英美国家概况Unit 9

英美国家概况Unit 9
英美国家概况Unit 9

Unit 9 The British Media (英国的媒体)

1. Popularity of the media (媒体的受欢迎程度)

2. The quality press (优质报章)

3. The Observer 《观察家报》

4. The Times 《泰晤士报》

5. The Guardian 《卫报》

6. The Telegraph 《电讯报》

7. The Financial Time 《金融时报》

8. The tabloids (小报)

9. Television and radio (电视和无线电)

10. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (英国广播公司)

11. The Independent Television Commission (独立电视委员会)

二、本单元重、难点辅导

1. the degree of popularity of the media: 1 st : TV 2 nd: newspaper 3 rd: radio

2. the functions of the media

Provide entertainment; information about political and social issues; weather reports; carry advertising; education; provide a forum for people to write letters or phone in to express their views or seek advice; engendering

a national culture

3. British Newspapers (one of the world’s oldest established newspaper industries)

1). the Observer <<观察家报>>—still published every Sunday; first appeared in 1791; the world’s oldest national newspaper

2). the Times <<泰晤士报>>—began in 1785; the UK’s oldest daily newspaper

3). the Guardian<<卫报>>—a national daily newspaper which is radical in politics and interested in society and social problems. It is quite soft on crime and quite feminist and shows great concern for green politics.

政治上比较激进,对社会问题感兴趣。对犯罪问题比较宽容,具有女性主义观点,对绿色政治(也就是环保)感兴趣

It is one of the quality press (or broadsheets). Quality paper is one of the two groups of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews and feature articles about high culture and will generally be read by a well-educated, middle class audience.“严肃性报纸“是全国性发行的日报中的一种,这种报纸刊登较为严肃并有深度的文章,这些文章反映了某种具有重大政治和社会意义的问题;同时也刊登一些评论文章、如书评,还有有关

高雅文化的专题文章。这些报纸也被称为“大版的报纸”,因为这些报纸印在大张的纸上。这种报纸的读者一般都是受到过良好教育的中产阶级

4). the Telegraph<<电讯报>>— one of the quality press, support tough sentences for criminals, be unsympathetic to single mothers and favour free enterprise over social programmes.

倾向于支持严惩犯罪分子,对单亲母亲缺乏同情,支持自由企业而不是社会福利项目。电讯报与卫报的这一对比表明《电讯报》在政治上比较保守

5) the News of the World<<世界新闻>>—one of the tabloids (the gutter press) which began publishing as a paper in 1843. It gives great coverage on crime, sport and sex stories. By the 1930s it was Britain’s most popular Sunday paper, selling 3.4 million copies each week. It now sells about 4.7 million papers each week, and is Britain’s biggest seller.

《世界新闻》是一种小报,于1843年开始出版发行。其中刊登的主要是关于犯罪、体育和性方面的文章。到20世纪30年代,它已成为英国最流行的周日报,目前已成为英国最畅销的报纸。

tabloid: It is a smaller format newspaper with colour photos and catchy headlines. It carries scandals and gossip usually about famous people so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinion than fact.小报是一种小版面的报纸,有彩色的照片和引人注目的标题. 通常涉及一些名人的丑闻和谣言。小报刊登一些关于犯罪、体育和过分渲染的报道,以便于吸引读者。这些故事短小精悍,易于阅读,经常依赖于人们的主观看法,而不是客观事实。*Fleet Street:舰队街,英国伦敦新闻界)

6). the Financial Times <<金融时报>> about business is not only printed at home but also printed in other countries of the world.

*其它需要了解的知识

1). Britain has one of the highest levels of newspaper sales per head of population, and there are 1400 different newspapers.

2). Britain has 10 different daily national newspapers.

3). Officially speaking the British newspapers are free from government control and censorship and can print what they like, but many British laws limit the freedom of newspapers.

4). The media are also affected by Official Secret Act(官方保密法案), a legal act which demands that all government information is kept secret unless the government says it can be released and those who break this legal act would be fined or even sent to prison.

5). In Britain, most advertising is carried in newspapers. All media must follow the Advertising Code (广告法规), (It is stipulated to make sure that all advertisements are legal, decent, honest and truthful: all advertisements should have a sense of responsibility for consumers and society and respect the principles of fair competition.)

4. the Broadcast media

British newscasts are renowned for the quality of their reporting. There are 5 television channels— BBC1, BBC2, funded by license fees and three other channels, run by the I ndependent Television Commission (ITC) (独立电视委员会) and funded by advertising.

1) the BBC: the British Broadcasting Corporation was founded in 1927 as a public service radio station and later moved into television in 1936. It’s now Britain’s main public service broadcaster. It currently has two TV channels. BBC1 specializes in shows with a broad appeal. BBC2 supplies special interest audiences with documentaries and shows aimed at particular social groups. The BBC also provides the World Service which broadcasts in English and 43 other languages throughout the world.英国广播公司创立于1927年,是为公众服务的广播站,后来从1936年开始播放电视,现在是英国主要的为公众服务的广播公司。目前它有两个电视频道。BBC电视的第一频道专门播放有着广大吸引力的节目,如体育、娱乐、时事、戏剧等。BBC电视的第二频道迎合一些有特殊兴趣爱好的电视观众的要求,播放的节目主要针对;老人、残疾人、同性恋等特殊人群。BBC世界电台,以英语及其它42种语言向全世界广播。

2) the Broadcasting Act:it’s designed to keep ownership o bro adcast media widely spread so there are no concentrations of media power in the hands of a few, and foreign ownership is not allowed. It’s also to retain standards of decency, taste, accuracy and balance.

* The British government is one of the country’s 10 biggest advertisers.

spin doctors:为政治家们上电视作讲演的形象设计顾问

三、参考译文

第9单元英国的新闻媒介

对于大多数英国人来说几乎每一天都是以看晨报开始的。平均每天90%15岁以上的英国人要读一份国内或当地的报纸。到了晚上,大部分英国人要安下心来看电视了。全国有96%的人口一星期至少要看一次电视,这已成为英国最流行的休闲活动。除了看电视、报纸以外,另一种非常受人欢迎的消遣就是听广播。每周有73%的英国人要参与到这项娱乐活动中。因此,新闻媒介已成为英国休闲文化的中心,这一点是显而易见的。

新闻媒介不仅能为英国人提供消遣娱乐,而且还有其它功能。比如:报纸、收音机及电视节目能为人们提供政治、社会方面的信息,天气预报,广告信息及教育性节目。此外,还能为人们进行交流提供一个平台,人们可通过写信或打电话的方式各抒己见或寻求帮助。英国的新闻媒介对其政治制度是至关重要的,它的存在使人们了解到国家所面临的问题及政府如何解决这些问题。

新闻媒体在国家文化形成方面也起到了非常重要的作用。无论是苏格兰海上石油工人还是贝尔法斯特的退休教授,无论是伦敦的秘书还是威尔士的牙医,只要打开收音机和电视机选择喜欢的节目,或拿起当天的报纸,他们所收看到的和听到的都是一样的。即使他们的生活环境不同,如果他们有机会见面的话,他们就能谈论一些在电视、报纸上看到的一些消息。同时,这也能提醒英国人只要他们生活在英国,他们就从属于一种特殊文化。

英国的报纸

英国是世界上最早拥有报纸工业的国家之一。早在18世纪晚期和19世纪早期,随着英国经济开始出现工业化,民主选举权已扩大到大部分人口,大众教育使得人们的文化水平有所提高,越来越多的报纸开始发行。《观察家报》1791年首版发行,随后每个星期天发行一次,成为世界上最早的全国性报纸。与此同时,《泰晤士报》1785年首版发行,成为英国最早的日报。

随着议会民主制的引入,候选者们必须向其选民提供个人信息。一开始这项工作是由候选人做长时间演讲或是发放宣传册来完成,后来报纸承担了这一任务,使选民更加了解政治。《泰晤士报》《观察家报》和《卫报》这些英国报纸名字的本身就意味着报纸的功能是为全体选民提供国内事件的客观报道。人们认为新闻自由对议会民主极为重要,其原因就在于它对政府的监督作用。

然而,新闻的这种监督作用经常会遭到一些人的批评。许多分析家认为新闻篡夺了议会的地位。当时的政治家喜欢直接对准媒体说话,却不喜欢在议会发言。当然,那些令人喜欢而友好的记者们会做些有利于这些政治家们的新闻报道。当今的新闻报道不是客观地反映事实,而是提高编写故事来传递一种观点。

与政治家们相比,更多的商业人员很快认识到新闻媒介的力量,他们利用这一点向那些有消费潜力的客户宣传他们的产品和服务,于是广告业就应运而生了。尽管人们对新闻自由和新闻对西方民主的重要性讲了很多,但是一定要牢记,报纸首先是一种商业,是为出版商赚钱而存在的,而不是为人们提供信息的公共事

业。在英国,大多数广告都是靠报纸来宣传。1995年,英国在广告上共花费四亿六千五百万英镑。新闻媒介应用的确很广泛,不仅公司们利用它来推销产品和服务,而且人们利用它找工作、买房子,甚至保姆都会求助于分类广告和免费报纸,这类报纸里几乎包括各式各样的广告。

英国的新闻媒体都必须遵守广告法规,它保证了广告的合法性、健康性、诚实和真实性;对社会和消费者有一种责任感;遵循公平竞争原则。广告的意义是使产品引起公众的注意,有时广告商故意开展有争议的广告活动,从而引起人们的注意。欧洲服装生产商Benetton利用令人作呕的图片如一个死于爱滋病的人和一名穿着血淋淋制服的士兵在卖服装,及在时尚市场被认为是很俗气的形象来引起更多的争议。多数情况下,争议由女人而起,尤其是如果她们没有穿很多衣服,争议会更多。如果有足够多的人向广告标准委员会投诉,那么该公司就要把该广告取消。

英国的报纸文化极不寻常,从选读的报纸种类中即可反映人们所处的不同阶层和文化层次。在其它发达国家,如日本、美国,看报主要是中产阶级的习惯,而在英国,即使是较低阶层的人们也习惯看报。在发达国家中,英国是人均报纸销量最多的国家之一,共有报纸1400多种,涉及政治观点、兴趣爱好、教育水平等各种各样的内容。虽然大部分报纸在财政上是独立于政党而存在的,但他们经常表达一些独特的政治观点,而且大部分人是根据自己的喜好选择阅读的报纸。

因此,如果星期一的早晨你坐在伦敦市的地铁里,周围的人都在看报,你就可以根据他们所看的报纸来了解你周围的乘客。在英国有10种不同的全国性发行的日报,这种报纸覆盖国内重要新闻事件。其中大约有一半属于“重质量的报纸”或“大幅纸张的报纸”。“重质量的报纸”刊登较为严肃并有深度的文章,这些文章反映了某种具有重大政治和社会意义的问题;同时也刊登一些评论文章和有关高雅文化的描写。这种报纸的读者一般都是受到过良好教育的中产阶级。在这些报纸中最左派是《卫报》,你会经常在电视或日常生活中听到人们提到“《卫报》读者”这是那些对社会问题感兴趣的左派和自由派的简称。例如,《卫报》读者们坚持从轻处罚罪犯,他们是典型的女权主义者,对绿色(环保)政治感兴趣。与之相反,《电讯报》的读者认为应从重处罚罪犯,他们对单身母亲没有同情心,对社会事务没什么进取心。

另一种全国性报纸是一些故事多、图片多的小报。这种报纸虽然版式不大,但包括彩色照片和引人注目的标题,常被称为“迎合低级趣味的报纸”,因为它通常涉及一些名人的丑闻和谣言。无论在政治、体育还是娱乐方面,它都刊登一些关于犯罪、体育和轰动一时的人们感兴趣的故事。这些故事短小精悍,易于阅读,经常依赖于人们的主观看法,而不是客观事实。已成为全国知名小报的特点之一就是有第三版女郎——每天在第三版刊登一副漂亮而着装性感的姑娘的照片。在这类小报上首次刊登了近来发生的许多皇室丑闻。一次,一家小报贿赂了戴安娜王妃健身房的一名工作人员,让他拍几张王妃锻炼时的照片。照片展示了威尔士王妃举重和大汗淋漓的情景。这些缺乏魅力的照片引起了轰动。另外,还包括查尔斯王子没穿裤子的照片及安德鲁斯王子的夫人裸胸的故事。

这些以骇人听闻的故事闻名的小报和内容严肃的报纸一样销售不错。1843年,《世界新闻》开始出版发行,其中刊登的主要是关于犯罪、体育和性方面的文章。到20世纪30年代,它已成为英国最流行的星期日报,每星期销售340万份,目前已达到每周470万份,成为英国最畅销的报纸。

直到20世纪80年代,几乎所有的全国性报纸在伦敦的“Fleet Street”或其附近设立了总部。有时,你会听见人们把报纸文化称为”Fleet Street”,甚至“羞耻街”,因为它是许多丑闻的发源地。现在,这种报纸工业仍以伦敦为中心,但并不只集中在一条街上,有些报纸已经发往世界各地。比如,《金融时报》已在法兰克福、法国、香港、新泽西州、洛杉矶、东京、马德里印刷出版。

虽然从官方上讲,英国报纸不受政府控制及新闻检查,它可以刊登自己喜欢的文章,但在日报中刊登的

文章仍受限制。1990年前KGB主席曾说:

在英国报纸中你绝对找不到“谁碰了谁”

美国的报纸信息量大,涉及范围广,我们总能从中找到许多信息。而在英国报纸中找不到什么信息。我一直教给我的人民“要像英国人一样行事”

虽然并没有特殊的州级新闻检查,许多英国法律限制报纸出版的自由。蔑视法庭法不允许报纸刊登任何与正在受审的人有关的各种犯罪情况,因为这样会影响司法部门做出正确判决。其它诽谤法、毁谤法不允许报纸刊登非真实的故事。

新闻媒介同样也受官方秘密法令的影响。这是一则合法法令,它规定所有有关政府的消息都应保密,除非政府允许发布。有时,调查政府错误行为的记者们的稿件是禁止发表的。否则他们就会被罚款甚至被送入监狱,因为他们揭示了政府不想让公众知道的消息。例如,1984年一个名叫Sarah Tisdall的年轻外国办公室职员在工作中了解到政府在公众不知情的情况下,秘密制定了一个允许美国进行核导弹部署的计划,之所以不公开是因为政府怕公众反对。这位职员感到政府在滥用职权,因此把这个信息透露给《卫报》,随后《卫报》刊登出了这件事,紧接着,Tisdall以泄露信息的罪名被判刑6个月。

广播媒体

一位著名的评论家评论英国媒体时写到:在英国,即使你不想看电视,也逃避不掉。广播媒体,即电视和收音机,在英国人的日常生活中是非常重要的。国内97%的家庭都有一台电视机,实际上每个人都有一台收音机。信息通过微波传到人们家里、车里和工作地点,即传到每个人身上。

英国人平均每天要用4个小时的时间看电视,在看报纸的过程中,最常看的一部分是电视节目目录。报纸中还刊登一些对已播出的节目的回顾。在工作中、家庭中或和朋友的谈话中经常是关于前天晚上电视节目的某些内容。在英国不看电视实际上就是把自己与英国文化和社会隔绝开来。

英国人都看什么电视节目呢?新闻、娱乐和体育是他们的最爱,而喜剧、戏剧急各种比赛在人们的选择范围内大起大落。英国有两部上演时间较长的肥皂剧,其中上演时间最早、最受欢迎的肥皂剧是“加冕街道(Coronation Street)”。此剧于20世纪60年代在曼彻斯特北部城市公开上演。最近,它的竞争对手是“东部边际(East Enders)”这是一个虚构的在伦敦东部工人阶级所在的居民区发生的故事。这两部肥皂剧发生的地点是当地的一家酒馆,在那里剧中人聚在一起闲聊,为某件事进行庆祝或施以同情,坠入爱河又被爱情抛弃,经历了战斗及大哭大笑等一系列感情波折。

与美国的肥皂剧相反,英国的肥皂剧并不是由富有的、令人兴奋的名演员们来担任其中的角色,而且剧情是对英国人日常生活的大胆真实的再现。剧中经常会涉及当时的一些社会问题,如:种族歧视、爱滋病(AIDS)、同性恋、离婚、吸毒、家庭暴力等等。这些肥皂剧质量很高,在国外很受欢迎:无论在新西兰还是在加拿大,你都能看到你所喜爱的角色。在曼彻斯特一个非常流行的旅游景点是“加冕街道”当时录制的布景,许多影迷纷纷在那个叫“The Rover’s Return”酒馆门前摄影留念。

每日新闻和天气预报也是很受欢迎的栏目。英国的新闻广播以它的质量著称。最近最受欢迎的节目是每周一次购买国家彩票的现场直播。在直播中,人们能看到每周大奖的幸运数字。

在北美有许多不同的频道供大家观看,从家庭购物频道到24小时新闻频道,还有一些专门播放古老喜剧的频道。与之相对,英国的电视文化仍相当保守,它只有4个电视频道(第5个频道正在创建中),而且卫星电视还不如美国那样普及。这就大大限制了频道数量,同时对这些频道所有权的控制有助于整个国家的统一。广播法令的制定来保证广播媒体所有权的广泛传播,因此,广播权并不是集中在几个人手中,同时严令禁止外国人(即欧盟以外的人)享有此权。这部法令也包含了维护电视节目的健康、品位、准确和客观的要

求。

有限的电视频道不仅使每个英国人都看电视,而且看的内容都是一样的。每年处在排行榜前十位的电视节目将会吸引1600—2300万观众。实际上,在受欢迎的电视节目播放期间,插播广告时,国家公用事业公司必须做好特殊的准备来应付急剧猛增的用电量。因为在这期间,成千上万的英国电视观众都要冲出客厅去泡茶。(在英国许多人都用电炉)

英国广播公司(即”BBC”或”Beeb”)是英国主要的为公众服务的广播公司。它以公共广播站的形式成立于1927年,后来开始播放电视,目前已有两个电视频道。BBC1台主要播放很有吸引力的节目,如:体育、娱乐、时事、戏剧及儿童节目。BBC2台迎合一些有特殊兴趣爱好的电视观众的要求,播放的节目主要针对;老人、残疾人、同性恋等特殊人群。

BBC的基金主要来自执照费用,每年电视观众必须为他们的电视购买执照。1997年,一台彩电的执照费是89.5英镑(一台黑白电视的费用要少得多)穷人们感到这一费用对他们来说太昂贵了,于是他们只看电视,不买执照。为此,装有电视信号探测器,可以测出未注册的电视机信号的汽车。在街上巡查作弊者,而作弊者很少被投入监狱。由于BBC是受电视观众注册费资助的,因此,虽然在节目之间会穿插一些即将上演的节目预告和与BBC电视台有关的产品促销广告,但不会有商业广告。

BBC不再只是播放电视节目,目前它已发展成为集出版、教育于一身的多媒体商业形式。你不仅能在BBC节目中了解到与汽车、流行音乐、烹调、假日及园艺相关的内容,而且能购买到一些杂志来弥补节目中的不足,这些杂志提供了更多信息、食谱及竞争的环境。

BBC的国际机构称为BBC世界服务网,它以英语及其它43种语言向全世界广播,每周全球听众至少达到一亿四千万。

另两个电视频道由独立电视台委员会负责,由广告资助。

考虑到电视为英国的各个家庭带来了大量新闻报道,因此,它像报纸一样对于英国政治是非常重要的。过去,政治家们在公众会议上发表长篇演说。最成功的政治家如丘吉尔被认为是最伟大的演说家。电视对政治家们的要求各不相同,因此政治的整体风格已经改变了。随着电视的出现,政治家们确确实实“进入了我们的起居室”,所以他们必须更放松、更友好,如同他们正在亲身与我们讲话,冗长的演说已不再受欢迎;如今的政治家们必须在观众们的注意力转移而改换频道之前仅用2—3分钟的时间做完他们的演讲。因此,他们必须使用短小精悍和口号式的语言。于是,他们请职业作家为他们写演讲稿,请形象设计顾问为他们上电视设计讲演形象,请广告代理机构为他们做广告宣传。保守党尤其把电视广告作为深入人心的最好方法,更重要的是利用它能得到大众选票。用于政府广告的费用从1997年的3500万增加到1989年的2亿英镑,现在英国政府已成为国内十大刊登广告的部门之一。

1990年,英国下议院最后勉强同意在电视上公开会议进程。虽然在下议院的辩论一直是公诸于众的,但议员们仍担心电视镜头会很容易地播放出一些小的细节——比如,一名政府官员在一场重要的辩论中打哈欠——这些会损伤下议院严肃的气氛和尊严。起初,播放议会开会的电视镜头是受到严格限制的,而现在议员们对上电视已不再感到紧张。(过去议员们怕在电视上出丑,影响自己的形象,故而不愿意上电视。)各个政党的政治家们要花许多时间来塑造各自的电视形象。撒切尔夫人从一名教练那儿学会用适合国家领导人身份的严肃而深沉的声音讲话,同时改变了头发的颜色、着装和化妆风格,为的是使她的形象更加有尊严。最近的工党领导人布莱尔改变了发型为的是显得更加英俊潇洒以获得更多女性的选票。

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列 Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置 1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Can ada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州.阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部,夏威夷位邻中太平洋.(本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能) 2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest co untry in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言,美国是世界第四大国,就人口而言,美国是世界是第三大国. 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smalles t.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中,阿拉斯加是面积最大的州,罗得岛最小,在美国大陆,最大的州是得克萨斯州. 4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the C ontinental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁,也被成为大陆分水岭. 5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉.(本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能)

英美概况英国版感想-研究生英美概况课程作业之一

My feelings for the class of survey of Britain In terms of this class, I have gained a general understanding of the British society from the exploration into every corner , which is ranging from rel- igion, education, architecture, holidays and so on. This broadens my visi- on to a much larger extent. Generally speaking, they can be summarized as follows: First of all, a preliminary social scene has been shown to us during the class. The UK is a great nation all around the world and people speaking native English must have something different from us Chinese. Classmat- es from different majors have shown me the Britain society from their own view, which I think is very interesting. For example , someone gave his lecture by the way of listing lots of pictures. The moment was watc- hing the pictures I got a lot of information, besides , it seems not very boring. Secondly, it is《The Rise of Great Powers》.This is the twice I have wat- ched this documentary. While, I regard it as a reflection of the history of the Britain . It is also a showcase of the Empire of the Sun and a brainst- orm to me. Someone maybe whisperd, we China also does have a history as brilliant as Britain. However, from a foreigner’s view , it is fresh enoug- h and exciting enough.Perhaps, we may get lots of lessons from Britain. Finally, the teaching form is novel and lively. During my showtime, I am the reporter of the class. People sitting in the classroom are all listeners

英国部分英美概况汇总题库

The United Kingdom I. Multiple Choice 1. The was “the greatest progressive revolution that mankind had so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants—giants in power of thought, passion, and character, in universality and learning”(Engels). a. Renaissance b. Industrial Revolution c. Reformation d. Bourgeois Revolution 2. is regarded as the first English Prime Minster. a.D uke of Willington b.William Gladstone c.Benjamin Disraeli d.Sir Robert Walpole 3. The official head of Parliament is . a. the Prime Minister b. the Monarch c. the Speaker d. the Chancellor 4. The present sovereign of Britain is . a. Elizabeth I b. Elizabeth II

c. Elizabeth III d. Edward II 5. is a day to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. a. Christmas b. Good Friday c. Easter Monday d. Boxing Day 6. published his book On the Origin of Species which caused a stir in Victorian times. a. Adam Smith b. Charles Darwin c. Thomas More d. Francis Bacon 7. The largest section of Great Britain is . a. Scotland b. Wales c. England d. Northern Ireland 8. The Lake District is well known for . a. its wild and beautiful scenery b. its varied lakes c. the Lake Poets

英语国家概况—英国

Part One: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Land and People Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (500BC~AD1066) Chapter 3 The Shape of the Nation (1066~1381) Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455~1688) Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688~1990) Chapter 6 The Economy Chapter 7 Government and Administration Chapter 8 Justice the Law Chapter 9 Social Affairs Chapter 10 Cultural Affairs Chapter 1 Land, People and Language ?1 Different Names for Britain and its Parts The official name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The geographical names are the British Isles, Great Britain and England. People just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. ?People England is the largest and most populous, almost a quarter of the people lives in England’s prosperous and fertile southeast, with over 7 million in the capital. The majority of the population are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe who went to England between the 5th and 7th centuries.These people settled in England and drove the native Celtic people to the mountainous areas of Wales and Scotland. Their language became the official language of the country. Most people in W ales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people who were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain. The Irish people were also of Celtic origin. About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and a quarter of the world’s land area. ?Geographical Features There are 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. The island of Ireland is divided into 2 parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Britain has, for centuries, been slowly tilting with the North-W est slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; the east and south-east are mostly lowlands. There are 3 natural zones of Scotland: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands.

英美国家概况总结

英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰,爱丁堡为首府 威尔士,加的夫,Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰,贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府 伦敦,UK首都,皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster,伦敦市的一个行政区,也叫西敏寺,这里有议会houses of parliament,包含大钟楼big ben,白厅whitehall即英国政府,白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫,还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。 The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章,亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由,保障教会不受国王的控制,改革了法律和司法,限制国王及王室官员的行为。 议会雏形,1265年,Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会,就是最早的议会,后来发展了House of Lords上议院,House of Commons下议院。 玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革: Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎(duduo)打了玫瑰战争,都铎胜利,终成五代都铎王朝。 亨利八世进行宗教改革,想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系,使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期,新教是Protestant,即基督教,改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期,伊丽莎白为女王统治英国,她是基督教徒,大力推行新教,从此英国都是信奉新教。 文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance 文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期,从1350-1650,有300年,从意大利发起,达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期,罗马教会经历新教改革,人文主义兴起,海外探索(大航海时代?)。 英国内战The Civil Wars 是国王和议会间的战争,Norttingham King Charles和议会开战,国王军是Cavaliers(骑士),议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党),因为他们短发。查尔斯战败,克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命,因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度,甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度,被认为是世界现代史的开端。 王朝复辟The Restoration 克伦威尔死后,儿子Richard 继位,但是统治失败,议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。 光荣革命The Glorious Revolution 奥兰治王室(William of Orange橘子?英国的名字真搞笑),用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权,William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案,英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。 辉格党和托利党(Whigs and Tories) 两党名称来自光荣革命,辉格党就是后来的Liberal party,托利党是Conservative party

英美概况(英国篇5大英帝国的兴衰_)

英美概况(英国篇5:大英帝国的兴衰 ) I. Whigs and Tories 辉格党人和托利党人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). 这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。 The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. 辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权,支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在 19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。 The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party. 托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。 I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 18世纪末的农业革命 During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the "open-field" system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 18世纪末、19世纪初的农业革命期间,随着《圈地法》的颁布,传统的"开放田地"制结束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共存: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; 由于大农场兼并了小农场,农场成为越来越在的生产单位; (2) More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; 人们消费的蔬菜,牛奶及奶制品越来越多,饮食种类愈加丰富; (3) Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; 圈地对佃家而言是场灾难,他们被赶出土地,被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模的移民,尤其是移民至新大陆。 (4) A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. 农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。 II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) 工业革命(1780-1830) 1.The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化,以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。

英美概况考试试题集

英语专业考研英美概况自测题(一) British Survey Test Part I Geography 1. The total area of the U.K. is _____. A. 211,440 B. 244,110 C. 241,410 D. 242,534 2. England occupies the _____ portion of the U.K. A. northern B. eastern C. southern 3. The most important part of the U.K. in wealth is _____. A. Northern Ireland B. England C. Scotland 4. _____ is on the western prominence between the Bristol Channel and the Dee estuary. A. Wales B. Scotland C. England 5. Wales was effectively united with England in the _____ century. A. 14th B. 15th C. 16th 6. By the Act of Union of _____ Scotland and the kingdom of England and Wales were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Britain. A. 1707 B. 1921 C. 1801 7. Physiographically Britain may be divided into _____ provinces. A. 13 B. 12 C. 14 8. Mt. Ben Nevis stands in _____. A. the Scottish Highlands B. Wales C. England 9. The main rivers parting in Britain runs from _____. A. north to south B. south to north C. east to west 10. Cheviot hills lie along the border between _____ and England. A. Scotland B. Wales C. Vale of Eden 11. The longest river in Britain is _____. A. Severn B. Clyde C. Bann 12. London is situated on the River of _____. A. Parret B. Thames C. Spey 13. Edinburgh is the capital of _____. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales 14. The rivers flowing into the _____ are mainly short. A. North Sea B. English Channel C. Dee estuary 15. Mt. Snowdon stands in _____. A. Scotland B. Wales C. England 16. The source of the important River Thames is in the _____. A. Cotswolds B. Oxford Clay C. Pennines 17. About _____ of the water requirements are obtained from underground sources. A. 50% B. 38% C. 42% 18. Gaelic is mainly spoken in _____. A. Scotland B. England C. Northern Ireland 19. The Bank of England was nationalized in _____. A. 1964 B. 1946 C. 1694

英美国家概况之英国

填空题 Chapter 1 1.The British Isles are situated in the northwest of Europe. They are cut off from the continent by the English Channel. On the north and the east the Isles face the North Sea,and on the west they face the Atlantic Ocean. The full title of the United Kingdom is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 3.Before the early 20th century, Northern Ireland was part of Ireland as a whole. In 1920, it become part of the United Kingdom, with a separated parliament and self-government. There were originally six countries in Northern Ireland. But since 1973 it has a single-tier system of 26 administrative districts. 4.The climate in Britain is moderated by the Atlantic Gulf Stream, and is much milder than that of many places in the same latitude. The climate is generally equable, but the day to day conditions are changeable. Chapter 2 1.The Welsh, the Scots, the Irish are the descendants of Celts who came from Europe to the British Isles centuries before the Roman invasion. It was these people whom the Germanic Anglos and Saxons conquered in the5th and 6th centuries AD. These Germanic conquerors were conquered in turn by the Norman French, when

《英美概况》课后练习

期末考试 一、单项选择题 1. The UK is bordered on the _____ by the English Channel. A. east B. west C. north D. south 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel.参见教材P86。 本题知识点:Geographical features(UK), 2. The narrowest part of the English Channel is called _____. A. the Straits of Dover B. Chunnel C. Strait of Gibraltar D. Marroqui 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover.参见教材P86。 本题知识点:Geographical features(UK),

3. The UK has a _____ climate. A. arid climates B. semi-humid C. continental D. maritime 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK has a maritime climate.参见教材P88。本题知识点:Climate(UK), 4. The UK is an island country which lies between latitude _____ north. A. 50° to 60° B. 30° to 40° C. 40° to 50° D. 60° to 70° 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The UK is an island country which lies between latitude 50° to 60° north.参见教材P88。 本题知识点:Climate(UK), 5. The UK has a _____ throughout the whole year.

英美概况考试重点复习材料(英国部分)

英美概况考试重点复习材料(英国部分) 英美概况考试重点复习材料(英国部分) Chapter 1第一章 Land and People 英国的国土与人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。 4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵。首府:爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府:加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府:贝尔法斯特。 5. The monwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has about 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931 年,至1990年止已有约50个成员国。 Chapter 2 第二章 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源(公元前5000年—1066年)

TestforUK英美国家概况英国部分测试题.docx

1.Off the coast of mainland Western Europe lie two islands called the British Isles of which the big one is the island of ___ , or ___ , and the small one is the island of __ . 2.Britainis divided into three par ts: ___ . and . 3.LondonGMT is s hort for, which i s the time o n the line o f __ (deg r ee) longitu de, which pa sses through ____ , a d istrict of s outheast, u sed as a bas is for calcu lati ng time throughout t he world in d iff ere nt ti me zon es. 4.United KingdomThe national fl ag of thei s also calle d ____ or __ . 5.Englandwas once conquer ed by , ____ z and . 6.EnglandOf the fou r nations,feel mo st British,is the most confid ent of its o wn identity’and__ i s most clos ely related to. https://www.360docs.net/doc/91832689.html,Monetary unit of is __ . https://www.360docs.net/doc/91832689.html, , __ , and are majo r industries in. https://www.360docs.net/doc/91832689.html, __ , ___ , and __ a re major tr ading partne rs of. https://www.360docs.net/doc/91832689.html,is k nown as"; due to its decline s in economy . 11.National Ho liday of UK is ___ ? 12.and weakened the European monarchies,and introdu ced the age of con stitut ional mon arc hy, a mon arc hy with powe rs limited b y Parliame nt ? 13?UKThree major national pa rties of ar e ___ , and . 14. Depe nding on the rela tive st re ngt hs of the pa rties in the House of Co mmons, the 0 pposition ma y try to ove rthrow the G overnment by defeating i t on a vote. 25.The Prime Minis ter's offici al reside nee is ______ ,which is the symbol of t he British G overnment. https://www.360docs.net/doc/91832689.html,In , Ministers are appoint ed by the Qu een on the r ecommendatio n of __ ? 17.EnglandAs the langu age of, Eng lish is a la nguage belon ging to the branchofthe family. 18.S tandard Engl ish is vario usly known a s ___ …__ a nd ___ or __ . https://www.360docs.net/doc/91832689.html, and are very p opular Chris tian festiva Is in. 20. a system n ow in gen era I use of arr an ging the m on ths in the year and th e days in th e mon th, int roduced by P ope Gregory X III (1502-85). 21.The only re ally importa nt patriotic festival is ____ on w hich __ are remember ed in specia I church ser vices and ci vicceremoni es. https://www.360docs.net/doc/91832689.html,The popul ation ofis nearly million. https://www.360docs.net/doc/91832689.html, , and __ are the main language us ed in. https://www.360docs.net/doc/91832689.html, is nationa I nickname o f. 25?The Engli sh have a mi xed cultural heritage co mbining , ____ 〃and element s. 26.The Englis h have many differences in regional speech. The Chief divisi on is betwee n _ and __ . 27.WalesThe ancestors of the Welsh w ere _________ ,who escaped to the wild mountains of form the i n vadi ng Angl es and Sax on s. 28.Today abou t_____ % of the Welsh p opulation st ill speak We Ish as their first Iangu age and abou t ______ % of the Welsh p eople speak only Welsh,and

英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】

Chapter 13 geography 地理位置 I. Location and size 1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west. Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部,夏威夷位邻中太平洋。 2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言,美国是世界第四大国,就人口而言,美国是世界是第三大国。 3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中,阿拉斯加是面积最大的州,罗得岛最小,在美国大陆,最大的州是得克萨斯州。 II.Topography 1. Mountains (1)The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。(本细节有考―一句话简答题‖的可能)

相关文档
最新文档