中考化学真题分类汇编——原子的构成专题(含答案)

2019年中考化学真题分类汇编——原子的构成专题

1.（2019·益阳）影响元素化学性质的最主要因素是（）

A.原子的质子数

B.原子的电子层数

C.原子的最外层电子数

D.组成某种物质的原子个数 2.（2019·百色）下列粒子结构示意图中，表示阴离子的是（）

3.（2019·聊城）下列关于微观粒子说法不正确的是（）

A.分子的质量一定比原子的质量大

B.同种原子可以构成不同种分子

C.所有原子都由原子核和核外电子构成

D.原子得到或失去电子变成离子

4.（2019·常州）已知某氧原子的实际质量为mg ，其相对原子质量为16。有一种铕（Eu ）原子的相对原子质量为152，铕（Eu ）原子的质量为 A. B. C. D. 152m g 16152m 16152m g 12152m 12

5.（2019?临沂）与元素的化学性质关系最密切的是（）

A.元素的相对原子质量

B.原子的核外电子数

C.元素的核电荷数

D.原子的最外层电子数

6.（2019·岳阳）如图是两种粒子结构示意图，从图中获得的信息不正确的是（）

A.①和②的核外电子层数不同

B.②易得到6个电子形成稳定结构

C.②表示原子

D.①表示阴离子

7.（2019·成都）下列化学用语书写正确的是（）

A.4个N原子：2N2

B.铁离子：Fe2+

C.硫酸铝：Al2 (SO4)3

D.钠原子的结构示意图 :

8.（2019·乐山）科学家研究得到一种物质，其分子结构像一只小狗（如图），于是取名叫狗烯，狗烯的化学式为C26H26，下列关于狗烯的说法正确的是

A.狗烯的相对分子质量为338g

B.狗烯中碳元素和氢元素的质量分数相等

C.狗烯由26个碳原子和26个氢原子构成

D.狗烯在氧气中燃烧生成二氧化碳和水

9.（2019·自贡）下列说法正确的是

A.水变成水蒸气说明分子可以再分

B.八月丹桂飘香,说明分子在不停的运动

C.保持水的化学性质的最小粒子是氢原子和氧原子

D.400L氧气能压缩在40L的钢瓶中,说明分子的体积变小

10.（2019·济宁）关于分子、原子、离子的下列说法中，错误的是（）

A.分子、原子、离子都是在不断运动的粒子

B.分子是由原子构成的一种粒子

C.分子、原子、离子都是不显电性的粒子

D.分子、原子、离子都是构成物质的基本粒子

11.（2019·安徽）我国科学家最近成功合成了世界上首个全氮阴离子盐(化学式为

H25N34O3Cl),该物质是超高能材料，在航空航天上可做推进剂。下列有关该物质的说法正确是

A.属于有机物

B.由四种非金属元素组成

C.H25N34O3Cl中原子总数为62

D.氢、氮、氧、氯的原子个数比为1:7:8:17

12（2019·连云港）氟元素在元素周期表中的相关信息如下图所示。下列说法正确的是

A.氟属于金属元素

B.氟的原子序数是19

C.氟原子中质子数为9

D.氟原子中核外电子数是10

13.（2019·南京）下列原子结构示意图中，表示相对稳定结构的是

14.（2019·连云港）下列化学用语表示正确的是

A.高锰酸钾的化学式：K2MnO4

B.60个碳原子：C60

C.2个氯离子：2Cl-

D.Mg2+的结构示意图：

15.（2019·德州）下列化学用语书写正确的是（）

A.2个氮原子-N2

B.钙离子-Ca+2

C.氯化铁-FeCl2

D.氦气-He

16.（2019·南充）深海鱼油中的DHA(化学式为C22H32O2)是一种特殊的不饱和脂肪酸这种不饱和脂肪酸是大脑细胞形成、发育及运作不可缺少的物质基础。下列关于DHA相关说法中正确的是（）

A.DHA由56个原子构成

B.DHA中C、H、O三种元素的质量比为

11:16:1

C.DHA的相对分子质量为328g

D.DHA中氢元素和氧元素的质量分数相等

17.（2019·重庆）螃蟹作为美食已进入千家万户，蟹肉中的砷(As)元素以有机砷(C5H11AsO2)的形式少量存在，下列有关说法正确的是（）

A.C5H11AsO2由五种元素组成

B.C5H11AsO2中有一个氧分子

C.一个C5H11AsO2分子由19个原子构成

D.C5H11AsO2中碳、氢元素质量比为5:11

18.（2019·娄底）下列符号能表示两个氢原子的是

A.2H

B.2H2

C.H2

D.2H2O2

19.（2019·江西）考古学家通过测定碳14的含量等方法将人类生活在黄土高原的历史推前至距今212万年。碳14原子的核电荷数为6，相对原子质量为14，则该原子核外电子数为

A.6

B.8

C.14

D.20

20.（2019·巴中）下列结构示意图表示阳离子的是（）

21.（2019·天水）甲醛（CH2O）是一种无色、有刺激性气味的气体，对人体有害。不合格的家居用品或装修材料中常常含有甲醛，损害人体健康。下列说法正确的是（）

A.一个甲醛分子由4个原子构成

B.甲醛燃烧前后各元素的化合价不变

C.甲醛是氧化物

D.甲醛分子中的原子都由质子、中子和电子构成

22.（2019·鄂州）下列化学符号能表示2个氢原子的是（）

A.2H

B.H2

C.2H2

D.2H+

23. （2019·广州）某微粒M的结构示意图如下，关于该微粒的说法正确的是

A. M的原子易失电子

B.x只能为7

C. M为金属元素

D. x为8时，M为阴离子

24.（2019·怀化）下列粒子的结构示意图表示阳离子的是（）

25.（2019·深圳）钪（Kc）是一种“工业的维生素”。下图为钪在元素周期表中的相关信息及其原子的结构示意图。下列说法正确的是（）

A.钪属于非金属元素

B.钪的相对原子质量是 21

C.原子结构示意图中X = 10

D.钪原子核外有四个电子层

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