汉英语言差异与汉英翻译的论文

汉英语言差异与汉英翻译的论文
汉英语言差异与汉英翻译的论文

汉英语言差异与汉英翻译的论文

摘要:翻译的本质是不同思维形式的转换,思维的方式决定着语言的表达形式;东西方不同的思维方式必然影响英汉语不同的表达方式,因此,在翻译过程中,必须按照译入语民族思维方式的特点,调整语句结构,以符合译入语的表达习惯,本文试图从英汉两种语言的不同的句式结构和语言表达形式为出发点,探讨英汉翻译的一些规律和技巧。

关键词:思维;语言形式;句子结构;翻译

翻译是文化交际的桥梁。不同的国家、民族之间不同文化的交流和渗透,都离不开翻译活动。翻译活动不仅是一种语言活动,更是一种思维活动。

不同民族由于历史、生态、宗教、民情、习俗的不同。

对于同一思维对象或内容的思维角度就不尽一致,从而在语言上采用不同的表达形式。因此不同民族在语言表达上存在着明显的差异。英汉句子结构的差异和表达习惯的不同反映了东西方两个民族思维方式和文化心理结构的不同。因此,在翻译过程中,必须按照译入语民族思维方式的特点,调整语句结构,以符合译入语的表达习惯来表达。

一、调整句子结构

东西方民族各有各的思维形式,西方民族的思维形式是重在分析,这种思维形式使西方人惯于“由一列多”的思维,句子结构以主语和谓语为核心,统摄各种短语和从句,由主列次、递相迭加、结构复杂,但形散而意合,形成了“树杈形”的句式结构,而东方民族思维形式是重在综合,这种思维形式使中国人注重整体和和谐,强调“从多而一”的思维形式,句子结构以动词为中心,以时间顺序为语序链,形成“流水型”的句式结构。我国学者吕叔湘先生曾对汉语句子结构作过分析,他指出:“汉语里持多流水句,一个子句接一个子句,很多地方可断可连,汉语的这种流水句式,用节节短句逐点交待,把问题层层展开,这使得在表达相同内容上,汉语句子在数量上往往多于英汉句子,因此翻译时,汉语的几个短句往往可以译成一个由英语关联词及各种短语联接在一起的一个英语长句。如:

(1) 近读华君武一幅题为“谨防”的漫画,画面上两个人骑着装满良心的三轮车,车上插着“收购良心”、“方式价格面议”的广告牌。

a couple of days ago , i came across a piece of hua’s caricature with a title“ be cautious”on which two menare riding a tricycl e with a fall load of“ conscious”and aboard which says“ purchase conscience , for particulars ,negotiate face to face”.

(2) 眼下,咱只盼着有关部门对“工薪族”们作一个详细的调查,对我们的收入心里有个数,别出来个咱累死也够不着的房价。

now , i am expecting the departments concerned tosurvey on us“ the salaried”, so as to gain a clear under2standing of our income and abandon such a high price wecan’t afford even if we toil to death.

(3) 当今一些经济大案,立案查处,成绩卓然,群众拍手称快。

nowadays , the public is clapping their hands in ap2plause for the great achievement we have made in placingcases on file for investigation and prosecution concerningsome serious economic cases.

(4) 珠海不向洋老板下跪的青年孙天帅,上海为? 1995-2004 tsinghua tongfang optical disc co., ltd. all rights reserved.

不买假货而自动失业的刘女士,天津拒绝不良软件集体辞职的四青年,最近成了新闻人物。

mr. , shuntianshuai , the young farmer working inzhuhai who refused to knee down to his iss liu in shang2hai who quitted her job for refusing to sell fake goods , thefour young men in tianjin

who resigned together for un2willing to program sinister softwares , all became news2maker.

从以上几个汉译英句子来看,多个汉语短句在一起被译成了一个由英语关联词及各种短语联接在一起的一个英语长句。从以上几个汉译英句子来看,汉语句子以动词为关键词,以时间顺序为语序链;而英语句子则以主要动词为谓语,以分词、介词、不定式、动名词或介词等短语(或从句) ,表示汉语中相应动词的语义和动作的先后顺序,因此,在汉英翻译时,句子结构调整是必要的。

二、调整句子重心

东方民族“从众归一”的思维方式往往将句子的次要语义部分放在句首,而将语义重心放在句子的末尾,这也就是现代汉语中的偏正复句,一般语序是偏句在前,正句在后,偏句相当于英语的修饰性句子的语义重心放在句子的开头,所以汉译英词,通常将汉语“偏前后正”的常位语序调整为“主前从后”的语序,如:

(1) 早在古代,我们就有“渴死不饮盗泉之水,饿死不受嗟来之食”的志士勇夫。

early in ancient china , there were noble - mindedpeople who would die of their thirsty rather than drink wa2ter from stealth - spring , who would die of hanger ratherthan eat food handed out in contempt .

(2) 有忠于职守,廉洁自律,为人称颂的“好官”,也有贪赃枉法,胡作非为的贪官,还有大事不理,小事纠缠的糊涂官,当然也少不了吃喝玩乐的逍遥官、风流官。

some are widely praised good officials for their self- discipline and devotion to their official duties. someare ill - behaved officials breaking the law for bribes ,some are muddle headed officials lingering over trifles in2stead of important issues of course , there are also amorousofficials indulging in pleasure - seeking , addicting to sen2sual pleasure.

(3) 为了恪守良心,保全人格,为了民族气节,国家尊严,居然炒了老板的“鱿鱼”,砸了自己的饭碗,得到社会各界普遍称颂。

all of them are common people who have been wide2ly praised by people of all walks of life for their unusualdeeds ———they went so far as to say good - bye to theirbosses , therefore lost their jobs for sake of conscience ,personality and national integrity and dignity.

以上各句在汉译英时都根据英语的句子结构对表达语义重心的部分进行了调整,前移了句子重心,这样译文更符合英文的表达习惯。

三、转换视点

中国文化以人文为中心,是一种人本文化,即以人为中心来观察、分析、推理和研究事物思维方式。

西方文化则以物本为主体,以自然为本位。比较偏重于对客体的研究和观察,习惯于本体思维的

如:

(1) 不久前我看到一则房地产广告,题目赫然是“工薪族的理想家居”。

before long , an estate advertisement entitled“ dre2amland for the salaried”caught my eyes.

(2) 如今满大街都能看到为“工薪族”们提供的商品及服务。

nowadays , the commodities and services for the sal2aried men are available everywhere.

(3) 全国人民所渴望的政治协商会议现在开幕了。

the political consultative conference so eagerlyawaited by the whole nation is herewith inaugurated.

(4) (他们) 结婚六年没有儿子,然而妻子却出人意料地给丈夫生了一对双胞胎。

after six years of married childlessness , the fatherwas suddenly presented by his wife with a pair of twins.

四、增减词量

(一) 增词

1. 英语是一种形和重于意和的语言,它主要借助语言手段(词汇,句型,语法等) 来实现语言的连接。在英语中,语法关系、时态、语态、数都很清楚。

而汉语是一种意和重于形和的语言,它不是依靠语言手段,而是靠意义上的连贯来实现的。因此,汉语在转化成英语时,补益是不可少的。

枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马,o’er old trees wreathed with rotten vine fly eveningcrows ;

’neath tiny bridge beside a cot a clear streamflows ;

on ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes ;

汉语连续用了九个名词,九个名词就把萧瑟凄凉之景,空旷冷落之感在这九个名词中凸现而出,悠然而生,生动具体地抒发出作者当时的情绪和心境,没有任何的赘词冗语。渊冲先生的译文根据英语句法结构,增添了冠词,介词和动词,原句中的九个名词改换成了三个完整的逻辑语句. 只有这样才更符合英语的表达习惯。

2. 翻译是一种跨文化的语系转换活动,对于某些民族色彩词语要有充分的理解,在理解的基础上,对词义做必要的解释,以便译入语读者理解。如:

(1) 30 万,一个真正的“工薪族”一年就算勒紧裤腰带攒下一万元,也要30 年。

30 ,000 yuan , it will take30 years for a genuinemember of the salaried , even if he lives frugally all theyear round.

(2) 故五行无常胜,四时无常主,日有短长,月有死生。

the five elements : water , fire , wood , metal , earth ,are not always equally predominantthe four seasonsmake away for each other in turn. there are short daysand longthe moon has its periods of waning and waxing(二) 减词汉语为了句子结构平衡,增强语气,强化音韵,常使用重复,对仗等修辞手法,因此句子词或词组复式含义相同的词组重复使用现象较多见,而英译时只需译上其主要意思。如:

(1) 天帅们的品行仍折射出一脉相承的中华传统美德。

nowadays , what mr. sun and his likes have doneembodies the same chinese traditional virtues and moralintegrity and noble character.

(2) 起初,我弄不明白,良心不能吃、不能穿、不能用、不能玩,没有使用价值,怎么能当商品交易?how can conscience be dealt as merchandise , which is not practical .

(3) 我们说,长征是历史上的第一次,长征是宣传书,长征是宣传队,长征是播种机。

we answer that the long march is the first of itskind in the annals of history , that it is a manifesto , apropaganda force , a seeding - machine.

(4) 差不多二十年了,深入、生活在贫困线以下或温饱问题还没有解决的人口仍有百万。

several million of people have lived near or belowthe breadline for almost two decades.

根据英汉不同语气的句子结构特点和表达习惯,采取一些必要的手段来调整语句,在翻译当中是必要的,因此,只有了解汉英两种语言的不同,语言表达形式,才能在汉译英时,以符合英语的表达式翻译。

参考文献:

[1 ]古今明. 英汉翻译基础[m] . 上海外语教育出版社,1997.

[2 ]邵志洪. 英汉语研究对比[m] . 华东理工大学出版社,1997.

[3 ]杨自俭,刘学云. 翻译新论[m] . 湖北教育出版社,1999.

[4 ]思果. 翻译研究[m] .

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https://www.360docs.net/doc/352716607.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world

英汉语言对比与翻译2

幻灯片1 课后练习 ●blue films ●bluebottle ●Greenfly ●common criminal ●common informer ●hard labor ●free love ●blue-eyed boy ●bluestocking 幻灯片2 参考翻译 ●blue films 蓝色电影(×) ●淫秽电影(√) ●bluebottle 蓝瓶子(×) ●绿头苍蝇(√) ●greenfly 绿苍蝇(×) ●蚜虫(√) ●common criminal 普通罪犯(×) ●臭名昭著的罪犯(√) ●common informer 一般的告密者(×) ●职业告密者(√) 幻灯片3 参考翻译 ●hard labor 艰苦的劳动(×) ●(监禁)苦役(√) ●free love 自由恋爱(×) ●(无婚约的)自由性爱(√) ●blue-eyed boy 蓝眼睛男孩(×) ●宠儿(√) ●blue sky research/thinking 蓝天研究/思维(×) ●天马行空式的(√) 幻灯片4 翻译的原则与标准

1. 支谦与《法句经序》(229年) “天竺言语,与汉异音。云其书为天书,语为天语,名物不同,传实不易。” 开篇即强调了佛经翻译之难,即语言不同,语境不同,名物不同,翻译起来确实不易。幻灯片5 翻译的原则与标准 2. 道安与“五失本,三不易” 源自其在公元382年所作 《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》 译胡为秦,有五失本也。 一者,胡语尽倒,而使从秦,一失本也。 二者,胡经尚质,秦人好文,传可众心,非文不合,斯二失本也。 幻灯片6 翻译的原则与标准 三者,经委悉,至于叹咏,叮咛反复,或三或四,不嫌其烦,而今裁斥,三失本也。 四者,胡有义说,正似乱辞,寻说向语,文无以异,或千五百,刈而不存,四失本也。 五者,事已全成,将更傍及,反腾前辞,已乃后说,而悉除此,五失本也。 幻灯片7 ●“五失本”是: ●一、佛经词序多是颠倒的,汉译时改从汉语语法,容易失本; ●二、佛经文字质朴,而汉人喜欢文采,为适合汉语读者,译文作了润饰,容易失本; ●三、佛经的论述,往往不厌其烦,颂文更是翻三覆四,翻译时删繁就简,容易失本; 幻灯片8 ●四、佛经有“义说”(长行之后,另加的偈颂复述)类似汉人韵文后的“乱辞”(总结),

英汉翻译学期论文

英汉翻译学期论文 国际商务中信用证翻译特点及策略学期论文题目: __ 指导教师: 学号: 姓名: 外国语学院(部)英语专业2012 届 2012年4月16日

Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business By Submitted to School of Foreign Languages in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Term Paper For English-Chinese Translation at Under the Supervision of

Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business ABSTRACT Payment in international trade is crucial for both the seller and the buyer. With the development of international trade, Letters of Credit payment gradually came into being as banks and financial institutions were involved in international trade settlement. With the help of this method of payment, the payment responsibility of the importer is transferred to bank to ensure the safety, as a result, the rapid payment is received by the seller, and meanwhile, the regular shipping documents are given to the buyer conveniently. Therefore, with the benefit of Letters of Credit, the distrust contradiction between the seller and the buyer is solved to a certain extent. Nowadays, payment by Letters of Credit has become the widely adopted method. Letters of Credit English for specific purposes has its own unique vocabulary features. This paper summarizes characteristics of its translation from the credit classification, use of the process, and starting letter words in English, and explores the English translation strategy. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter probes into the definition of the Letter of Credit, its classification and its use process in international trade; the second describes the characteristics and common errors of the credit translation; The last one is the focus of this article, discussing Letters of Credit translation strategy based on these two chapters, from the perspective of the translation Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence etc. Keywords: Letters of Credit Translation; characteristics; strategies; Functional Theory

论文中英文翻译

An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and Humorous Effects in Friend s 合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应 Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor. 幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象,这是多方面的,复杂和无孔不入的。所以,在任何时候,在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。 The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor. 显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前,人们对幽默开始研究,然而,这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务,理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科,包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外,幽默有不同的原因和目的,人们可能希望有点大男子主义,随机应变,似乎是聪明,解决问题,使一个临界点,加强治疗,或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。 Within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. Meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. One of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the

中英文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日

Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept:we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system

英汉语言对比与翻译作业

英汉语言对比与翻译作业 1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 翻译:认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 翻译:他有一种令人不安的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。 3.While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译:(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。六月的一天早上,天气晴朗。契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具,一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子,赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。(萨克雷)

英汉对比与翻译期末论文 (2)

英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]:本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比,并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求,从而得知,词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文:英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时,即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法,还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈,这个障碍往往是由词汇,甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如:“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同,同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”,译文显得晦涩难懂;当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义,并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思,那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”,“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美,同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩;所以,我们将其转化,将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组,意为“对……完全陌生”,这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”,这样的搭配显得协调,不但译出了源语言想表达的意思,“疏离”这一

语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律,即词性转换。世界上的语言,不管其各有多少词类,名词和动词都占最大的比例;不管有多少句型,都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说,汉语呈动态特征,英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上,汉语的动态表现为:汉语的动词丰富,使用频率高;而英语中,名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培(2003:390)统计显示截选如下:(1)“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% (2)“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明,若要在英汉互译中,若要翻译出地道的T arget Text,就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时,根据需要将英文中的名词,介词等

论文外文翻译

Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that

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