专业英语课外英译汉

专业英语课外英译汉
专业英语课外英译汉

Briefly ,air conditioning is necessary for the following reasons .Heat gains from sunlight and electric lighting ,in particular ,may cause unpleasantly high temperatures in rooms ,unless windows are opened .If windows are opened ,then even moderate wind speeds cause excessive draughts ,becoming worse on the upper floors of tall buildings.

简而言之,空调的原因有以下几点是必要的。特别是从阳光和电力照明,发热量,可能会导致令人不快的高温室,除非窗户啊的事。如果窗户是打开的,那么即使中等风速导致通风过度,变得更糟上高楼。

Further , if windows are opened ,noise and dirt enter and are objectionable ,becoming worse on the lower floors of buildings ,particularly in urban districts and industrial areas .In any case ,the relief provided by natural airflow through open windows is only effective for a depth of about 6 meters inward from the glazing.

此外,如果开窗户,噪音和灰尘进入和反感,越来越对建筑物的低层,特别是在城市区和工业区。在任何情况下,所提供的救济自然气流通过敞开的窗户只有有效的深度约6米的玻璃。

It follows that the inner areas of deep buildings will not really benefit at all from opened windows .Coupled with the need for high intensity continuous electric lighting in these core areas , the lack of adequate ventilation means a good deal of discomfort for the occupants .Mechanical ventilation without refrigeration is only a partial solution .

因此,深层建筑的内部区域将不会真正受益于所有打开的窗口,再加上高强度连续照明的需要,在这些核心领域,洛杉矶充足的通风方式对居住者有着很好的不适感,没有制冷的机械通风只是部分的解决方案。

It is true that it provides a controlled and uniform means of air distribution ,in place of the unsatisfactory results obtained with opened windows (the vagaries of wind ,again particularly with tall buildings , produce discontinuous natural ventilation ),but tolerable internal temperatures will prevail only during winter months .For much of the spring and autumn ,as well as the summer ,the internal room temperature will be several degrees higher than that outside ,and it will be necessary to open windows in order to augment the mechanical ventilation.

这是真实的,它提供了一个控制和空气分布均匀,在打开的窗口获得令人满意的结果的地方(风,变幻莫测又特别高建筑物,产生不连续的自然通风,但可以忍受的内部温度只在冬季,春季和秋季,以及夏天,实习生铝室的温度会比外部的高出几度,而且必须打开窗户以增加机械通风。

The essential feature of comfort conditioning is that it aims to produce an environment which is comfortable to the majority of the occupants .The ultimate in comfort can never be achieved , but the use of individual automatic control for individual rooms .

舒适性调节的本质特征是,它的目的是产生一个舒适的环境,对大多数的居住者,在舒适的最终无法实现,但每个人房间的个别自动控制。

简单地说,空调是必要的,原因如下。从阳光和照明电加热的收益,尤其是可能会导致令人不快的高温房间,除非窗户被打开。如果窗户被打开,那么即使是中等风速下会导致过多的草稿,成为对高层建筑的上部楼层差。

此外,如果窗户被打开,噪音和灰尘进入,是反感,在建筑物的楼层较低,特别是在城市地区和工业区。败坏在任何情况下,通过打开的窗口自然通风提供的救济是唯一有效的深度向内的玻璃约6米。

由此可见,深建筑物的内部区域不会真正从打开的窗户。再加上需要高强度连续电照明在这些核心领域受益可言,缺乏足够的通风是指一个很好的不适,为驾乘。机械通风不制冷是只能解决部分问题。

它是真实的,它提供空气分布的控制和统一的手段,在地方的结果不尽如人意打开的窗口得到的(风的反复无常,再次特别是高层建筑,生产不连续的自然通风),但可以容忍内部温度为准只在冬季,对于大部分的春,秋两季,以及夏季,内部室温会几度比外面高,这将是必要的,以增加机械通风开窗。

舒适性空调的基本特点是,它的目标是生产出舒适的大多数居住者的环境,舒适的终极永远无法实现的,而是使用单独的自动控制各个房间。

Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid motions manifest themselves in many different ways. Some can be described very easily, while others require a thorough understanding of physical laws. In engineering applications, it is important to describe the fluid motions as simply as can be justified. This usually depends on the required accuracy. Often, accuracies of ±10% are acceptable, although in some applications higher accuracies have to be achieved. The general equations of motion are very difficult to solve; consequently, it is the engineer's responsibility to know which simplifying assumptions can be made. This, of course, requires experience and, more important, an understanding of the physics involved.

Some common assumptions used to simplify a flow situation are related to fluid properties. For example, under certain conditions, the viscosity can affect the flow significantly; in others, viscous effects can be neglected greatly simplifying the equations without significantly altering the predictions. It is well known that the compressibility of a gas in motion should be taken into account if the velocities are very high. But compressibility effects do not have to be taken into account to predict wind forces on buildings or to predict any other physical quantity that is a direct effect of wind. After our study of fluid motions, the appropriate assumptions used should become more obvious. Here we introduce some important general approaches used to analyze fluid mechanics problems and give a brief overview of different types of flow

流体运动以许多不同的方式表现出来。有些人可以很容易地描述,而另一些人则需要彻底了解物理定律。在工程应用中,它是重要的描述的流体运动,只要简单地可以被证明是合理的。这通常取决于所需的精度。通常,在某些应用中,精度为10%是可以接受的,虽然在某些应用中更高的精度必须实现。一般的运动方程是很难解决的,因此,它是工程师的责任,知道可以简化的假设。这当然,需要的经验,更重要的是,了解物理涉及。

一些常见的假设,用于简化一个流动的情况与流体性质有关。例如,在一定条件下,粘度会影响流量显著;在其他条件下,粘性效应影响可以忽略不计,大大简化了方程组无明显改变的预测。这是众所周知的,在运动中的气体的可压缩性应考虑到如果钍速度非常高。但是,压缩性的影响并不需要考虑到预测建筑物的风力或预测任何其他的物理量,这是一个直接的影响钕。在我们研究流体运动后,适当的假设应该变得更加明显。在这里,我们介绍了一些重要的一般方法,用于分析流体力学问题,并给出不同类型流动的简要概述

基本流体力学

流体运动表现在许多不同的方式。有些可以很容易地被描述,而有些则需要透彻理解物理规律。在工程应用中,它描述流体运动那样简单,可以合理是很重要的。这通常取决于所要求的精度。通常,在±10%的精度是可以接受的,尽管在某些应用中更高的精度,必须实现。运动的一般方程是很难解决的,因此,它是工程师的责任知道哪些简化假设可制成。这样,当然,需要丰富的经验,而且更重要的是,所涉及的物理学的理解。

用于简化流状况的一些常见的假设都与流体性质。例如,在某些条件下,粘度可以显著影响流量,而在其他的粘性效应可以忽略不计大大简化了方程无显著改变的预测。这是众所周知的,一个气体中运动的压缩性,应考虑到,如果速度是非常高的。但压缩性效应不必加以考虑来预测风力对建筑物或预测任何其他物理量也就是风的直接效应。我们的流体运动的研究后,使用适当的假设应该更加明显。这里我们主要介绍用于分析流体力学问题,并提供不同类型的流量的简要概述了一些重要的一般方法

英译汉-文体翻译(1)新闻

第六单元文体翻译 第一节新闻报道 一、新闻翻译的特点 1、翻译讲求实效 2、可以适当增减 ?翻译:遵循翻译标准进行全文翻译。 ?编译:紧扣原作主题思想,从原作选取最有价值的内容,遵循篇章构建的一般规律,基本按照原作的时间先后顺序和逻辑关系组织行文,再按照翻译的一般原则,将其译成目的语的过程。(王涛2004) ?摘译:摘取一些认为重要的或者说传达了重要信息的段落和内容。(俞建村2001)(注意:必须完整地翻译抽取的内容。) ?参见教材第十章“翻译的类型” p135. 3、符合写作要求 (1)手法: ?以尽可能有趣的方式将一定事实展现出来。 (2)结构: ?编年史法(chronological method ): 依照事实发生先后按时间顺序叙述。 ?新闻导语法(news lead method ): 依照事实的重要性来铺陈、排列事实。 (3)语言: ?具体、准确、简明、通俗、生动。 4、内容力求准确 二、新闻的翻译 ?标题的翻译 ?电头的翻译 ?导语的翻译 ?正文的翻译 ?了解背景知识 例: US Missile Targets Iraqi Radar Site W ASHINGTON: A United States Air Force F-16 fighter plane fired a missile at an Iraqi radar site after the jet was tracked electronically while in the “no-fly” zone over southern Iraq, the Pentagon said yesterday. But the White House, explaining a long delay in announcing the strike, said it was unclear whether Iraqi radar has “locked on” to the plane on Saturday. A Pentagon spokesman said the F-16 returned safely to its base in Saudi Arabia. It was not immediately known if the Iraqi site was damaged. The spokesman, confirming the strike about 18 hours after it occurred, said an investigation was under way. Iraq denied any such incident had taken place. 美导弹击中伊拉克雷达基地 华盛顿电:五角大楼昨日宣称:一架美空军F-16战斗机在伊拉克南部禁飞区被电子跟踪后,向伊一雷达基地发射了导弹。 但是白宫在解释拖延很久才公布这次打击行动的原因时称:星期六时尚不清楚伊雷达是否已“锁定”了这架飞机。 五角大楼的一位发言人说,该F—16战斗机已安全返回设在沙特阿拉伯的基地,伊雷

土木工程专业英语翻译

a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge 一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂,形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础,制约武器被称为锚武器/因此,在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩,有四个悬臂式武器,这两者之间跨越的障碍,和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍,因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要,桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥 steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads 钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常,结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张,而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节,是静定,没有携带混合负载的成员,因此 prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons 预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面,这些都是再加入了一根针,通常在迫使工会点外,当插孔删除,并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥,这种不支持的建设,才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力,通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法 an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today 在拱桥桥台的桥梁,是一个在一个弧形拱状,每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推

(完整word版)英语专业翻译实践报告

实践报告 这周是英语专业的翻译实践周,这次的专业实习让我受益匪浅,收获颇多。专业实习的主要目的是要培养我们理论联系实际,综合运用所学基础知识、基本理论和技能,独立分析、解决问题的能力。在大学的第三学年,实习是一个很重要的环节,对我们以后的工作实习也有一定的帮助。所以,我们要端正态度,认真对待这次的专业实习。 我们的主要任务是进行英译汉和汉译英的翻译实践,为此在实践的过程中,我总结了四种必备的翻译工具:一是灵格斯翻译工具,里面可安装各式的词典;二是百度搜索工具;三是有道词典;四是英汉词典;五是汉英词典。翻译的过程如下:首先可以现在灵格斯里查询不懂的单词和词组,寻找最符合原文的解释。然后采取同时在百度和有道词典搜索的做法,并对同种搜索工具搜索结果进行比较。他们有着各自的优缺点。所以我们最后用到的就是英汉和汉英辞典,可以对我们翻译之中的词汇,进行最后的确认,确定出最最准确的译法。 在翻译过程中也遇到到了一些困难,这说明在漫漫的英语学习过程中我还要继续努力。学如逆水行舟,不进则退,只要每天我认真学习,那就是一种进步。人生总归会有许多挫折,但我们若不跨过这道坎,就不会有进步,滞留不前。我们要用有限的生命创造无限的价值,勇敢面对每一个挑战。 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地表达出来的语言行为。当然纸上谈兵是无稽之谈,光有理论知识而不实践操作也是没有用的。有位翻译家这么说过,“学翻译犹如学游泳。只在岸边看别人游,或只听教练讲解,是学不会的。”所以要想提高自己的翻译能力,一定要通过实践。实践可以分为两类,直接的实践和间接的实践。 所谓直接的实践,就是自己亲身参加的实践,也就是自己动手翻译。一回生,二回熟,日积月累,第一手经验多了,做起来得心应手,翻译能力有所提高。所谓“熟能生巧”,就是这个道理。但自己能译的东西是有限的,从这种实践中得出的经验也是有限的。因此,还需要借助于间接的实践。 所谓间接的实践,就是研究别人的译文。比如,一篇文章在手,准备翻译,这时先找一些有关的资料或同类文章的译文看一看,在词语和风格方面定会有所借鉴。别人的译文是别人直接实践的产物,看了别人的译文,就是从事间接实践。

土木工程专业英语原文及翻译

土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号:[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth,the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections. In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface.The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil,giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface.The problem is considered in two dimensions,conditions of plane strain being assumed.It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface. Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress,covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction.Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis.In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O,radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength.Equating moments about O:

各专业的英文翻译

中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务,为您成功考研提供一切帮助。 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学(含税收学)Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学(含保险学)Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence

英译汉翻译法

英译汉中的反译法 在英译汉过程中,我们常常遇到这样一种情况,即原词所表达的并不是其字面意义,而是其字面意义的反义,或者说是对其字面意义的否定,可这种否定又往往不出现否定词,这种情况并不很少,给翻译工作带来很大的麻烦。 下面是常见的两个词组,请注意它们的汉语意思: ①riot police防暴警察(即anti-riot police,而不是暴乱的警察) ②crisis law反危机法案(即anti-crisis law) 这两个词组的翻译采用的就是反译法,译文都是其字面意辽的否定或反义,这样既表达了原文的真正含义,又符合汉语的表达习惯,使人一看就懂。 另外,英文报刊文章标题的翻译有时也采用反译法。如《中国日报》China Daily)1995年1月16日头版刊登一则新闻,题目是Inflation is target of bank’s new policy,主要说的是银行在1995年将来取有力措施制止通货膨胀。但题目的字面意思恰恰相反。因此我们在翻译时必须把inflation看成是anti-inflation,使之文题一致。这样的标题在英文报刊中比较常见,目的是为简练及醒目,我们在翻译时要格外注意,切勿望文生义。 再让我们来看看下面的例子: (1)Sidney Simon called the college grading system“archaic,prescientific,bureaucratic invention,",and“about as accurate as police estimates of crowds of peace marches.” 如果按字面翻译,这句话是这样的: 西德尼·西蒙称这种大学评级制度“是过时的,缺乏科学验证”,而且还是“官僚主义的产物”而且“简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样准确。” 既然前面已说了这个评级制度“过时无用,缺乏科学验证”,而且还是“官僚主义的产物”,后面又怎么能说它“准确”呢?这显然自相矛盾,西蒙所表达的真正含义绝非如此。 以上译文,忽略了说话人的语气。其实,西蒙是在抨击大学评级制度。他说话时,前面直接用了archaic,prescientific和bureaucratic几个贬义词,而后面的褒义词accurate实际上是一个反语。因为我们知道,警察在估计示威人数时只能说出大概,往往和实际人数出入很大,极不准确。所以说话人所表达的真正含义是not accurate,或inaccurate。这样,可理解成about as inaccurate,as police estimates of crowds of peace marches,译成汉语就是:“简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样不准确。”也就是把accurate反过来译,即反译。 以上例句是通过分析说话人的语气来采用反译法正确表达语义的。有的句子前面所表达的意思是否定的,但根据这个意思得出来的结论却是肯定的。为了使其真正含义不至于前后矛盾,我们也采取反译后面结论的方法。

英译汉篇章翻译2

英译汉篇章翻译练习(2) Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegances. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting. When a neighbor?s dismally unattractive daughter announced her engagement, Imelda remarked, “You know what they say, Senora: …There?s no pot so ugly it can?t find a lid.?” And when her son-in-law blustered about how he was going to get even with the boss who had docked his pay, Imelda fixed him with a cold eye and said, “Little fish does not eat big fish.” One afternoon, I heard Imelda and her daughter arguing in the kitchen. Her daughter had quarreled with her husband?s parents, and Imelda was in sisting that she apologized to them. Her daughter objected. “But, Mama, I just can?t swallow them, not even with honey. They talk so big until we need something; then they?re too poor. So today when they wouldn?t even lend us enough to pay for a new bed, a ll I did was say something that I?ve heard you say a hundred times: …If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?” “Impertinent!” snorted Imelda. “Have I not also taught you, …What the tongue says, the neck pays for?? I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. And before you go to beg their pardon, change those trousers for a dress. You know how your mother-in-law feels about pants on a woman. She always says, …What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!” Her daughter made one more try. “But Mama, you often say, …If the saint is annoyed, don?t pray to him until he gets over it.? Can?t I leave it for tomorrow?” “No, no and no! Remember: …If the dose is nasty, swallow it fast.? You know, my child, you did wrong. But, …A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.? I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora?s dinner, I will explain to the Senora. Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. By the time you get back, I will have the cake ready for you to take to your mother-in-law. She will be so pleased that she may make your father-in-law pay for the bed. Remember: …One hand washes the other, but together they wash the face.?”

英语专业英译汉

Chinese-English Translation Course Unit One Error Analysis: Part One On the test paper I. Choose the one which is proper and idiomatic . 1. Our home, once full of laughters, now deafens us with its silence. 译文A: 我们的家,曾经充满了欢声笑语,现在却充满了令人震耳欲聋的沉寂。 译文B: 我们的家,曾经充满了欢声笑语,现在却十分安静。 2. There are few of us but admire his courage. 译文A: 我们人人都佩服他的勇气。 译文B: 我们中很少有人佩服他的勇气。 3. All cities did not look like as they do today. 译文A: 在过去,城市面貌并不都像今天这样千篇一律。 译文B: 过去,城市面貌与现在完全不同。 4. To starve oneself emotionally is a mistake. 译文A: 不满足自己感情上的需要是一种错误。 译文B: 使自己的感情挨饥受饿是一种错误。 5.The boss’s girl Friday called me. 译文A: 老板的女儿星期五打电话给我了。 译文B: 老板的女秘书打电话给我了 6. Marriage bed is full of roses and thorns. 译文A: 婚姻总是有苦有甜。 译文B: 婚姻的花坛里既长鲜花也生荆棘。 7. I never go past that kindergarten but think of my happy childhood there. 译文A: 每当我走过那所幼儿园,我就回想起在那里度过的幸福童年。 译文B: 尽管我从未经过那所幼儿园,但是我回想起在那里度过的幸福童年 8. And soon over the whole surface of the marsh, a great cloud of birds hung screaming and circling in the air. 译文A: 很快就有一块乌云似的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着,盘旋着。 译文B: 很快就有黑压压的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着,盘旋着。 9. SS guards then shoved each prisoner in the direction the doctor had indicated. 译文A: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着被监禁者。 译文B: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着犯人。 10. Thus it was that our little romantic friend formed visions of the future for herself. 译文A: 我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想,憧憬着美丽的未来。 译文B: 我们浪漫的小朋友憧憬着美好的未来。 II. Improve the Chinese version. 1. He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair. 译文:他又皱又黑,头发灰白稀疏。 2. Wall Street is a dog-eat-dog place. 译文:华尔街是个狗咬狗的地方。 3. All freely falling bodies descend from the same height in equal time. 译文:一切自由降落的物体,从同样的高度,以相等的时间下降。 4. Why waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwilling ear? 译文:为什么对他们浪费口舌呢?他们又不愿意听。 5. We have plenty of company in the way of wagonloads and mule-loads of tourists — and dust. 译文:跟我们做伴的人真不少,有乘马车的,有骑骡子的——一路尘土飞扬。 6. His speech leaves no room to improvement. 译文:他的演讲没有改进的余地。 7. He thought, not very vividly, of his father and mother. 译文:他并不是很鲜明地想到了他的爸爸和妈妈。 8. Casualties were taken to several hospitals in southwestern Georgia, some of which operated on backup generators. 译文:伤亡人员被送往佐治亚州西南部的几所医院里,其中一些伤者在备用发电机的帮助下动了手术。 9. To cure his patients, he relied on a palette of remedies that included modern science, folk medicine and plain common sense. 译文:为了治疗患者,他运用了调色板方法,其中包括现代科技、民间药物和自己的直觉。

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

《翻译英译汉》word版

翻译——英译汉 英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。 一、翻译技巧一 一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。 (一)重点分析句子结构 其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和 一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: 1. to be句型: 主语 + be + 表语 Miss Jones is a manager. 琼斯小姐是位经理。 2. to do句型: 主语 + do + (宾语) + (状语) He teaches English in this school. 他在这所学校教英语。 3. there be句型: There be + 主语 + 状语 There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills. 山中有美丽的野花。 (二)确定语法现象和惯用结构 英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、 同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如: ?Anyone who is interested in it can go with us. 对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone) ?The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important. 昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem) ?You could have done better if you had been more careful. 要是细心一点的话,你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) ?Hardly had I said that when she entered the room. 我刚说完,她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语I之前 ) ?It was not until last night that I noticed this matter. 直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其 余成分)

土木工程专业英语课后翻译参考(二班)

专业英语课后翻译参考 Unit1 2、词组翻译 (1)受弯构件(2)临界屈曲荷载(3)长细比 (4)短柱(5)折减模量 (6)effective length (7)residual stress (8)trial and error approach (9)radius of gyration (10)tangent modulus 3、英译汉 (1)This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable. 在现实中,这种理想状态从来没有达到,然而,一些荷载偏心是不可避免的 (2)In many instances the members are aslo called upon to resist bending, and in these cases the member is a beam-column. 在许多情况下,需要构件能够抵抗弯矩,并在这些情况下,构件是梁柱。 (3)If the member is so slender that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit---that is, the member is still elastic---the critical buckling load is given by Q. 如果该构件是是细长,则在屈曲前应力就低于比例限制---也就是说,该构件仍然是弹性---由公式Q 给出该临界屈曲荷载。

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

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