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket

[B]semiconductorindustry hadbeentaken overbyforeignenterprises

[C]machine-toolindustry hadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions

[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket

53. Whatcanbeinferredfromthe passage?

[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.

[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.

[C]Therevivalofthe economydependsoninternationalcooperation.

[D]Along historyofsuccessmaypavethe wayforfurtherdevelopment.

54. Theauthorseemsto believethe revival ofthe U.S.economyin the 1990scanbeattributed tothe ________.

[A]turningofthe businesscycle

[B]restructuringofindustry

[C]improvedbusinessmanagement

[D]successineducation

Text2

Beinga manhasalways beendangerous.Thereare about105malesbornfor every100 females,butthis ratio dropsto nearbalanceatthe ageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldsthere aretwice asmanywomenasmen.Butthe greatuniversalofmalemortalityis beingchanged. Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat, for the first time, there will beanexcessofboysin those crucialyearswhentheyaresearchingfor amate.Moreimportant, another chance for naturalselection hasbeenremoved. Fiftyyearsago, the chance ofa baby (particularly a boybaby)surviving dependedonits weight.Akilogramtoo light ortoo heavy meantalmostcertaindeath.Todayit makesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthe variationis duetogenes, onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.

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-9-Thereis anotherwayto commitevolutionarysuicide:stay alive,buthavefewer children. Fewpeopleareasfertile asin the past.Exceptin somereligious communities,veryfew women have15children. Nowadaysthe numberofbirths,like the age ofdeath,hasbecomeaverage. Mostofushaveroughly the same numberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleand the opportunityfornaturalselectionto take advantageofit havediminished.India showswhatis happening.Thecountryofferswealthfor afew in the greatcitiesandpovertyfor the remaining tribal peoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday -- everyonebeingthe samein survivalandnumber ofoffspring-- meansthat naturalselectionhaslost 80%ofits powerin upper-middle-classIndia comparedtothe tribes.

Forus,this meansthat evolutionis over;the biologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,it has involved little physicalchange. Nootherspeciesfills somanyplacesin nature.Butin the pass 100,000years-- eventhe pass100years-- ourlives havebeentransformed butourbodieshave not.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesand society didit for us.Darwinhada phrase to describethose ignorantofevolution:they “look atanorganicbeingasasavagelooks ataship,as atsomething whollybeyondhiscomprehension.”Nodoubtwewillremember a 20thcentury wayoflife beyondcomprehensionforits ugliness.Buthoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybe athowfarfromUtopiawewere,they willlookjustlike us.

55. Whatusedtobethe dangerinbeingamanaccordingtothe firstparagraph?

[A]Alack ofmates. [B]Afiercecompetition.

[C]Alower survivalrate. [D]Adefectivegene.

56. Whatdoesthe exampleofIndiaillustrate?

[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthan poorpeople.

[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongthe richandthe poor.

[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthe tribes.

[D]Indiaisoneofthe countrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.

57. Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause________.

[A]life hasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance

[B]the numberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining

[C]ourspecieshasreachedthe higheststageofevolution

[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing

58. Whichofthe followingwouldbethe besttitle forthe passage?

[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution

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-10-[B]WaysofContinuingMan’sEvolution

[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature

[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere

Text3

Whena newmovementin artattainsa certainfashion, it is advisable to find outwhatits advocates are aiming at, for, howeverfarfetched and unreasonable their principlesmayseem today, itispossiblethatin yearsto comethey mayberegardedasnormal.Withregard toFuturist poetry,however,the caseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe--evenadmitting thatthe theory onwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.

This,in brief,is whatthe Futuristsays; for a century, pastconditions oflife havebeen conditionally speeding up, till now welive in a worldof noise and violence and speed. Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughts andemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.This speedingupoflife, saysthe Futurist,requires anewform ofexpression.Wemustspeedupour literature too, if wewantto interpret modernstress.Wemustpouroutalarge streamofessential words,unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing soundswemustmakeupwordsthat imitate them; wemustusemanysizesoftype anddifferent coloredinksonthe samepage,andshortenorlengthen wordsatwill.

Certainlytheir descriptionsofbattlesareconfused.Butit is alittle upsettingto read in the explanatorynotesthat acertainline describesafight betweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficer onabridgeoffwhichthey bothfall into the river -- andthen to find that the line consistsofthe noiseoftheir falling and the weightsofthe officers:“Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredand eighty-five kilograms.”

This,though itfulfillsthe laws andrequirements ofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedas Literature.Allthe same,nothinking mancanrefuse to accepttheir first proposition:that agreat changein ouremotionallife callsfor achangeofexpression.Thewholequestionis really this: haveweessentiallychanged?

59. Thispassageismainly________.

[A]asurveyofnewapproachestoart

[B]areviewofFuturistpoetry

[C]aboutmeritsofthe Futuristmovement

[D]aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature

60. Whenanovelliterary ideaappears,peopleshouldtry to________.

[A]determineitspurposes [B]ignoreitsflaws

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-11-[C]followthe newfashions [D]acceptthe principles

61. Futuristsclaimthatwemust________.

[A]increasethe productionofliterature

[B]usepoetrytorelievemodernstress

[C]developnewmodesofexpression

[D]avoidusingadjectivesandverbs

62. TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis________.

[A]basedonreasonableprinciples

[B]newandacceptabletoordinarypeople

[C]indicative ofbasicchangeinhumannature

[D]moreofatransientphenomenonthan literature

Text4

Aimlessnesshashardlybeentypical ofthe postwarJapan whoseproductivityand social harmonyarethe envyofthe UnitedStatesandEurope.Butincreasingly the Japaneseareseeinga declineofthe traditional work-moralvalues.Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingand sawtheir jobs astheir primaryreason forbeing,butnowJapanhaslargely fulfilledits economic need s,andyoungpeopledon’tknowwherethey shouldgonext.

The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of womeninto the

male-dominatedjob markethave limited the opportunities of teenagers whoare already questioningthe heavypersonalsacrificesinvolved in c limbingJapan’srigidsocialladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it wasfound that only24.5percentofJapanese students werefullysatisfiedwithschoollife, comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsin the UnitedStates. In addition, far moreJapanese workersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeir jobs than didtheir counterpartsinthe 10othercountriessurveyed. Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthe basics,Japaneseeducationtends to stresstest taking andmechanicallearning overcreativityandself-expression.“Thos ethings that donotshow upin the test scores-- personality,ability,courage orhumanity-- arecompletely ignored,” says ToshikiKaifu,chairman of the ruling LiberalDemocraticParty’s education committee.“Frustrationagainstthis kindofthing leads kidsto dropoutandrun wild.”Lastyear Japanexperienced2,125incidents ofschoolviolence,including 929assaultsonteachers. Amid the outcry,manyconservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral https://www.360docs.net/doc/312612049.html,styearMitsuoSetoyama,whowasthen educationminister,raised eyebrowswhen hearguedthat liberalreformsintroduced bytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWar 法硕联盟论坛https://www.360docs.net/doc/312612049.html,祝您考研成功！

-12-IIhadweakenedthe“Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents.”

Butthat mayhavemoreto dowithJapanese life-styles. “In Japan,”says educatorYoko Muro,“it’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjob andyourlife, butonlyhowmuchyou can endure.”Witheconomic growthhascome centralization; fully 76percentofJapan’s 119

millioncitizenslive in citieswherecommunityandthe extendedfamily havebeenabandonedin favor of isolated, two-generation households. UrbanJapanese have long endured lengthy commutes(travels to andfrom work)andcrowded living conditions,butas the oldgroupand family values weaken,the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorcerate, whilestill wellbelowthat ofthe UnitedStates,hasincreased bymorethan 50 percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.

63. Inthe Westerner’seyes,thepostwarJapanwas________.

[A]underaimlessdevelopment [B]apositiveexample

[C]arivaltotheWest [D]onthe decline

64. Accordingto the author,whatmaychieflyberesponsible for the moraldeclineofJapanese society?

[A]Women’sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.

[B]Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeir jobs.

[C]Excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthe basics.

[D]Thelife-style hasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.

65. Whichofthe followingistrueaccordingtothe author?

[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingthe youngclimbthe socialladder.

[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.

[C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthe cultivationofcreativity.

[D]Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.

66. ThechangeinJapaneselife-style isrevealedinthe factthat________.

[A]theyoungarelesstolerant ofdiscomfortsinlife

[B]the divorcerateinJapanexceedsthatinthe U.S.

[C]the Japaneseenduremorethaneverbefore

[D]theJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlife