(整理)《高速铁路工程测量规范》tb10601-学习版[1]

语言学概论期末考试范围

语言学概论期末复习 1. diachronic linguistics Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present. 2. arbitrariness Language is arbitrary for the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between the linguistic signs and their meanings is a matter of convention, and conventions differ radically across languages. 3. langue According to Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic systems shared by all the members of a speech community. It can be thought of as the generalized rules of the language that members of a speech community seem to abide by. 4. competence Chomsky defines competence as the abstract ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language. According to him, anyone who knows a language has internalized a set of rules about the sequences permitted in his language. This internalized set of rules is termed as a person's competence. 5. morpheme The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The “morpheme' is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which can not be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning. 6. Morphology Morphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation. So it refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed 7. Semantic triangle According to Ogden and Richard's semantic triangle, there is no direct link between language and the world, or between the symbol ( the linguistic elements, the word, the sentence) and referent ( the object in the world of experience). The link is via thought or reference, the concepts of our minds. 8. Lingua franca Lingua franca is the general term for a language that serves as a means of communication between different groups of speakers. 9. componential analysis Componential analysis is a way to analyze lexical meaning, and it defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components. 10. Cooperative Principle Cooperative Principle (CP) was proposed by Paul Grice, under which there are four maxims: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the

语言学期末考试

1. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as _____linguistics. D A. applied B. diachronic C. comparative D. synchronic 2. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a __C__ formula "S→NP VP". A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical 3. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A A. [p] B.[m] C.[b] D.[t] 4. The words ―make‖ and ―bus‖ are called _____D____because they can occur unattached. A. derivational morphemes B .inflectional morphemes C. bound morphemes D. free morphemes 5. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are____B______. A. gradable antonymy B. relational (converse) antonymy C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms 6. The semantic components of the word ―man‖ can be expressed as ____C___. A.＋animate,＋human,＋male,－adult; B.＋animate,＋human,－male,－adult; C.＋animate,＋human,＋male,＋adult D.—animate,＋human,－male,－adult 7. What kind of function does the sentence ―How do you do?‖ have? B A. Directive B. Phatic C. Informative D. Evocative 8. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as_______A____. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words 9. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?______A_. A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 10. The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called __C? A. morphology B. sociolinguistics C. pragmatics D. psycholinguistics 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.

语言学纲要原始答案修改整合最终版).doc

导言一、填空 1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度和希腊——罗马。 2、语言学是 19 世纪成为独立学科的，其标志是历史比较语言学。 3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。 4、语言交际过程可分为编码—发送—传递—接受—解码五个阶段。 5、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵文。 6、音韵学、文字学、训诂学是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。二、判断正误 1、语言学主要是研究古代的口语和数和书面语。（错误） 2、语言有自身结构的独立性，与系统之外的社会环境没有关系。（错误） 3、理论语言学是研究语言一般规律的，不受具体语言研究影响。（错误） 4、语言形式和内容的关系是语言研究的根本问题。（正确）第一章语言的功能一、填空 1、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。 2、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。 3、在各种信息传递形式中，语言是第一性的、最基本的手段。

4、人的大脑分左右两个半球，语言功能及计数、推理能力等由左半球掌管，音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由右半球制约。 5、儿童语言习得一般经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。二、判断正误（对） 1、文字是建立在语言基础之上的再编码形式。（错） 2、当说话者陈述一个客观事实时，话语中不具有主观性。（错） 3、书刊上的话语不具有人际互动功能。（对） 4、抽象思维要以语言为形式依托。（错） 5、布洛卡区在大脑的右半球前部。（错） 6、聋哑人不会说话，所以不具有抽象思维的能力。（对） 7、不同语言结构的差异体现出思维方式的不同。（错） 8、汉语名词没有数的变化，所以汉语没有区别单数和多数的概念三、思考题 1.为什么说思维离不开语言？思维需要语言：思维必须在语言材料的基础上进行，语言是人类思维的工具，思维功能是语言功能的另一方面。同时语言是思维活动的动因和载体，是思维结果的贮存所。所以语言帮助传递思维成果。思维的成果靠语言才能表达出来，使听读者了解。并且语言可帮助思维逐步深化，条理化。 2. 儿童语言习得的临界期指什么？临界期的存在说明语言的哪些特性？

《语言学概论》期末试卷-语言学概论期末考试

《语言学概论》期末试卷 1.( 单选题 ) 下列关于“语言”的说法 ,不正确的一项是 (D )(本题 2.0 分) A、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的 B、语言是一个符号系统 C、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征 D、语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变 2.( 单选题 ) 下列元音音素都是后元音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[u, ε] B、[α, Λ] C、[α,y] D、[o, a] 3.( 单选题 ) 下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[k, 1] B、[p, k] C、[p, n] D、[t, v] 4.( 单选题 ) 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是

( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、音位 B、音素 C、音节 D、音渡 5.( 单选题 ) 汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别为[uo]和[te],而在实际语流中 ,“我的”发音是 [uo de],这是语流音变中的( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、顺同化现象 B、逆同化现象 C、弱化现象 D、异化现象 6.( 单选题 ) 语音的本质属性是 (C )(本题 2.0 分) A、物理属性 B、生理属性 C、社会属性 D、心理属性 7. ( 单选题) 英语“ students”中的“ -s”是 ( C)(本题 2.0 分)

A、虚词语素 B、词根语素 C、构形语素 D、构词语素 8. ( 单选题) 从词的构造方式看, 下列各项中属于复合词的是( D)(本题 2.0 分) A、木头 B、念头 C、苦头 D、山头 9.( 单选题 ) 划分词类的最本质的标准是 (A )(本题 2.0 分) A、分布标准 B、意义标准 C、形态标准 D、逻辑标准 10.( 单选题 ) 下面词组中 ,结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是( D)(本题 2.0 分) A、年轻漂亮/朴素大方 B、我们大家/首都北京

语言学概论期末考试题

语言学概论一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分} 1．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的辅助性交际工具。 B．语言就是说话，说话就是语言。 C．语言是一种特殊的社会现象。 D．语言具有地方色彩，说明语言不具有社会性。 2．下列说法只有是错误的。 A．汉语的声调是由音高变化形成的。 B．语言中的轻重音是由音重变化形成的。 C．音位具有区别词形的作用。 I)．音素具有区别词形的作用。 3．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．“老”可以同“新、旧、少、嫩”等构成反义词。 B．“大”和“小”是绝对对立的反义词。 C．“红”与“黑”这对反义词具有非此即彼的关系。 D．反义词“冷”和“热”具有相对性。 4．下列说法只有____正确。 A．意译词如“激光”、“电话”都是借词。 B．仿译词如“机关枪”、“铁路”都是借词。 C．“尼姑”、“和尚”、“玻璃”是借词。 D．“爱神”、“北极熊”、“超人”都是借词。 5．下列词义的变化，属于词义的缩小。 A．“meat”原指菜肴，现在指荤菜。 B．“走”本义是跑，现在指步行。 C．“江”原指长江，今泛指江河。 D．“book”原指一种树木，今指成本的著作。 1．C 2．D 3．D 4．C 5．A 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4.下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 I)．语法的聚合规则存在”ji【j头沿吉中 5．单纯阋就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干【！．词缀

语言学纲要期末复习重点整理

1、语言学的三大发源地中国、印度、希腊—罗马。最初的语言学是是为了给遗留下来的政治、哲学、历史、宗教、文学等古典文献作注解，而不是探索语言的规律。这时候的语言学还不是一门独立的学科。2、语言符号的特点语言符号具有任意性和线条性的特点。（1）任意性是指语言符号的声音形式和意义内容的结合是任意的，二者没有必然联系。比如：粤方言中读“人”，读作[zen]，新会话读作[ng? n]，开平话有的读作[ng? n] 、[ngin]，台山话读作[ngin]，闽南话读作[n^ng]，但是表达的意义是一样的。（2）线条性指的是语言符号的能指在时间上呈线性排列。在交际过程中，语言符号只能一个跟着一个按时间顺序出现，形成延续的线性序列，绝不可能在同一时间说出两个符号。如：“庄”的语音形式就是由zh-u-a-ng四个音素依次出现而形成的。 3、组合关系和聚合关系（1）组合关系是指构成线性序列的语言成分之间的结构关系。即两个或两个以上同一性质的结构单位（例如音位与音位、词与词等等），按照线性的顺序可以前后连接起来的横向关系。（2）聚合关系是指同一结构内相同位置上可以互相替换的语言成分之间的纵向关系。即在语言的组合结构的某一个位置上能够互相替换的几个具有相同作用（组合能力）的单位符号之间的关系。（3）不仅各级语言符号处在这两种根本的关系之中，构造符号的音位和意义同

样也处于这两种关系之中。 4、语音四要素（1）音高：声音的高低，取决于发音体（人的发音体是声带）的振动频率。音高在语言中的作用：构成声调和语调。（2）音强：声音的强弱，取决于发音体振幅的大小。对于语音而言，就是由发音时用力的大小决定的。音强在语言中的作用：构成语调、轻重音。（3）音长：声音的长短，取决于发音体振动持续时间的长短。音长变化在许多语言中有区别意义的作用。音长在语言中的作用：构成长短音、轻音。如英语中的pool[pu:l]（水池）与pull[pul]（拖、拉）。（4）音质：一种声音区别于其他声音的个性或特征。它决定于声波振动的形式。音质的不同主要与三个方面的因素有关：发音体、发音方法和共鸣器的形状有关。 5、音位、语流音变、音位变体（1）一种语言中具有区别词的语音形式作用的最小的语音单位，是针对某种语言而言的。音位是从语音的社会属性的角度划分的单位。（2）确立音位的原则 ①对立原则：凡是处于对立关系中并能区别词的语音形式的几个音素归纳为不同的音位。例如：在汉语普通话中：［p］［p‘］［t］［t‘］几个音素是对立关系确立的不同的音位； ②互补原则：处于互补关系的音素不能起到区别词的语音形式的作用，可以归纳为一个音位。例如：英语中的[p]和[p‘]，汉语中的[a][A][ɑ]等 ③相似原则：但并不是处于互补关系中的音素都可以归纳为一个音位，还要考虑语音相似原则：例如：在普通话中，[t]只出现在音节的开头，[?]只出现在音节末

英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案

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胡壮麟语言学教程期末考试复习专用笔记(老师画的重点-自己整理的)

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.1 Why study language? 1. Language is very essential to human beings. 2. In language there are many things we should know. 3. For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically. 1.2 What is language? 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness 1.3.2 Duality 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement 1.4 Origin of language

语言学考试试题

Model 1 I. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration if it is necessary. 1. macrolinguistics::_______________________ 2. compound:_____________________________ 3. Reference: _____________________________ 4. Idiolect:________________________________ 5. Minimal pair:___________________________ 6. Competence:___________________________ 7. Diglossia: _____________________________ 8. Sound assimilation:______________________ 9. Arbitrariness:___________________________ 10. Semantic shift:_________________________ II. Indicate the following statements true or false. 1. Language use is both systematic and non-systematic, subject to external as well as to internal variation. 2. Corpus is a collection of texts input into a computer. Language corpora make it possible for material developers to select authentic, natural and typical language. 3. Mistakes often occur when learners fail to perform their competence. 4. Root is understood in terms of meanings while syem is understood with emphasis on affix. Sometimes a linguistic element is both a root and stem. 5. All instances of NP--movement are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. 6. Word lays in the central position in language comprehension because of its extremely important role in transmitting the meaning.

《语言学概论》期末B卷答案解析

丽水学院 —学年第一学期期终考试试卷答案（B卷）课程语言学概论使用班级班级：学号：姓名：一、填空题（本大题共14空格，每空格1分，共14分） 1．在中国，早期的语言研究主要是围绕着汉字的字义、字音、字形进行的，产生了训诂学、音韵学、文字学三个分支，统称为“小学”。 2．被尊称为“19世纪的亚里土多德”的德国哲学家和数学家弗雷格于1892年提出预设的概念，他的理论被公认为人工智能的理论基础。 3．每个元音的音质是由舌位前后、舌位高低、圆唇与否3个方面的因素决定的。 4.语言的变异可以分为地域变异、社会变异和功能变异等3类。 5．言语行为理论的创始人是英国道德哲学家奥斯汀，他认为，语句有命题意义和施为意义两层意义。二、判断是非题：对的写“√”，错的写“×”（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）（√）1．语言是一种符号系统。（√）2．肺是人类发音的动力站，声带是发音体。（×）3．元音发音时，声带不一定振动，辅音发音时，声带一定要振动。（√）4．超音质音位又叫“超音段音位”或“非音质音位”。（×）5．在现代汉语普通话中，[b]和[p]是两个音位。（√）6．福建“沙县县”简称为“沙县”体现了语言的经济机制。

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