【美联英语】英语语法+高中英语语法手册4

【美联英语】英语语法+高中英语语法手册4
【美联英语】英语语法+高中英语语法手册4

关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里

https://www.360docs.net/doc/328974599.html,/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0美联英语提供:高中英语语法手册4

七、There be结构与have的区别

八、

目录第一章概说

第二章名词

第三章主语和谓语的一致

第四章冠词

第五章数词

第六章代词

第七章形容词和副词

第八章介词

第九章连词和感叹词

第十章动词的基本形式

第十一章动词的时态

第十二章动词的语态

第十三章非谓语动词

第十四章助动词和情态动词

第十五章动词的语气

第十六章句子

第十七章简单句、并列句、复合句

第十八章陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句第十九章名词性从句

第二十章定语从句

第二十一章状语从句

第二十二章省略和倒装

第二十三章直接引语和间接引语第二十四章it的用法

第二十五章There be结构

附录一: 构词法

附录二: 不规则动词

前言

英语语法是从语言实践中总结出来的规律,学习语法不能脱离语言实践。学生在学习英语的过程中,一本新颖实用的语法书,不仅能帮助他总结语言规律,提高运用语言交际的能力,而且能够提高学习效率,收到事半功倍效果。

高中学生学习英语的目的除了把它当作交际的工具外,还有一个目的不言而喻,就是在高考中取得优异的成绩。十几年来,我参阅了大量的语法专著和有关论述高考命题原则和方法、以及评析高考试题的文章,在分析考题、指导考生高考中收到了显著效果。今年夏天,突想,把历年来总结的规律和理论贡献出来和各位同仁以及广大考生共享,已达到共同提高之目的。

高考试题具有很好的信度、效度和区分度,难易适中,是我们巩固知识,把握高考命题思路和脉络,窥测未来考题的材料,是任何材料难以匹敌的。因此,我们在选择例句时,可谓是别有用心,把历年的全国高考试题和上海高考试题以及北京高考试题作了分门别类的归纳整理,并作了翻译(译文只为理解服务),选出典型句当作例句分散到各个语法项目中,使考点一目了然。读者可以直接地从高考题中总结语言规律,了解高考命题要求和推测今后高考命题的动向。对于一些语法项目我们还提供了一些教你巧学巧记的学习方法,同时又提供了一些贴近高考的巩固练习题,做到了语法理论和语言实践相结合,以优化学习效果。

本书将语法和重要语言现象分为二十五个章。讲解努力做到简明扼要,新颖实用。旨在帮助读者轻松掌握中学英语语法的重点和难点以及高考常考的知识点,以提高解题能力,真正起到点拨的指导作用;“教你巧学巧记”可以使你费时少,收效大,帮助你收到事半功倍的奇效;“点击考点”针对各个语法项目命题,内容全面,重点突出,覆盖面广,有利于

巩固所学知识,提高应试能力。本书还希望能够帮助读者提高语法功能的同时提高阅读、口语、写作和翻译的能力。

另外,本书还附有构词法和不规则动词表。

本书在编写过程中,参考了大量的有关论述高考命题原则和方法,以及评析高考试题的文章和专著,由于太多,无法一一列出,在此向这些作者和专家表示谢意!

在此特向帮助提供巧记口诀的殷树蜂老师和帮助校稿李小平、吴素娟和李平老师表示衷心的感谢。

由于编写实践仓促,水平有限,书中欠妥之处,在所难免,敬请批评指正。

王本全

2004年1月于北京良乡

第一章概说

一、语法的内容

任何一种语言都有它本身构成的规律。语法就是论述语言构成的基本规律的。也就是说,把一种语言在词的变化和用词造句方面的一些基本共同点综合起来,概括成若干规律和规则加以论述,这就叫做语法(Grammar)。

英语语法是论述英语词性和用词造句规律的基础知识。学语法是为了掌握语言,不能为学语法而学语法。掌握了语法规则不等于学会了语法,语法的学习不能脱离语言的全面实践,必须通过大量的听、说、读、写、译等实践活动,才能学会准确而熟练地运用这种语言。

英语语法包括两大部分:一部分叫词法(Morphology),是研究词、词形变化及其用法的,如名词的数、格,动词的时态、语态等,都属于词法的范围;另一部分叫句法(Syntax) ,是研究句子和句子结构的,如构成一个句子的各种成分、语序以及句子的种类等,都属于句法的范围。这两部分讲的内容和侧重点不同,但二者有极密切的关系,是构成一个语言整体的两个不可或缺的有机组成部分。

二、词类

语言是由一个一个单词所组成的。词(Words)是语言中能表达一定意义又能自由运用的最小单位。有的词表示名称,有的词表示动作,有的词表示性质、状态,各有各的不同的功用和特征。把所用的词分成若干类,就叫做词类(Parts of Speech)。英语的词,根据它们的意义和特征,一般分为十类,列表如下:

名词、形容词、数词、代词、动词和副词可以在句子中独立担当成分(如名词可作主语、宾语等,动词可作谓语等),称为实义词(Notional Words)。介词、连词和冠词都不能在句子中独立担当任何成分,称为虚词(Form Words)。

感叹词一般不构成句子的一部分,可以看作特殊的一类。除了这十类之外,还有表示肯定与否定的词yes和no,还有动词不定式前的小品词to。在句子中,大多数的实义词是重读的(有些代词、系动词、助动词和情态动词,如he,their,will,is,can等,在多数情况下不重读),而虚词一般都不重读。

英语的词,有些是要根据它们在句中的作用,根据词义来断定它们是属于哪个词类的。同样一个词,在不同场合下有时可以用作不同词类。

drink Granny told me not to drink cool water.奶奶叫我不要喝凉水。(作动词) We should die without food and drink.我们没有饮食就活不了。(作名词) since She has been ill since last Sunday.从上星期日以来,她一直在生病。(作介词) What have you done since I saw you last?自从我上次看到你以来,你做什么了?(作连词)

Jack went away two years ago and we have not seen him since.

杰克两年前就走了,从那以后,我们再也没见过他。(作副词)

round She wants a round plate. 她想要一个圆盘子。(作形容词)

He turned round and went back again.他掉转头又回去了。(作副词)

The postman starts his round at 8 o'clock.邮递员八点开始投递信件。(作名词)

The earth moves round the sun.地球绕着太阳转动。(作介词)

三、句子成分

由词或短语构成的能表达一个比较完整意思的语言单位,叫做句子(Sentence)。构成句子的词和短语根据它们在句子中的作用可分为若干句子成分(Members of the Sentence)。

一个句子要表达一个比较完整的意思,通常必须要有主语(Subject)和谓语(Predicate)两个主要部分。

主语表明句子中说的是谁或是什么。

谓语是用来说明主语做什么、是什么或怎么样的。谓语中不可缺少的部分是动词,通常叫谓语动词(Predicate Verb)。谓语动词主要由动词或动词短语担任,有时也可由系动词加一个形容词或名词(或起同样作用的其他词类、短语或从句)担任。在后一种情况中,用来与系动

词合成谓语的成分,叫做表语(Predicative) 也有人叫做主语补足语(Subject Complement)。除了主语和谓语,句子有时还有其他成分。如宾语(Object)、定语(Attribute)和状语(Adverbial Modifier)。

宾语一般用在及物动词后面,表示行为对象或结果。介词后面的名词或代词,叫做介词的宾语。

定语是用来修饰或限制名词或代词。

状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。

四、词类和句子成分的关系

在句子里,一定的句子成分由一定的词类来担任。现将哪些句子成分通常由哪些词类来担任列述如下:

1、主语

通常由名词和代词来担任。此外,数词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句也可以用作主语。

The teacher told us an interesting story.老师给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。(名词) We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。(代词)

Four and five is nine. 四加五等于九。(数词)

Walking is good exercise.走路是很好的运动。(动词的-ing形式)

To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(动词不定式)

What you need is more practice.你需要的是更多的练习。(从句)

2、谓语

由动词担任。动词分为实义动词和系动词。

We read English every morning.我们每天早晨读英语。(实义动词)

His brother is a doctor.他哥哥是医生。(系动词)

Mr. Smith became angry.史密斯先生生气了。(系动词)

3、宾语

通常由名词和代词担任。此外,数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)、宾语从句也可以用作宾语。

Have you finished the exercise?你做完练习了吗?(名词作宾语)

Lei Feng always thought of others.雷锋总是想着别人。(代词作介词宾语)

She tore the cloth in three. 她把布撕成三块(名词作动词的宾语;数词作介词的宾语)

She doesn't allow smoking in her house.她不允许在她的房子里抽烟。(动词的-ing 形式)

You should continue to learn as long as you live.要活到老学到老。(不定式作宾语)

I don't know when he will come.我不知道他什么时候来。(宾语从句作宾语)

有些动词可以有两个宾语:直接宾语(Direct Object)与间接宾语(Indirect Object)。直接宾语通常出现在间接宾语之后。间接宾语一般是代表人的,直接宾语一般是代表事物的。

He gave the little girl a toy. =He gave a toy to the little girl.

他给这个小女孩一个玩具。

I bought Mary a new book = I bought a new book for Mary. 我给玛丽买了一本书。

4、定语

主要由形容词担任。此外,名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式(短语)、分词和定语从句等都可用作定语。

His words moved everyone present. 他的话使在场的人都很感动。(形容词修饰不定代词,要放在其后)

This is a stone bridge. 这是一座石桥。(名词作定语)

His father is our maths teacher. 他爸爸是我们的数学老师。(代词作定语)

We belong to the third world. 我们属于第三世界。(数词作定语)

They should have told us if there was anything up.

要是出了什么事,他们是应当告诉我们的。(副词作定语)

Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science. 这位科学家昨天给我们作了有关现代科学的报告。(介词短语作定语)

Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么要说的吗?(不定式作定语)

Do you know the number of books ordered by the library.你知道图书馆定购了多少本书吗?(动词的-ed形式作定语)

Barking dogs seldom bite. 爱叫的狗很少咬人。(动词的-ing形式作定语)

He is a man whom we should all learn from. 他是一个大家都应学习的人。(定语从句作定语)

5、状语

主要由副词担任。此外,形容词、介词短语、名词词组、动词不定式短语、分词短语及状语从句都可用作状语。

There is no post office around.附近没有邮局。(副词)

They all rushed over, eager to help.他们都跑了过来,急于要帮忙。(形容词)

We learn to swim by swimming. 我们通过游泳学游泳。(介词)

I shall stay another five months. 我将再呆五个月。(名词词组)

I found her very pleasant to talk to. 我发现和她谈话很有意思。(动词不定式)

She doesn't like to sit there doing nothing.她不愿意什么也不干闲坐在那里。(动词的-ing形式短语)

He returned us the papers uncorrected.他把我们的作业没改就发还了。(动词的-ed 形式短语)

Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you.不管在哪里我都会想到你。(地点状语从句) I'll let you know as soon as it is arranged.等安排好我就通知你。(时间状语从句) They will go to work on the farm if it is fine tomorrow.

如果明天天气好的话,他们就到农场干活。(条件状语从句)

五、巩固练习:

I.给下列各题分别选出一个正确答案

1.We all work hard at English.

A.主语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.表语

2.Betty likes her new bike.

A.主语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.表语

3.Her sister is a nurse.

A.主语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.表语

4.Were you at home last night?

A.主语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语

5.Winter is the coldest season of the year.

A.定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语

6.He often walks in the park.

A.定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语

7.John asked me to help him.

A.定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语

8.He gave me some ink.

A.宾语

B.直接宾语

C.间接宾语

D.宾补

9.His parents are doctors.

A.宾语

B. 表语

C.谓语

D. 定语

10.I’ll get you some tea now.

A.宾语

B.直接宾语

C.间接宾语

D.宾补

II.说出下列句子斜体部分的成分

1. Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.

2. What he did made us greatly satisfied.

3. The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.

4. To build a public library is important.

5. The job is not so easy as you imagine.

答案:I. 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.C 10.B

II. 1.定语,表语 2.状语,宾补 3.宾补 4.主语 5.状语

第二章名词

一、概述

表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念的名称的词叫做名词。名词是任何事物的名称。名词在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语、定语以及状语等。名词的主要难点是:可数与不可数的概念,名词复数词尾的变化和领属关系的表达。

student 学生chair 椅子Hong Kong 香港business 生意state 州communist共产者

time 时间beauty 美happiness 幸福

二、名词的种类

名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。

1、专有名词(proper noun)

专有名词是个别人、地方、团体或事物的名称。

Abraham Lincoln 亚伯拉罕·林肯London 伦敦Canada 加拿大

the United States of America 美利坚合众国the Great Hall of the People 人民大会堂

注意:专有名词的实词部要大写词首字母。

2、普通名词(common noun)

普通名词是一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。

teacher 教师struggle 奋斗country 国家

machine 机器water 水discussion 讨论

普通名词又可进一步分为:

(1)类名词(class noun),表示人或事物属于某一类。

factory 工厂bicycle 自行车cat 猫television 电视soldier 士兵boy 男孩

(2)集体名词(collective noun),是一群人或好多东西的总称。

class 班army 军队government 政府party 政党crowd 人群flock 羊群

team 队family 家

注意:集体名词被当作一个整体时,要看作是单数,用单数的谓语动词。但当组成这类名词所代表的事物的各部分或其成员是被逐一单独考虑时,就用复数的谓语动词。

The football team is playing well.这个足球队踢得好。

The football team are having baths and are coming back for tea.足球队员们正在洗澡,然后他们就回来喝茶。

The family is a happy one.这是一个幸福的家庭。

The family are very pleased about the good news of his success.他成功的消息使全家人都感到高兴。

(3)物质名词(material),表示物质或不具确定形状和大小的个体的实物名称。

bread 面包fire 火grain 谷物

metal 金属cotton 棉snow 雪

(4)抽象名词(abstract noun),表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念的名称。

happiness幸福peace 和平health 健康

arrival 到达difficulty 困难friendship 友谊

三、名词的数

1、可数名词和不可数名词(countable noun and uncountable noun)

名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数的。类名词和集体名词一般是可数的。少数名词既可用作不可数名词,又可用作可数名词,但意义有所不同。

不可数名词可数名词

glass 玻璃玻璃杯

paper 纸文件、试卷、报

copper 铜铜币

tin 锡罐头

stone 石石块

A glass is made of glass.玻璃杯是玻璃做的。

You can throw a stone at a wall made of stone.你可把一块石头抛向一面石砌的墙。

2、单数和复数(singular and plural number)

不可数名词一般不分单复数。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。表示一个人或事物用单数,表示一个以上的人或事物用复数。

pupil→pupils 学生radio→radios 收音机

ruler→rulers 直尺knife→knives 刀

3、名词复数构成法

(1)规则名词复数形式的构成

绝大多数名词的复数形式由在单数后加-s或-es构成。具体如下:

①在词末加-s。通常在单数名词之后加词尾-s。词尾-s在清辅音后读[s];在元音和浊

辅音后读[z]; 在[s],[z],[?],[?]等辅音后读[iz]。

book→books[buks] 书tree→trees[tri:z]树

car→cars [k :z] 小汽车house→houses['hauziz]房子

day→days [deiz] 天face→faces['feisiz]脸

②名词以-s,-x,-z,-ch,-sh 结尾时,加-es,读[iz]。

glass→glasses[gl :siz]眼镜brush→brushes['br??iz]]刷子

box→boxes [‘b kiz] 箱子church→churches['t???iz]教堂

bus→buses[‘b?siz]公共汽车watch→watches [‘w t?iz]手表

③名词以元音字母+y结尾时,加-s,读作[z];以辅音字母+ y结尾时,变y为i,

再加-es,读[iz];专有名词中的y不变,直接加-s,读[z]。

boy→boys [b iz]男孩army→armies[' :miz]军队

story→stories[‘st ?riz]故事factory→factories[‘f???riz]工厂baby→babies[‘beibiz]婴儿holiday→holidays['h l?deiz] 假期

④以辅音字母+o结尾时,一般加-es,读[z]。

tomato→tomatoes [t?’m ???uz]西红柿hero→heroes ['hi?r?uz]英雄potato-potatoes 土豆volcano-volcanoes 火山

但piano,photo后只加-s,读[z]。

piano→pianos [pi’?n?uz] 钢琴photo→photos ['f?ut?uz] 相片bamboo→bamboos 竹radio→radios 收音机studio→studios 工作室cuckoo→cuckoos 杜鹃

⑤以-f,-fe结尾时,一般先把-f,-fe 变为v,再加-es,读[z]。

leaf→leaves [li:vz] 树叶life→lives[laivz] 生命

knife→knives [naivz] 刀shelf→shelves [??lvz] 架

half→halves 半thief→thieves 贼

Leaves turn green in spring.树叶在春天变绿。

注意:个别只加-s,读[s]。

roof→roofs 屋顶gulf→gulfs 海湾

proof→proofs 证据belief→beliefs 信念

chief→chiefs 酋长handkerchief→handkerchiefs 手帕

⑥字母、数字、单词、符号被看作”字”时,常加“’s”构成复数。

Your 3’s look like 8’s. 你的3看起来像8。

He used too many but’s and if’s. 他用了太多地but和if。

Pay attention to your +’s and -’s。注意你的+号和-号。

⑦复合名词复数形式多在主体名词上变化。

shopkeeper→shopkeepers店主classroom→classrooms教室

film-goer→film-goers常看电影的人housewife→housewives家庭主妇

tooth-brush→tooth-brushes son-in-law→sons-in-law女婿

vice-premier→vice-premiers副总理looker-on→lookers-on旁观者

passer-by→passers-by过客editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief 总编

comrade-in-arms→comrades-in-arms战友编good-for-nothing→good-for-nothings无用的人

必背:由man和woman构成的复合名词的两个构成部分都要变化。

a man doctor→men doctors男医生 a woman player→women players女演

(2)不规则复数形式的构成

①有很多名词的复数形式是不规则的。有些名词以改变元音的方法变为复数,有些辅音也有变化。

man→men男人woman→women女人

foot→feet脚tooth→teeth牙

mouse→mice鼠goose→geese鹅

ox→oxen公牛child→children儿童

phenomenon→phenomena现象crisis→crises危机

Dr. Smith is going to pull out one of my teeth.施密斯医生要把我的牙拔出来。

②单数和复数为同一形式

名词如:deer, fish, sheep, means, Chinese, aircraft, works(工厂), crossroads(十字

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