英美概况美国部分
Lecture one: Geography and People
Location :
Situated in the central part of North America with Canada on the north ,Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ,the United States is on the east coast of Pacific and west coast of Atlantic.
Territorial area:
9.5million square kilometers
50states and seat of government is Washington D.C
Largest state---Alaska
Largest on the continent---Texas
Smallest-----Rhode Island(罗德岛州)
Newest---Hawaii
Three geographical divisions（三大地形区）:
Western ,central and eastern part .
Land forms and region:
Eastern part:
Highlands formed by Appalachian range
Western part:
High plateaus and mountains(Rockies are called as the back bone of the continent). Great central plain:
A large plain between the eastern Appalachian and western Rockies
Main geographical regions:
New England
(6,northeast, longest history featured with mountains ,valleys and rivers ,and cities and towns with historic sites ,top-ranking universities )
The Mid-Atlantic States
The West (11,a wealth of forests and stream notable cities, high-tech industry predominant agricultural yielding,14% of GDP )
The Mid-West
The South
(13,plenty of rainfall and mild climate are favorable for agriculture, fast growing industry and population recent years, great size with few large cities
The Southwest
Hawaii:
Tourism is the largest source of income
Tropical climate
Rivers and Lakes:
Mississippi River---largess and most important river in the system of Gulf
Known as the river to American Indians.
Hudson River:
Flow through New York.
The Great Lakes:
Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron and Lake Erie.
The most important system of inland waterways in the world.
Lake Michigan is wholly within the United States
Part of the boundary runs through these lakes
Niagara Fall is located on the U.S-Canada border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Climate:
Mainly temperate and some mild subtropical areas with only southern Florida and Hawaii being tropical.
Natural resources:
Abounds in mineral resources
Population:
The third most populous country in the world
Uneven distribution :most densely populated
Nation of Immigrants :
White Anglo-Saxon protestant
The Black :
The Civil Rights Movements:
The Civil Rights Movements began when the black people spontaneously oppose the Segregation Law and establish organizations to make the protest successful.
Martin Luther King:
The political and religious leaders of non-violent civil rights movement
Nobel peace prize.
Hispanics:
Spanish-speaking Americans
Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban-Americans(best economic achievements )Miami
Asian Immigrants :
The Chinese were the first Asians to come to the U.S, ”model minority”.
Racial Assimilation:
America is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ”Melting Pot”and a Multi-Cultural Society
Speak the same language
Have the same habits and manner.
Lecture2:government and political system
American constitution :
Set down the basic framework of American government.
Basic concept :
Separation of power ,check and balances.
Functions :
Founding the American rule of law.
Creating the federal system with a supreme national government.
Having great flexibility
Building up the Republican form of government(共和制政体).
Defining and limiting the power of the national government.
Defining the relationship between national government and individual(个别)state governments.
Guaranteeing the rights of the citizens of America.
Supreme law, authority derived from people.
Significance :
Taking precedence over （为…开创先例）all state constitutions and law.
First of its kind in the world, it has inspired dozens of other countries to seek for political reform.
Federal system and government:
The definition of Federalism(联邦制):
The states are united into a federation.
Federal government has the delegated power（委托权）.
Both federal government and state government are Supreme power in their spheres of authority.
Significance of federalism :
Unify the states in their pursuit of common goals without completely deprive them of their independence.
Federal government:
Established by a federalism, there is a federal republic of 50 U.S states, District of
Colombia and many other insular(岛屿的) areas.
Branches of the government :
Legislative ,executive and judicial branch.
Separate but equally important ,checked and balanced by each other.
The legislative branch :Congress :
Briefing :
Conference venue（会议场所）：The capitol(国会大厦)with Senate in the north wing and the house of representatives in the south wing.
Law making and supreme legislative body.
Monitor /supervise and influence aspects of the executive branch
(congress’s responsibility :ensure ,comply with the law)
Two chambers ----Senate（参议院）and the House of representatives（众议院）. Senate:
Two members from each state as required by the Constitution with current membership 100.
More important, consent to president’s proposal.
The house of representatives:
Each congressional district elect a representative.
Each state is represented on the basis of population.
More partisan that the Senate.
The function:
Pass the laws for the Union.
The revenue bills must be originated in the house of representatives.
The executive branch: comprises 14 branches and other independent agencies.
Cabinet :formed by department’s heads ----secretaries.
President:
the chief of executive branch of the federal government. state and commander-in-chief of the military.
Presidential residence: White House ,presidential term ：Serve one or two successive terms.
Responsibility: taking care of the laws be faithfully executed.
Executive Departments :
Functions:
The day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws.
Head of the departments are chosen by president and approved by the Senate .
Cabinet :
A part of the executive branches of the U.S government and consists of the heads of the executive departments.
Secretary of the state:
Head of the Department of State, foreign affairs.
Judicial branch:
Definition:
consist of a series of courts:
supreme court (highest),court of appeal and district court.
What it applies to ?
In most criminal cases and some civil cases.
Function:
Finders of fact
Decide on whether the defendant committed the crime.
Unanimous decision.
Political parties
Democratic party and Republican party
Donkey and Elephant
The Democratic Party(donkey):
Liberal.
Anti –federalists southwest cotton plantation owners
Emphasizing the governmental interference in economy.
The Republican Party(GOP, elephant):
Conservative (more assertive in international affairs)
Difference and similarity:
With regard to economy, the Democrats favor the governmental intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market.
On social issues, the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republican oppose a large social security programs.
Presidential election:
Only the candidates nominated by the two Parties have the chance to win a Presidential election.
Presidential election has 4 stages：
The first stage: choosing the candidates
The second stage: the campaigning stage
The third stage: voting
The forth stage: meeting the states capitals
Lecture3:Economy
The U.S economy is the current economic, industrial and technological giant.
The largest developed country and the only superpower in the world
Mixed economy:
Emphasizing the private ownership(私有制).
Federal government will regulate businesses.
Private business produce the most goods and services.
Economy system :free enterprise system.
Type of business: Proprietorship(独资), cooperation and partnerships.
History of American economy:
The colonial period:
Colonies are settled to escape religious persecutions and business ventures.
After the settlement of the new England in1620,
The English investors turn over colonial charter to the settlers
Subsequently, the settlers established secondary industries formed a clear regional patterns of development.
Since the America gained its independence:(词汇自己衔接)
The constitution establish the nation as a unified market.
Alexander Hamilton’s economic development strategy
The Industrial Revolution ：the boom of the cotton cloth production and textile industry(棉布生产和纺织业的繁荣)
During that period of time, the south were dependant on the north for capital and manufactured goods.
The Second Industrial Revolution gave birth to an explosion of new discoveries and inventions.
In the 20 century :
The U.S experienced a period of prosperity in the early of 20 century.
Underwent Great Depression in the 1930s.
President Roosevelt’s New Deal （massive intervention of the government ）saved its
economy.
略看：历届总统经济政策：
Regan administration---new monetarist policies
George Bush H.W----slow recession.
Clinton----Recovery
Appearance of the new tycoon
Current American economy:
Agriculture：favorable natural condition.
Successful agriculture mode （investment, labor method）and modern technology of farming .
Remain to be the foundation of the economy
Manufacturing industry : America formed an industrial system with large productivity(northeastern is the lead region)
Service industry:
Financial services :banking, real estates and law services
Public welfare services:
sheltering and retail services
Top high-tech industry
Advanced space technology, information technology and computing.
Lecture 4: Thirteen Colonies and the Independence War Pilgrim fathers:
Columbus discovered the new world in1492.
The discovery of new world epoch-making: people come to realise the world is round.
Pilgrim Father(English separatists and other colonists) landed on north America on Dec 21th,1620 to escape religious persecutions. Forefather’s day Dec 21th(Mayflower).
Thanksgiving day:
For celebrating their first harvest of the forefathers.
Fourth Thursday of November.
Thirteen colonies:
Those colonies were separately charted and governed by the Great Britain and finally became independent by signing the Declaration of Independence, which led the American Revolutionary War and the establishment of the U.S
The first colony was Virginia.
The independence war:
A series of armed conflict between the Great Britain and its 13 colonist for the colonists trying to gain their Independence and the uncontrollable contradictions. The shot of Lexington marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War
The Second Continental Congress:
Held in Philadelphia ,May 10th , 1775
Assume the functions of a national government
Founding continental Army and Navy
Appointed George Washington as the commander-in-chief of America forces. Printing paper money and open diplomatic relations.
On fourth of the January,1776 approved the Declaration of Independent
The Declaration :
Consisting two parts：
1.Justifing the rights for people to rebel against a government that denied their
natural rights
2.Indicting the King George for his cruel tyranny.
Significance :
Upholding the principle of equality and freedom of all man
The principle that people have the right to revolt.
Independent Day
July 4th
The course of the independence war:
It dragged on for seven years
The victory of Saratoga became the turning point of the war.
With the Assistance of French, Spain and Holland the war quickly ended.
The Treaty of Paris put an end to the war and bring about the Independence of the 13states.
Lecture 5:The American Constitution and Civil War.
The American Constitution:
The Constitutional Convention(制宪会议)
Washington(elected as chairman), James Madison and other predominant figures discussed issues on federalism James Madison became “the father of the constitution”.
Content :
Representation : equal number of Senators, representatives based on population Structure of the government：a strong central government divided into 3 branches. Establishing federalism. (constitution day Sep17,1787)
Causing disagreement between the federalist and the anti-federalist.
Ten amendments were add to the constitution, known as “The Bill of Rights”.
First general election: First President Washington.
Significance of the US Constitution:
Designed to unite all the people and prevent abuse of power by government officials Dividing the federal government into 3 separate but interdependent part: legislature, judiciary and executive.
Becoming the first written constitution in modern sense upholding the principle that government should serve the people.
Guaranteeing the unalienable human rights with the adoption of the Bill of Rights ,people’s supremacy
upholding equality and political liberalism .
The Era of Expansion:
Louisiana Purchase became the first major event in American expansion.
The Monroe doctrine: show “America for Americans “in foreign policy.
Initiating Mexican American War annexed the entire southeast and California
The civil war :
The American civil war was fought in the united states between the Union and the Confederate States of the America from 1861 until 1865.
The only war fight on America soil by Americans.
Causes:
Economic reason: contradictions between the two different existing economic systems
Political reason: the independence of the states.
Immediate cause :
The dispute over Negro slavery finally led to the session of the southern sates Abraham Lincoln:
On Feb 4,1861,Abraham Lincoln took the office and insisted that slavery was evil and should be ultimately abolished.
1862,he announced the Emancipation Proclamation, providing all slaves in the rebellion states freedom and setting the stage for the ultimate abolition to slavery. Gettysburg---turning point of the war.
Lincoln deliver the famous Gettysburg Address, proposing the 3 principles of an ideal: government of the people, by the people and for the people.
Assassinate , Lincoln memorial
Aftermath(result) :
Victorious Union government sought to end the slavery and guarantee a permanently unbreakable union.
The Confederate surrendered, the U.S stayed as a whole country
Slavery was totally abolished through the 13 and 14 amendment to the constitution, which swept the obstacles to the development of the U.S capital production.
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列 Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置 1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Can ada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州.阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋.（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能） 2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest co untry in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国. 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smalles t.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州. 4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the C ontinental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭. 5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉.（本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能）
英美概况美国部分整理
America The Founding of Colonies殖民地的建立 First Inhabitants：American Indians Discovery of the New World： 1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America (Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support 1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America. reached the mouth of Amazon River America—the New World Europe—the Old World 13 colonies： New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies: Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York Maryland New Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South Carolina Georgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont 建立原因： Virginia, 1607 Virginia Company For foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England 105 men (no women) Jamestown in honor of the king Massachusetts In 1620 102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to America First in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then Boston Seek religious freedom Mayflower Compact <五月花号公约>：self-government Hardships when arrived the help of the Indians Thanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protection The next three colonies Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire Reasons: 1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified 2. more immigrants
American History 英美概况美国历史
American History ?I. America in the colonial era ?II. The War of Independence ?III. The Civil War ?IV. America during the two World Wars I. America in the colonial era ?Who were the very first Americans? ?Who was the first one discovering the new continent? ?After whom was the new continent named? I. America in the colonial era ?1.The very first Americans were Indians. ●They created their civilization, known as Maya civilization, dominating Mexico and Central America from 4th to the 10th centuries. ●They were the descendants of the Mongoloid (蒙古人种的) people in Asia. ●About 20,000 years ago, they traveled to the North American continent across the Bering Strait (白令海峡). ?2. Christopher Columbus is believed to have discovered America. ●In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America. However, he believed he had reached India and called the natives Indians. ?In 1500, Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, also under the Spanish flag, drew the conclusion that what he found was a new continent. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Since the America was found, the Spanish established many colonies: Florida, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. ?In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English navy，which put England in a better position to provide support for its New World colonies. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. ?These 13 colonies were established in different patterns: ●crown colonies ( 直辖殖民地), ●proprietary colonies ( 业主殖民地), ●charter colonies ( 特许公司殖民地), ●self-governing or compact colonies ( 自治殖民地或契约殖民地). ?1) The first successful English colony in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia , in 1607. ?2) In 1620, a group of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth, and built the New Plymouth colony in New England. These Pilgrims drew up the epoch-making Mayflower Compact (五月花契约), which was signed by all adult males on the ship. 3. The establishment of colonies ?3) From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony. ?Plymouth remained a separate colony until 1691 when it was combined with Massachusetts Bay colony. Puritans ?People who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England. ?"Puritan" refers to two distinct groups: ?"separating" Puritans, radical Protestants, such as the Plymouth colonists, the pilgrims, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it; and ?“non-separating” Puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed in
《最新英美概况》练习参考答案(美国部分)
《最新英美概况》 练习参考答案 （本答案不包括练习中的开放性习题、思考题和讨论题） ==================================================== PART TWO The United States Chapter Eight The Land P. 209—210 I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions. 1. the Star-Spangled Banner, Defense of Fort McHenry, 181 2. 2. the Stars and the Stripes, Old Glory, the Star-Spangled Banner. 3. The White House, The Capitol, The Pentagon. 4. June, 14th, June 14th. 5. the Potomac, no state, the Federal government. 6. 36, 36 states. 7. Amerigo Vespucci, American War of Independence. 8. Pierre L’Enfant, light, service. II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. 1. C 2. D 3. C 4. A B C D 5. C D III Decide which of the following statements is TRUE: 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T IV Answer the following questions. 1. (1) At first the Continent was named as “America” after explorer Amerigo Vespucci. (2) During the American War of Independence, the former British colonies first used “the thirteen united States of America” in the Declaration of Independence. (3) The official name of America was adopted on November 15, 1777, when the Second Continental Congress passed the Articles of Confederation. 2. The 50 stars represent the 50 States, while the 13 stripes represent the original thirteen colonies. White indicates purity and innocence; red indicates valour and bravery, and blue symbolizes vigilance, perseverance and justice; it is also a symbol of respect to God. 3. The stars and strips have different meanings. Each star represents each state in America, while strips represent the original thirteen colonies before the independence of America.
英美概况美国部分复习.docx
Melting Pot: Immigrants from different regions and cultures came to live in the United States, their old ways of life melt away and they became part of the American culture? WASPs: WASPS are the mainstream Americans, referring to the white Anglo-Saxon Protestants The Hispanics: The Hispanics are Spanish-speaking people from Latin America, which was once dominated by the Spanish Empire?American Indians: The Indian peoples are known as the first Americans. When Columbus landed in the New World in 1492, he thought he had reached India and called the natives Indians? Separation of powers: Under the federalist system, the federal and the state governments have separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitutio n. ^Winner-take-air5principle: The party that wins most votes (simple majority) in a state wins all the electoral votes for the state and the defeated party gets none? Federalism: Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between U.S. state governments and the federal government of the United States? Since the founding of the country, and particularly with the end of the American Civil War, power shifted away from the states and towards the national government. Thanksgiving Day: It's on the fourth Thursday of Novembe匚It is a typical
英美概况美国部分
Lecture one: Geography and People Location : Situated in the central part of North America with Canada on the north ,Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ,the United States is on the east coast of Pacific and west coast of Atlantic. Territorial area: 9.5million square kilometers 50states and seat of government is Washington D.C Largest state---Alaska Largest on the continent---Texas Smallest-----Rhode Island(罗德岛州) Newest---Hawaii Three geographical divisions（三大地形区）: Western ,central and eastern part . Land forms and region: Eastern part: Highlands formed by Appalachian range Western part: High plateaus and mountains(Rockies are called as the back bone of the continent). Great central plain: A large plain between the eastern Appalachian and western Rockies Main geographical regions: New England (6,northeast, longest history featured with mountains ,valleys and rivers ,and cities and towns with historic sites ,top-ranking universities ) The Mid-Atlantic States The West (11,a wealth of forests and stream notable cities, high-tech industry predominant agricultural yielding,14% of GDP ) The Mid-West The South (13,plenty of rainfall and mild climate are favorable for agriculture, fast growing industry and population recent years, great size with few large cities The Southwest Hawaii: Tourism is the largest source of income Tropical climate
英美概况 美国篇
一、概况 1.50 States Its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. 2.Races and Population 在东部时间2006年10月17日早晨7点46分，美国人口总数突破三亿大关，这是美国人口史上具有里程碑意义的一刻。3.06188亿（2009年，世界国家和地区第3名，次于中国、印度） 3.The Composition of American Population 1)The Majority:the descendants of immigrants from European countries, such as France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, and Spain;“Pilgrim Fathers”;Potato famine 2)The Minorities:The African Americans: black slaves from Africa;Indians: the number of native Americans has been falling, no more than a million;The Hispanics: immigrants or descendents of immigrants from Latin America, such as Cuba and Mexico (Mexicans are the most numerous among them);Asian-Americans, from China, Japan and Korea;More than a million Chinese-Americans, most of whom live in Hawaii, on the West Coast and in some big cities;5 million Jews in America, many of whom went there during the Second World War and achieved great success in America. 3)“The Melting Pot”:It means immigrants from different nations all over the world have mixed to make up the American nation.“old immigrants”: came to America before 1860;“new immigrants”, after 1860.The Immigration Quota Law was passed by the American government in 1924. 二、Early History 1.Columbus：1492 Christopher Columbus arrived at Salvador Island, thus discovered the “New World”.(Amerigo V espucci: named “America”) 2.The first English permanent settlement:1607 The first group of English colonies came to America and built their settlement of Charleston which later was expanded into the first English colony known as Virginia. 3.Pilgrim Fathers:1620 Some English immigrants (Puritans) sailed into Plymouth on a ship called the “Mayflower”.102 Puritans, 60 days.Mayflower Compact, “one man one vote”, “one-man rule” 4.The values of Puritans:hard work; commercial success; the importance of education 5.Thanksgiving:1621 Thanksgiving Day was first celebrated by the pilgrims of the Plymouth Colony. 三、American Revolutionary
英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】
Chapter 13 geography 地理位置 I. Location and size 1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west. Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。 2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。 3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。 II.Topography 1. Mountains (1)The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。（本细节有考―一句话简答题‖的可能）
英美概况美国部分(修正版)
PART TWO The United States of American 1. Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族 1) introduction 概要 ①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people. ② a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.There are many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America. 移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。 美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。人口迁徙在美国很普遍。 2) Black people and the Civil Rights Movement ①blacks and slavery the largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. 美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。1%；1619 年最早的黑人作为奴隶被运至美国。 ②The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln ‘ s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Consititution in 1865.the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s demanded desegregation and equal right. 1863 年林肯总统的《解放宣言》和1865 年的《宪法第13 修正案》使奴隶制度正式瓦解。废除种族隔离和人 权平等导致了1960 年的民权运动。 2. American History 1) The —discovery II of the New World 发现新大陆 ①The ——first America ns II were the In dia ns 最早的美国人是印第安人 ②In the late 15th cen tury, Christopher Columbus, an Italia n n avigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies.He thought he had reached Asia and didn ‘ t know he had disvovered a New Continent. 15 世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492 年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。 ③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent.Therefore, the land was named America after him. 阿美利歌。韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。 2) Causes of the colonization of the New World Opportunity was a magic word. ①The new World drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establish ing great new estates.). ② Drew other people who could not find jobs in En gla nd. ③ Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmla nds and villages of Europe. ④ Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England. 机遇是一个神奇的词。 1 )他吸引了英国的贵族 (那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的) 2) 吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。3)尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的 人。4)许多人为寻求宗教自由而在这英国殖民地定居下来，因为他们在英国受到宗教迫害。 3) The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. They were Virginia,
英美概况地理位置
1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。（本细节还有考"一句话简答"的可能） 2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。 4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。 5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。（本细节有考"一句话简答题"的可能） 6.The Mississippi River is the largest river in American,over 6000 kilometers.The Mississippi has been called "father of waters"or "old man river" 密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作"众水之父"或"老人河"。 7.The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr,As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry.The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials. 俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品千周的焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。 8.On the Pacific side there are two great rivers:the Colorado in the south and the Columbia ,which rises in Canada. 太平洋沿岸有两大河：科罗拉多河及哥伦比亚河。 9。The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States. 格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的开然界河（本细节考选择和简答可能性大）10.the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ,the only entirely in the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan. 美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。
【英美概况】【课堂笔记】美国教育education-in-the-USA
EDUCATION IN THE USA Going to School in America Today American education has the goal of achieving universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the society. About 90% of American students attend public schools and the other 10% attend private schools. Most private schools are run the churches, synagogues or other religious groups; these schools teach about their religion as well as the usual subjects such as mathematics, English, science, history and geography. The costs involved in providing education are very high and therefore it is constantly under review by governments and by citizens. The spending of money is guided by boards of education at the state and district level. The same is true for decisions about school curriculum, teacher standards and certification, and the measurement of student progress.