(完整)初中英语名词(讲义教师用).docx

(完整)初中英语名词(讲义教师用).docx
(完整)初中英语名词(讲义教师用).docx

英语词汇与语法基础知识

名词

根据词的意义、形态特征及其在句子中的作用,将词分为若干类,叫做词类。英语的词

通常分为10类。其中名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词为实词,冠词、介词、连词

和感叹词为虚词。

英语名称缩写形式汉语名称意义例词

Noun n.名词表示人、事物或地点的名称Alice, boy book, car

Article.冠词用在名词前,帮助说明其所指a(an) , the art对象

Pronoun pron.代词代替名词、数词等this, that, I, it my, your

Adjective a.或 adj.形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征blue, big, beautiful

Numeral num.数词表示数量或顺序first, three Verb v.动词表示动作或状态be, have, go Adverb ad.或 adv.副词表示动作的特征often, usually

Preposition prep.介词表示名词,代词等和其他词之

in, on, at 间的关系

Conjunction conj.连词连接词与词、短语与短语或句

and, but 与句

Interjection int.或 interj.感叹词表示说话时的喜悦,惊讶等情

oh, hello 感或语气

英语名词( Noun )可以从形式上进行分类,英语名词可以划分成专有名词和普通名词两

大类。从意义上划分,英语名词可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词四类。

一般来说,个体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns)。物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。集合名词有的可数,有的不可数。

一、普通名词

普通名词指一类人或事物的名称。英语中普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词一般有单、复数两种形式。如 a/one child ,ten children。而不可数名词一般只有一

种形式。如 cash(现金)。不可数名词之前不可直接用泛指限定词和数词。不可数名词可

与some一起用。如: some money, some water。也可与 the一起用: the information (这信息)。(一)可数名词及其复数形式

( 1)可数名词的复数形式一般由词尾加-s或-es构成,其规则见下表:

类别构成法读音例词

在清辅音后读 /s/maps, books

在浊辅音及元音后读

cars, photos

/z/

一般情况加 -s

在 /t/ 后读 /ts/cats, students

在 /d/ 后读 /dz/beds, guards

在 /d/ 后读 /iz/bridges, ages

以字母 s, x, ch, sh 结尾

加 -es 在 /s/, /z/, //,/t/

的词后读 /iz/

classes, brushes

以辅音字母 +y 结尾的

将 y改成 i,加 -es/z/factories, stories 词

一般加 -es/z/potatoes, tomatoes

以字母 o结尾的词少数外来词或缩略词

/z/radios, pianos

加 -s

一般加 -s/s/roofs, chiefs

以字母 f或 fe结尾的词

少数将 f, fe, 改为 -ves/z/shelves, knives

有些加 -s或改为 -ves均

/s/ 或 /z/scarfs/scarves

(2)可数名词复数形式的不规则构成法

英语中有一部分名词由于历史或词源原因其复数形式的构成法是不规则的。这种情况主

要有:

①元音字母变化。例如:

foot-feet man-men. woman-women

tooth-teeth goose-geese mouse-mice

②结尾为 -en。例如:child-children

③单复数同形。

单复数同形的名词主要有:sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, deer等。

④只有复数形式。例如:trousers, goods 等。

(二)可数名词和不可数名词

英语中的绝大多数名词既可以用作可数名词也可以用作不可数名词。

1.可数名词

可数名词一般可以分成以下三类:

第一类:如 bike, desk, factory等,这类名词占可数名词的多数。

There are fifty bikes at this shop.这家商店有 50辆自行车。

第二类:如 clothes等,本身表示复数形式。以clothes为例:

She cares for nice clothes.她爱好穿着。

bike为例:

2.不可数名词

不可数名词的用法特征主要有以下几种:

( 1)不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语。例如:

Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。

(2)由 much, little等词修饰。例如:

They have saved much money for future use.他们存了很多钱以备未来使用。

( 3)与表示单位的量词如 a piece of等连用。例如:

Go and fetch me a piece of chalk.给我去拿一支粉笔。

要十分注意的是:不可数名词不能与不定冠词或数词直接用在一起。如不能说 a good news, an advice, a hard work等。

不可数名词可以与量词使用构成不同的词组:

如: a piece of paper一张纸

a 1oaf of bread一条面包

a bottle of milk一瓶牛奶a drop of water

a bag of money

a pair of shoes

一滴水

一袋钱

一双鞋

二、专有名词

专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。其特点是:第一个字母大写,通

常不与冠词连用,无复数形式。

(一)人名

英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反,姓在后面,名在前面,姓名前通常不用冠词。例如:Mary Smith;George Washington。

( 1)一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如:

How ’ s John getting on? 约翰近来好吗?

( 2)在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时,常把姓和称谓连用。例如:

Would you please tell John Smith to come to the office? 请你告诉约翰· 史密斯到办公室来一

次好吗 ?

( 3)姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如:

The Turners have gone to America.特纳一家人去美国了。

(二)地名

( 1)大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如:

Asia; America; China; London ;Shanghai

( 2)大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如:.

Silver Lake; Mount Tai

(3)山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。

例如:

the Pacific; the English Channel; the Sahara

(三)日期名

(1)节日名前通常不用冠词。例如:Christmas;National Day

(2)星期名前通常不用冠词。例如:Sunday; Tuesday

( 3)月份名前通常不用冠词。例如:April ; December

三、名词所有格

名词所有格是指一个名词与另一个名词之间存在所有关系时所用的形式。其构成有两种:一种是由名词末尾加’s构成;另一种由介词of加名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西;

后者多用来表示无生命的东西。例如:

Children’ s Palace 少年宫

Tom ’ s bike 汤姆的自行车

the title of the book书名

the legs of the table 桌子的腿

(一)所有格形式的构成

(1)单数名词后加’s,其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同。例如:

the girl’ s father 女孩的父亲

( 2)以 s结尾的复数名词后加’。例如:

two hours’ walk 两个小时的步行

( 3)不以 s结尾的复数名词后加’s。例如:

the children’ s holiday 孩子们的节日

( 4)以 s结尾的人名,可以加’s,也可加’号。例如:

Thomas’s brother 托马斯的兄弟

Charles’s job 查尔斯的工作

( 5)表示各自的所有关系,不是共有的,则要分别在名词末尾加’s,如:

John’ s and Mary’ s rooms 约翰和玛丽各人的房间

若表示共有的,则在最后一个名词的末尾加’s,如:

John and Mary’s room 约翰和玛丽合住的房间

(二)’ s所有格的用法

’s所有格常表示有生命的西,但也可表示无生命的西。例如:

(1)表示:

today’ s newspaper 今天的

( 2)表示自然象:

the moon’ s rays 月光

(3)表示国家、城市机构:

??..Shanghai’s industry 上海的工

(4)表示度量衡及价:

..twenty dollars’ value 20美元的价

..five mile s’ distance 5英里的距离

(三)’ s所有格所表示的关系

1.表示所有关系

可分可分割的所有关系和不可分割的所有关系。可分割的所有关系通常指身外之物,一般不可用 of表示。例如:

John’s pen( John has a pen)翰的笔

不可: a pen of John

但不可分割的所有关系,指自身有的不可分割的西可用’Mary’s hands( Mary has two hands)的手

可以: the hands of Mary s也可

of表示。例如:

2.表示主谓关系

the doctor ’s advice(The doctor advised)医生的建

his mother’ s request( His mother requested)他母的求

3.表示动宾关系

Tom ’ s failure 姆的失

children’ s education 年一代的教育

4.表示同位语关系(通常用of 表示)

the city of Rome城

the city of Pairs巴黎城

四、复习时需要注意的要点

(1)有些名形式像复数,但含是数,而有些名是没有数形式的,注意的用。例如:a.Maths is the language of science.

b. No news is good news.

c. The Chinese people are a great people.

( 2)在“ there be”的句子中,的数和它最近的主的数相一致.例如:

a.There are two pictures on the wall.

b. There is a cat and two dogs in the garden.

(3) 不名的复数形式

①改数名中的元音字母或其他形式。如:man men,woman women,tooth teeth,

foot feet , mouse mice, child children 等。

② 复数形式相同。如:sheep, deer, fish 等,以及由音表示度量、制等

位的名。如:yuan.另外以 -ese或 -ss 尾的表示民族的名也一同形。如:Chinese,Japanese,Swiss等。

③以 -an 尾或其他形式尾的表示民族、国家的人的名复数在尾加-s.如:Americans, Asians, Russians,Australians, Italians, Germans 等。

注意: Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen.

④复合名的复数形式:在末加-(e)s,如: afternoons,housewives 等。

把主体名成复数形式。如:lookers-on(旁者 ), passers-by(路人 )等。

⑤由 man 或 woman 作第一部分的复数名,两个成部分皆复数形式。如:

man driver men drivers, woman doctor women doctors 等。 5

注意: banana tree banana trees

(4)几种特殊的复数形式的名

①有些表示由两部分构成的西和部分学科的名以复数的形式出。如:glasses(眼

),shorts(短 ), mathematics(数学 ),physics(物理学 ), politics(政治学 )等。

② .有些复数形式的名表示特的意。如:papers(文件 ),manners(礼貌 ),goods(物 ),times(代 ),conditions(境;情况 )等。

③有些名在用中一定要用复数形式。如:make friends with(与??交朋友 ),shake hands with(与??握手 )等。

五、例题选讲

例 1There are in this river.

A. a great deal of fish B. a great number of fish

C. a great amount of fish D .huge amounts of fish

答案:B

提示:根据意填入多,而fish 是复数同形的可数名,如果要表示各

种各的可以用fishes 表示。 Fish 解肉是不可数名。本句表示

河里有多,只有 a great number of 修可数名。

例 2He has done many.

A.work B.job

C.works D .jobs

答案:D

提示:job 是可数名词,在many 后应填复数名词。work 作为“工作”是一个不可数名词。

例 3father is a doctor.

A.The twin ’s B.The twins’

C.The twin D .Twin ’ s

答案:B

提示:名词复数的所有格形式只需在词尾加“’”,不能再加“ -s’”。

例 4I take violin from Mr. Wang at school everyday.

A.lesson B.lessons

C.class D .course

答案:B

提示:在英语中有些名词常以复数形式出现,Lessons表示课程。

例 5There on the wall, they are very nice.

A.are photos B.are photoes

C.is a photo D .is photo

答案:A

提示:photo 的复数形式是加 -s。

例 6The police searching for a tall man with long hair.

A.is B.has been

C.had been D .are

答案:D

提示:police 代表整体,谓语要用复数。

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