2017年考研英语阅读8类题型解题思路(终稿)

2017年考研英语阅读8类题型解题思路

英语阅读理解分值占比40%的，得阅读者得英语不是说说而已。而要拿下阅读，必须要掌握做题的方法和技巧，下文中将重点谈谈针对不同的题型的解题思路，2017考研必看！

一.细节题

1、题干上有五个W一个H提问。

2、题干中明确会提到的时间、地点、人物或者事物等细节信息。

3、有可能针对文章中的一句话或者几句话发问。

4、题干和选项有可能考察一种因果关系。

5、解题关键：返回原文，准确定位。

做题依据一定要紧扣文章本身，要注意返回原文找答案：

1、可以根据题干所列的地点、时间、人物、事物返回原文。

2、根据出题的顺序返回原文。

3、根据题干中或四个选项中的重点词或同义词返回原文。

4、通过长难句返回原文。

【真题例题】

2001年Passage 1

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity.

54. The direct reason for specialization is _________。

[A]the development in communication

[B]the growth of professionalization

[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge

[D]the splitting up of academic societies

该题考察的是实行专业化的直接因素是什么，根据本文第一句即可找到答案C为正确选项，其中“as a response to”即表示的是因果关系。

二.句子理解题

1、标志：题干中明确指出是原文中的某句话。

2、步骤：

(1)重点是返回原文，对该句子进行精准解析，正确理解句子的深刻含义(不能推)。若句

子没有有价值信息或者都不懂，可以看一下前后句来综合判断。

(2)若该句话的含义不能确定，则适当依据上下文进行判断。局部含义有整体含义决定。

(3)一般来说，选项中的正确答案与原句是同义关系，只不过用其他短语表达。

3、错误选项特征：推的过远，做题时注意把握理解度。

4、正确选项不包含过于绝对化的词语。

【真题例题】

2008年Passage 1

Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.”Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”

24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that

[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.

[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.

[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.

[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.

解析：原句可能很多同学不太能理解，此时看一下前面的句子。文章倒数第二句话说Alvarez 是单身母亲，面临很大的生存压力，需要照顾十多岁的孩子，付房租，支付用车花销，偿还贷款等，选项中只有B项中所指的她的薪水几乎不能满足日常生活开销符合文意。

三. 主旨大意题

1、标志：best title，main idea，main problem，conclusion，mainly discuss，mainly deal with或者问作者的写作目的purpose, the author intends to do sth. a digest of，利用宏观阅读技巧作主旨题，不管是出现在什么位置，都把他作为最后一题来做。

2、方法：

(1)段落少，用串线法。

(2)快速作文法：两个选项难以分辨的时候，用这两个选项做作文，快速给出提纲。

3、选项不能选择局部信息，也不能选范围过宽的信息。

【真题例题】

2009年Text 2

It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom—or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for a paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore—and another $120 to get the results.

……

Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person’s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

26. In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s

27. PTK is used to

28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to

29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is

30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be

[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing

[B] DNA Testing and Its Problems

[C] DNA Testing Outside the Lab

[D] Lies Behind DNA Testing

【解析】

首先判断出30题是主旨题。读完五道题题干，我们可以从28题题干中“testing fails to”以及29题题干中的“a problem…testing faces”可以看出，两道题题干中重复出现了“testing”，而“fails to”(失败之处) 和“a problem”(问题)所表达的语义相近，都可以指问题所在。因此，“testing”和“问题”搜是本文的中心词。因此本篇文章作者主要讨论的应该跟基因测试以及其出现的问题，由此再看四个选项只有B选项涵盖了两个中心词的意思。答案应该是B选项。

四. 态度题

1、标志：题干中出现attitude ，believe ，consider，deem，regard，deem

2、作者态度可以分为三大类：

(1)正态度：支持，乐观，赞同

(2)客观、中立、公正

(3)反对、批评、怀疑

3、等价选项都不选

4、有些选项一定不是正确答案(永陪选项)：indifferent(漠不关心);subjective(主观的);biased(有偏见的);puzzled(迷惑不解的)

5、识别作者态度：

方法一：可以根据作者论述的主线及举例的方式进行判断。

方法二：当作者态度没有明确提出时，找文章中有褒贬含义、含有感情色彩的词。

特别注意作者的态度一般与文章中心相联系。做题时不要把自己的态度纳入其中，而且要注意区分作者的态度和作者引用别人的态度。

态度题新趋势

1、现在题目的考察不仅仅局限于作者的态度，也开始考察文章中某人的观点和态度，做题时特别应该注意看清楚题目考察的是谁对谁的态度。

2、选项可能不在是态度明确的肯定或者否定的词，而是改为带有程度限制的词语，带有如下词语的选项往往是正确的：guarded(慎重的)，qualified(有条件的)，tempered(缓和的)，因为带有保留态度的观点比较客观，一般带有绝对化或者过于强烈的词的选项必然是错误的，如：strongly，completely，entirely。

【真题例题】

It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”

The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia-- where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.

Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off”period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,”he says.

54、The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.

[A] opposition

[B] suspicion

[C] approval

[D] indifference

【解析】

我们通过阅读该文，不难发现文章首段记述了安乐死法案通过以及当时在全球引起的反响，首段作者使用“it is world history”，来表达他对该事件的态度，认为它意义重大紧接着在第二段，作者首先讨论世人对此态度不一，但是作者通过转折，指出这个潮流不太可能被逆转了。第三段，作者用一个肺癌病人为例，该病人认为安乐死法案的通过意味着自己可以平静地度过最后的时光，不用担心临死前要遭受的折磨。很明显这个事例是认识安乐死法案的通过是一件好事。那么文章就作者的态度命题，答案肯定是approval。

五. 推理题

1、标志：往往出现infer，imply，learn

2、解题关键：

(1)绝大多数推理题答案是文章中心或原文某句话的同义表达。正确答案与原文之间基本上不存在推理关系。

(2)做题时看是否可以通过题干返回原文，或者依据选项返回原文，一般围绕文章中的一两个重点句进行思考，特别注意文章中含义深刻或者结构复杂的句子。因为对作者所表达的意思不能一下子理解的长难句是命题所在。

尤其注意：做题时不能想的太多，推的太远，是否能把原文看懂才是关键。

【真题举例】

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single–mom Sandra Bullock，as well as the usual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom，or mom-to-be，smiling on the newsstands.

【问题】

We learn from Paragraph 2 that

A. celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip。

B. single mothers with babies deserve greater attention。

C. news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining。

D. having children is highly valued by the public。

【解析】A是not given选项，原文并没有对这个事实作出判断；B这个选项也是not given 选项，原文也没有得出结论；C这个选项本身是正确的，从各大报纸选取名人怀孕的新闻就可见这个新闻的娱乐性，但是D却是和文章主题相关的选项，被视为最佳选项，因此这个题目最后的入选选项为D而不是C。

六. 例证题

1、标志：example，exemplify，illustration，demonstration

2、解题关键：不在于是否看懂了例子，而在于是否找到了例子所支持的观点。

3、步骤：

(1)返回原文，找出该例子支持的观点。80%向上，20%向下。

(2)在四个选项中寻找与找到的论点表达最一致、意思最接近的一个。

注意：有时候例证题所支持的观点需要归纳总结。

4、错误答案的论述方式：混淆论点与论据;列举无关常识。

【真题解析】

In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.

That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.

George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to.

[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past.

[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.

[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.

[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.

题型识别：例证题

题干定位：根据George Washington’s dental surgery定位到第一段。

思路解析：例证题是为观点服务的，第一段只有具体的事实表述，并没有观点，所以第二段开头的句子就很重要了。

选项分析：[D]第一段说了一个不被大多数人所知道的事实，正是呼应第二段开头的这个观点，故为正解。[C]是根据第二段第二句所设置的干扰选项。排除它有两个方法：（1）选项中出现的是role of slaves，而原文中出现的是roles slavery played，已经偷换概念了。（2）but之后的观点就该和之前的观点不同了，例子也应该是为but前的观点服务的，而不是为but后的观点服务的。[B]自我总结的主观臆断选项，不否认这里能看出很残忍，但是这个例子不是为说明残忍而写的。[A]也同样，为自我总结的主观臆断选项。

七. 判断题

1、标志：which of the following statement is not true? All of the following is true except...

2、思路：

(1)首先判断是三对一错还是三错一对，所谓对是符合原文或者符合作者态度的。所谓错是指原文有矛盾或者原文未提及的概念，或者与作者态度相反的内容。

(2)每个选项力争返回原文，与原文信息进行一一比较排除。

(3)注意这种题目的选项，有时候会集中于某段的信息或者各具一些共同特征，所以做题时可以先对比一下四个选项，找出其中可能存在的共同点，再回到原文定位。

【真题解析】

2004年第二篇：

Over the past century，all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive：alphabetism. This，for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage，refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush‘s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking，six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi，Blair，Bush，Chirac，Chrétien and Koizumi)。The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan，Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet，even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates，Buffett，Allen，Ellison and Albrecht)。

Can this merely be coincidence? One theory，dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged，is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school，teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front，to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row，and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications，because they get less individual attention，as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.

The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies，the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews，election ballot papers，lists of conference speakers and attendees：all tend to be drawn up alphabetically，and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

50、Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.

[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.

[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.

[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.(文章主题为正确答案)

[解析]

纵观全文，文章首段定义字母排序为一种隐蔽的不公平待遇。第二、三段举例说明杰出人物多为姓氏字母排序靠前的人。第四段直接指出，字母排序造成了儿童受教育机会的不平等。第五段又列举了生活中更多其他的不平等现象。由此可见，D选项符合文意，是全文要表达的信息。

文章只是泛泛提到姓氏字母排序靠后的人处于劣势，并没有具体到从哪个字母开始，A 选项不正确。在这篇文章里，作者只停留在提出一种不公平的现象，并举例、分析其原因，而没有涉及消除它是否很困难。因此C选项错误。文章中虽然提到，很多杰出人物在姓氏字母排序中靠前，但这只是说明字母排序靠前的人可能更容易成功，并且这种现象是隐蔽而不易被察觉的。B选项虽然似是而非，但在文章中找不到充分论据。

八. 词汇题

1、标志：在题目中明确指出某处的单词或者词组，要求辨别其意思。

2、关键：该单词并不重要，重要的是上下文。

3、如果该单词认识，并且不超纲，那么他的字面意思绝对不是正确答案。其正确答案是根据上下文推出的更深层的含义，该含义也许与原单词表面意思没有关系。

4、方法借助上下文理解，在上下文中寻找同性词或词组，利用上下文中逻辑关系将四个选项代入替换，看语义是否通顺。

【真题例举】

People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

【问题】

The word “bummer”(Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something

A. religious

B. unpleasant

C. entertaining

D. commercial

【解析】

题干和选项译文：

第五段第五行的“bummer”在文中最可能是指某种事物。

A、有宗教性的

B、令人不愉快的

C、有娱乐性的

D、有商业性的

答案：B

本题定位信息明确，首先定位到第五段最后一句：Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too。根据all this往前定位：前面几句都在说已经有很多事情在提醒苦难(exhausted, few protections, died young, in danger, become meat for worms)；再定位到此段第一句：People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery。(早期的人们被苦难的提醒包围着。)结合因果关系：given(因为)早起的人们被苦难的提醒物包围，所以不需要艺术再成为和苦难或痛苦相关的东西了。所以C和D很容易排除，A选项可能会受到第三行句子的干扰，…the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers…有考生将bummer同church相对应得出“宗教的”答案，但是这里的church起的不是宗教的作用而是苦难提醒者的作用。