英语语言学名词解释补充

英语语言学名词解释补充
英语语言学名词解释补充

Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition

1. second language acquisition:It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.

2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.

3. second language:A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.

4. foreign language:A foreign language is a language which is taught as

a school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.

5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.

6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.

7. contrastive analysis: a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to establishing points of difference likely to cause difficulties for learners.

8. contrastive analysis hypothesis: A hypothesis in second language acquisition. It predicts that where there are similarities between the first and second languages, the learner will acquire second language structure with ease, where there are differences, the learner will have difficulty.

9. positive transfer:It refers to the transfer that occur when both the native language and the target language have the same form, thus making learning easier. (06F)

10. negative transfer:the mistaken transfer of features of one’s native language into a second language.

11. error analysis: the study and analysis of errors made by second and foreign language learners in order to identify causes of errors or common difficulties in language learning.

12. interlingual error:errors, which mainly result from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc.

13. intralingual error:Errors, which mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language. The typical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association.

14. overgeneralization:The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.

15. cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.

16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by a non-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of that target language.

17. mistake:mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.

18. input: language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she can learn.

19. intake: the input which is actually helpful for the learner.

20. Input Hypothesis:A hypothesis proposed by Krashen , which states that in second language learning, it’s necessary for the learner to understand input language which contains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence. Eventually the ability to produce language is said to emerge naturally without being taught directly.

21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.

22. learning: learning is a conscious learning of second language

knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules.

23. comprehensible input:Input language which contains linguistic items

that are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence.

(06F)

24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, not

including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.

25. motivation:motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and

affective state or learning drive.

26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreign

language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a

career etc. (06C)

27. integrative motivation:the drive that people learn a foreign language

because of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05)

28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a second

language for external purposes. (06F)

29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the second

language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.

30. learning strategies:learning strategies are learners’ conscious

goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning

efficiency.

31. cognitive strategies: strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis,

and internalizing what has been learned. (07C/ 06F)

32. metacognitive strategies:the techniques in planning, monitoring and

ev aluating one’s learning.

33. affect/ social strategies: the strategies dealing with the ways

learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or

non-native.

Chapter 12 : Language And Brain

1. neurolinguistics: It is the study of relationship between brain and

language. It includes research into how the structure of the brain

influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.

2. psycholinguistics: the study of language processing. It is concerned with the processes of language acqisition, comprehension and production.

3. brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive and perceptive functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.

4. dichotic listening:A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cognitive function.

5. right ear advantage: The phenomenon that the right ear shows an advantage for the perception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage.

6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cognition are called as split brain studies.

7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired language disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accident and so on.

8. non-fluent aphasia:Damage to parts of the brain in front of the central sulcus is called non-fluent aphasia.

9. fluent aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called fluent aphasia.

10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia.

11. phonological dyslexia:it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems to have lost the ability to use spelling-to-sound rules.

12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems unable to recognize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spelling-to-sound rules.

13. spoonerism:a slip of tongue in which the position of sounds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let’s have chish and fips instend of Let’s have fish and chips.

14. priming: the process that before the participants make a decision whether the string of letters is a word or not, they are presented with an activated word.

15. frequency effect: Subjects take less time to make judgement on frequently used words than to judge less commonly used words . This phenomenon is called frequency effect.

16. lexical decision: an experiment that let participants judge whether

a string of letter is a word or not at a certain time.

17. the priming experiment:An experiment that let subjects judge whether

a string of letters is a word or not after showed with a stimulus word, called prime.

18. priming effect:Since the mental representation is activated through the prime, when the target is presented, response time is shorter that it otherwise would have been. This is called the priming effect. (06F)

19. bottom-up processing: an approach that makes use principally of information which is already present in the data.

20. top-down processing:an approach that makes use of previous knowledge and experience of the readers in analyzing and processing information which is received.

21. garden path sentences: a sentence in which the comprehender assumes

a particular meaning of a word or phrase but discovers later that the assumption was incorrect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the sentence.

22. slip of the tongue:mistakes in speech which provide psycholinguistic evidence for the way we formulate words and phrases.

名词解释

饲料:能够被动物摄取,消化,吸收和利用的物质。 营养:是人类和动物从外界摄取食物或饲料以满足自身生理需要的过程。 营养物质:为维持人和动物生命和生产所必需的物质。 营养价值:特定饲料中养分及其质和量的关系。 粗饲料:自然状况下,水分45%以下,CF含量大于18%,能值低的饲料。 能量饲料:干物质中粗蛋白质≤20%,粗纤维≤18%的一类饲料(消化能≥10.46 MJ/kgDM) 蛋白质饲料:是指干物质中粗纤维含量小于18%、粗蛋白质含量大于或等于20%的饲料。 饲料缓冲度:中和每100G全价饲料中的碱性物质,并使PH降低到4.2时所需的乳酸克数。 青贮:经过发酵处理使饲料保持新鲜,减少养分损失的调制和贮藏青绿饲料的有效方法。 额外热能效应:是指饲料合成体内脂肪时所需的能量相对较少,而油脂却能提供较高的净能值;额外代谢效应是指添加在日粮中的油脂,其能量并不是简单地和其它养分能量的累加,而是与其它营养成分起协同作用,使油脂自身的代谢能值超过总值。 需要量:是指每天日粮中的数量必须能消除或防止维生素的临床症状的产生。但这些数据对生产实践来讲是不够的。 供给量:是指能保证饲养的畜禽有最佳的生长率和饲料利用率,健康状况良好,有抗病能力以及在动物体内有足够量的储备,共给量比最低需要量大好几倍。 添加剂:指在饲料加工、制作、使用过程中添加的少量或者微量物质,包括营养性饲料添加剂和非营养性饲料添加剂。 饲料标准:指各种特定动物所需要的各种营养物质的定额规定。(指的是平均需要,故不一定能满足各个动物的需要,而且是指在适宜条件下的定额,) 营养需要:在最适宜的条件下,正常动物达到某一生产成绩对各种营养物质种类和数量需要的群体平均值。配合饲料:指根据动物的不同生长阶段,不用生理要求,不同生产用途的营养需要以及以饲料营养价值评定的实验和研究为基础,按科学配方把不同来源的饲料按一定的比例均匀混合,按规定的工艺流程加工,满足实际生产需要的饲料。 全价配合饲料:能够全面满足饲喂对象的营养需要,不需要再添加任何营养性物质的配合饲料。 日粮:满足一头动物一昼夜所需各种营养物质而采食的各种饲料总量。 饲粮:根据动物的日粮组成,将各原料组成换算成百分含量而配制的混合饲料。 采食量:随意采食量,单个动物或动物群体自由接触饲料的条件下,一定时间内采食饲料的重量;实际采食量,在实际生产中,正常健康的动物在一定时间内,实际采食饲料的总量;规定采食量,指动物饲料标准或动物营养需要中所规定的采食量的定额。 限饲:人为控制饲养动物的进食量,使摄取的营养物质量低于动物的需求水平。 丰饲:采取各种措施提高动物营养物质进食量,使之超过营养需要水平。 其他: 1、饲料的分类原则:三个指标:水分、粗纤维、蛋白质。 国际饲料分类:2节6位。(1)、青干草和粗饲料:CF≥18%DM。(2)、青绿饲料:含水量≥60%;CF较第一类少,某些维生素多CP较高。(3)、青贮饲料:含水量≥45%,包括低水分青贮。(4)、能量饲料:CP≤20%DM,CF<18%DM。(5)蛋白质饲料:CP≥20%DM,CF<18%DM(AA、肽类、尿素)。(6)矿物质饲料:矿物元素含量多,包括微量元素添加剂。(7)维生素饲料:单一或复合维生素。(8)添加剂:主要是非营养性添加剂。 中国饲料分类法标准编号:3节,7位,17亚类的分类体系。饲料的分类:十七类(1)青绿多汁类:水分≥45%(2)树叶类:新鲜树叶水≥45%,风干树叶CF≥18%。(3)青贮(4)块根、块茎、瓜果类(5)干草类:三种类型,CF、CP的含量(6)农副产品类(7)谷实类:CP≤20%,CF<18%。(8)糠麸类:两种类型,能量饲料。(9)豆类(10)饼粕类:三种类型。(11)糟渣类(12)草籽树实类(13)动物性饲料(14)矿物质饲料(15)维生素(16)饲料添加剂:非营养性物质和合成物质。(17)油脂类和其他。

心理学名词解释

心理学:是一门以解释、预测和 调控人的行为为目的,通过研究分析人的行为,揭示人的心理活动规律的科学。 观察法:指在自然情境中对人的行为进行有目的、有计划的系统观察并记录,然后对所作记录进行分析,以期发现心理活动变化的规律的方法。 测验法:指使用特定的量表为工具,对个体的心理特征进行间接了解,并作出量化结论的研究方法。 调查法:指就某一问题要求被调查者回答自己的想法或做法,以此来分析、推测群体的态度和心理特征的方法。调查法分为问卷法和谈话法两种方式。 意识:指个人运用感觉、知觉、思维、记忆等心理活动,对自己内在的身心状态和环境中外在的人、事、物变化的知觉。 不随意注意:指事先没有目的、也不需要意志努力的注意。 随意注意:指有预定目的、需要一定意志努力的注意。 随意后注意:注意指向一个对象后期出现的一种特殊形式。它同时具有随意注意和不随意注意的某些特征。它和自觉的目的、任务联系在一起,但它不需要意志的努力。 生物节律:指有机体生理功能的周期性变化。 催眠:是一种类似睡眠又实非睡眠的意识恍惚状态,是在一种特殊情境下,由催眠师诱导形成的。 感受性:指人对刺激物的感受能力。不同的人对刺激的感受性是不同的。感觉阈限:是人感到某个刺激存 在或刺激发生变化所需刺激强度 的临界值。 知觉:是人脑对直接作用于感受 器官的客观事物的各个部分属性 的整体的反映,它是在感觉的基 础上产生的,是对感觉信息的整 合和解释。 社会知觉:指个人在社会环境中 对他人的心理状态、行为动机和 意向做出推测与判断的过程。 首因效应:指人们在对他人总体 印象的形成过程中,最初获得的 信息比后来获得的信息影响更大 的现象。 记忆:是在头脑中积累、保存和 提取个体经验的心理过程。 学习:指通过主题客观的星湖作 用,在主体头脑内部积累经验, 构建心理结构以积极适应环境的 过程,它可以通过行为或者行为 潜能的持久变化而有所表现。 思维:是以人已有的知识为中介, 对客观事物的概括的、间接地反 映。 聚合思维:指根据已知的信息, 利用熟悉的规则解决问题的思维 方式,它是一种有方向、有范围、 有条理的思维方式。 发散思维:指人们根据当前问题 给定的信息和记忆系统中存储的 信息,沿着不用的方向和角度思 考,从多方面寻求多样性答案的 一种思维活动。 概念:在心理学上指的是反映客 观事物共同特点与本质属性的 思维形式,是高级认知活动的基 本单元,以一个符号,就是词的 形式来表现。 推理:指从一组具体食物经过分析 综合得出一般规律,或者从一般原 理演出新的具体结论的思维活动。 心理定势:指坚持使用原有的已证 明有效的方法解决新问题的心理倾 向。 多元智力理论:由美国心理学家加 德纳提出。加德纳认为智力的内涵 是多元的,它是由7种相对独立的 智力成分所构成。每种智力都是一 个单独的功能系统,这些系统可以 相互作用,产生外显的智力行为。 智力结构论:由美国心理学家吉尔 福特提出。他认为,智力活动可以 区分出三个维度,即内容、操作和 产物,这三个维度的各个成分可以 组成为一个三维结构模型。 动机:指为激发、维持、调节人们 从事某种活动,并引导活动朝向某 一目标的内部心理过程或内在动 力。 本能理论:是最早被提出的理论。 该理论认为:有机体生来即具有一 些特定的先天倾向,这些倾向是维 持生存所不可缺少的,人们的行为 是受这些本能力量所驱动的。 匮乏动机:指个体试图恢复自己生 理和心理平衡状态的动机,在需要 得到满足之后便趋于消失。 情绪情感:人对客观事物的态度体 验及相应的行为反应。 心境:是一种具有感染性的、比较 平稳而持久的情绪状态。 激情:是一种爆发快、强烈而短暂 的情绪体验。 应激:是指在意外的紧急情况下所 产生的情绪体验。

英语语言学名词解释(2)

现代语言学 一绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.

补充名词解释

补充名词解释 1.保守主义 (政治哲学术语) 在不同的语境下,或者不同的历史阶段,拥有不同的含义,但它们都有类似的本质:是一种强调既有价值或现状的政治哲学。保守主义一般是相对激进而言的,而不是相对进步而言的。保守主义并不反对变革,只是反对激进的变革,宁愿采取比较稳妥的方式。 2.保护主义 保护主义(protectionism),即以维护本国利益作为是否适用本国法律的依据;任何侵害了本国利益的人,不论其国籍和所在地域,都要受该国法律的追究,使其得到该国认为其应有的惩罚。在国际贸易中以保护国内产业为目的的经济政策。 国际贸易中最常见的保护主义是保护关税政策。这种政策开始于15、16世纪的重商主义时期。重商主义者主张增加国内的财富积累,阻止外国过多商品的进口,以扩大对外贸易的顺差,保证金银流入国内,这一政策的实施,促进了资本的原始积累和工场手工业的发展。 3.孤立主义 孤立主义是一种外交政策。它通常由防务和经济上的两方面政策组成。在防务上,孤立主义采取不干涉原则,即除自卫战争外不主动卷入任何外部军事冲突;在经济文化上,通过立法最大程度限制与国外的贸易和文化交流。 4.单边主义 所谓单边主义是指举足轻重的特定大国,不考虑大多数国家和民众的愿望,单独或带头退出或挑战已制订或商议好了的维护国际性、地区性、集体性和平、发展、进步的规则和制度,并对全局或局部的和平、发展、进步有破坏性的影响和后果的行为与倾向。 5.基尼系数 基尼系数是指国际上通用的、用以衡量一个国家或地区居民收入差距的常用指标。基尼系数介于0-1之间,基尼系数越大,表示不平等程度越高。 6.恩格尔系数 恩格尔系数(Engel's Coefficient)是食品支出总额占个人消费支出总额的比重。19世纪德国统计学家恩格尔根据统计资料,对消费结构的变化得出一个规律:一个家庭收入越少,家庭收入中(或总支出中)用来购买食物的支出所占的比例就越大,随着家庭收入的增加,家庭收入中(或总支出中)用来购买食物的支出比例则会下降。推而广之,一个国家越穷,每个国民的平均收入中(或平均支出中)用于购买食物的支出所占比例就越大,随着国家的富裕,这个比例呈下降趋势。

……心理学名词解释

第三章发展心理学 横断研究设计:在某一特定的时间内,同时对不同年龄的被试进行比较的方法 纵向研究设计:对同一研究对象在不同的时间或阶段内进行长期的反复观察测量的方法,故也叫追踪研究设计 聚合交叉设计:将横断研究设计和纵向研究设计融合在一起的研究方法。选择不同的年龄群体为研究对象,在短时间内观察这些研究对象 双生子设计:通过比较双生子在先天基因和后天环境对其心理发展造成的影响,来研究先天和环境教育发生作用的阶段和影响因素 本我:基本机能,寻求机体满足,遵循快乐原则 自我:人格的执行者,遵循现实原则,寻找一种现实的途径来满足本能的需要 超我:人格的法官,人格中内化了的道德标准,服从于道德原则 心理生物性紊乱:青春期心理生物性紊乱主要表现于主体对自己身体机能的异常关注及对某些正常疾患的过分夸大。在初中生中,常存在心理生物性紊乱的情况 染色体:是遗传的物质载体,其功能是存储和传递遗传信息 基因:是DNA分子中的一段能表现生理功能的序列,一个基因就代表一个遗传信息,它是遗传信息的基本单位 格式:一种动态的心理结构,认知发展的过程就是格式日益复杂化,不同格式日渐融合的过程 同化:格式对外部刺激加以选择和改造,使其能够被纳入到现有格式中 顺应:为了更好的加工外在刺激,个体对格式进行一定的调整以适应外部环境的过程 记忆:就是一个信息输入、编码、存储、检索和提取的过程 工作记忆:指在短时记忆过程中,把新输入的信息和记忆中原有的知识经验联系起来的记忆 自传式记忆:指对个人特别重要的经历的回忆 记忆策略:人们为有效地完成记忆任务而采用的方法或手段 元记忆:就是关于记忆过程的知识或认知活动

英语语言学名词解释

Chapter 12 : Lan guage And Brain 1. n euroli nguistics: It is the study of relati on ship betwee n brain and Ian guage. It in eludes research into how the structure of the brain in flue nces Ian guage lear ning, how and in which parts of the brain Ian guage is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use Ian guage. 2. psycholinguistics: ____ t he study of Ian guage process in g. It is concerned with the processes of Ian guage acqisiti on, comprehe nsion and product ion. 3. brain lateralizati on: The localizatio n of cog nitive and perceptive fun cti ons in a particular hemisphere of the brain. 4. dichotic listening: A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cog nitive fun cti on. 5. right ear advantage: ___ The phe nomenon that the right ear shows an adva ntage for the perception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage. 6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cog niti on are called as split brain studies. 7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired Ianguage disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accide nt and so on. 8. non- flue nt aphasia: Damageto parts of the brain in front of the cen tral sulcus is called non-flue nt aphasia. 9. flue nt aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex beh ind the cen tral sulcus results in a type of aphasia called flue nt aphasia. 10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the an gular gyrus of the parietal lobe ofte n causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia. 11. phono logical dyslexia: ___ it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems to have lost the ability to use spelli ng-to-so und rules. 12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems un able to recog nize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spell in g-to-so und rules. 13. spo on erism: a slip of ton gue in which the positi on of soun ds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let' s have chish and fips instend of Let' s have fish and chips. 14. prim ing: the process that before the participa nts make a decisi on whether the stri ng of letters is a word or not, they are prese nted with an activated word. 15. freque ncy effect: Subjects take less time to make judgeme nt on freque ntly used words tha n to judge less com monly used words . This phe nomenon is called freque ncy effect.

心理学名词解释汇总

心理学名词解释汇总 1、心理学——心理学是研究人的心理现象及其活动规律的科学。 2、心理过程——指认识过程(感觉、知觉、识记、想象和思维)、情绪和情感过程及意志过程。 3、观察法——观察,旨在自然条件下,人们为一定目的而对事物所进行的有计划的知觉过程。观察法就是以感官活动为先决条件,与积极的思维相结合,系统地运用感官对客观事物进行感知、考察和描述的一种研究方法。 4、自然实验法——在自然的正常的情况下,根据预定的计划,有意识地引起或创造所要研究的现象 5、反射——是有机体借助于中枢神经系统而实现的对体内外刺激所做出的规律性的应答活动。 6、反射弧——是实现反射的生理结构。它包括感受器、传入神经、神经中枢、传出神经、反馈和效应器。 7、无条件反射——无条件反射是先天的、生来就有的不需要学习就会的反射. 8、条件反射——是后天的,是在个体生活过程中经过学习而形成的反射. 9、兴奋过程——是指有关大脑皮层区及相应器官的机能由相对休息状态转向活动状态. 10、抑制过程——是指有关大脑皮层区及相应器官的机能由活动状态转向相对休息状态 11、兴奋和抑制的扩散与集中——当大脑皮层的某部位产生兴奋或抑制时,并不是停留在原发点不动,而是向周围的神经细胞传布开来,这就是兴奋和抑制的扩散.扩散到一定限度后,又向原发点聚集,这就是兴奋和抑制的集中. 12、兴奋和抑制的相互诱导——是指一种神经过程能引起与它相反的神经过程的增强. 13、第一信号系统——是具体刺激物引起的条件反射系统 14、第二信号系统——是由词语作为条件刺激物而引起的条件反射系统 15、注意——是心理活动对一定事物的指向和集中。 16、有意注意——是指具有预定目的,需作一定意志努力的注意。 17、无意注意——是一种事先没有预定目的,也不需要任何意志努力的注意。 18、有意后注意——是指既有目的性,又不需作较大意志努力的注意。 19、注意的分配——是指在同一时间内,把注意指向两种或两种以上的对象或活动上的特征。 20、注意的转移——是根据新的需要,主动及时地把注意从一个对象转移到另一个对象上的特性。 21、感觉——是人脑对直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物的个别属性的反映。 22、知觉——是人脑直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物整体属性的反映。 23、感受性——感觉器官对适宜刺激的感觉能力的不同叫感受性。 24、感觉阈限——是指能引起感觉持续一段时间的刺激量。 25、分析器——是一种复杂的神经装置,由感觉器官、传导神经(包括传入神经和传出神经)和大脑皮层的相应区域三部分组成. 26、适应——由于刺激物的持续作用而引起的感受性变化叫做适应。 27、记忆——是过去经验在人脑中的反映。 28、记忆表象——被感知过的事物不在面前时,它的形象仍能在头脑中呈现出来,这个现象叫记忆表象。 29、识记——就是通过反复感知从而识别、记住某种事物,并在头脑中留下映象的过程。 30、保持——是识记过的材料在头脑中储存和巩固的过程,人脑的保持量是相当大的。 31、前摄抑制——先学习的材料对回忆后学习的材料的干扰作用叫前摄抑制. 32、倒摄抑制——后学习的材料对先学习的材料的干扰作用叫倒摄抑制.

名词解释

名词解释 一、早起(中世纪、文艺复兴) 新艺术: 14世纪,“新艺术“最初是法国作曲家和诗人维特里于1320年所写论文的标题,论 文记录了当时欧洲音乐发展的最新成果(可补充);相对于”古艺术“时期的有量音 乐三分法,音值二分法已被接受并实践,引入二分音符,确定三六度音程的谐和性, 强调半音的表情意义,”等节奏经文歌“的运用等。当时的理论家用”新艺术“这一术语来称呼14世纪在法国处于巅峰的新音乐,与13世纪”古艺术“相对,先用来指代 整个14世纪欧洲音乐艺术。法国的马肖(可补充代表作)和意大利的兰迪尼(可补充)是欧洲新艺术时期的代表作家。 马肖: 14世纪法国诗人,作曲家。曾供职与卢森堡大公兼波西米亚国王及法王夏尔五世。他是欧洲新艺术音乐的典型代表,所作《圣母弥撒曲》是复调常规弥撒套曲的最早范例,经文歌普遍采用等节奏技术;他的世俗音乐亦是复调尚松的杰作,有叙事歌、回旋歌 和维勒莱,还创作有单声部的行吟歌曲。 经文歌: 形成于13世纪的多声部复调音乐体裁,在克劳苏拉的基础上形成。2.通常为三声部,低音固定调采用格里高利圣咏曲调,拉丁文演唱,上方第二和第三声部自由创作,用 法与演唱宗教或世俗内容歌词。3.13世纪经文歌的代表作曲家有佩罗坦、弗朗科等,14世纪等节奏经文歌的大师为维特里和马肖。 蒙泰威尔第:(重点,每年考) 16世纪末至17世纪上半叶的意大利作曲家,1590年起供职于曼图亚公爵府,1613年起任职于威尼斯圣马可大教堂,是威尼斯歌剧乐派的奠基人,完整留存歌剧作品《奥 菲欧》、《尤利西斯返乡记》和《波佩亚的加冕》,确定歌剧中独唱与合唱、主调与 复调、声乐与器乐之间的比例关系,强调以音乐手段表达人的情感,创立“激情风格“,并在器乐中采用弦乐的震音和拨弦等新手法。所作世俗音乐作品包括9卷牧歌, 努力深化音乐表现力,运用了大量背离传统的手法,走在了时代的前列。蒙泰威尔第 在继承文艺复兴音乐成果的同事开创了巴洛克新的声乐和器乐风格。 简答题;

大学英语语言学期末考试名词解释和论述答案

名词解释 https://www.360docs.net/doc/3d17392589.html,petence and Performance: The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s. Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance----the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. ) 2.Sociolinguistics: is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.( It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistic.) https://www.360docs.net/doc/3d17392589.html,nguage Acquisition: refers to t he child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. (Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s devel opment of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.) 4.the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf (and also a belief held by some scholars). It states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language. (2) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts, i.e. linguistic determinism and relativism. Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, i.e. the notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, i.e. relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism. 5.Phrase structure rule: The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP →(Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the plate, pretty girls. VP →(Qual) + V + (NP)……e.g. always play games, finish assignments. AP →(Deg) + A + (PP)……very handsome, very pessimistic, familiar with, very close to PP →(Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near the station.

心理学名词解释精选

心理学名词解释 1.心理学:是研究人的行为和心理活动的规律的科学。 2.关键期:有些研究者根据动物心理实验提出了“关键年龄”或“关键期”的概念,认为个体在早期发展过程中,某一反应或一组反应在某一特定时期或阶段中最容易获得,最容易形成,如果错过了这个时期或阶段,就不容易再出现这样的“好时机”这个关键的“好时机”就是关键年龄或关键期。 3.年龄特征:具有一定的普遍性和稳定性,显示出阶段的顺序,每一个阶段的变化过程和速度大体上 是稳定的共同的。 4.智商:是智力商数的概念,表示一个人的智力水平,主要有两种计算方法,比率智商和离差智 商。 5.气质: 是表现在心理活动的强度,速度,灵活性与指向性的一种稳定的心理特征。 6.诱因: 指能够激起有机体定向行为,并能满足某种需要和外部条件或刺激物。 7.意识:是人类独有的一种高水平的心理活动,指个体运用感觉知觉思维记忆等心理活动,对自己 内在的身心状态和环境中外在的人事物变化的觉知。 8.挫折:指个体在通向目标的过程中遇到难克服的障碍或干扰使目标不能达到时产生的不 良情绪反应。 9.构想:指心理学理论所涉及的抽象而属假设性质的概念成特质。 10.焦虑(障碍):指受不合平现实或不合平理性的害怕所困扰的状态。 11.服从:按照他人命令去行动的行为,也是人际互动的基本方式之一。 12.催眠:是一种类似睡眠又实非睡眠的意识恍惚状态,这种恍惚的意识状态,是在一种特殊的情境 下由催眠师生诱导形成的。 13.心向:也称“心理定势”,坚持使用原有已证明有效的方法解决新问题的心理倾向 14.概念:反映客观事物共同特点与本质属性的思维形式,是高级认知活动的基本单元,以一个符号 就是词的形式来表示。 15.内涵:概念所反映了事物的本质外延:是概念的范围 16.推理:指从一组具体事物经过分析综合得出一般规律,或者一般原理演出新的具体结论的思维活动,前者叫归纳推理,后者叫演绎推理。 17.想像:是对头脑中已有的表象进行加工改造,形成新形象的心理过程。 18.适应:指在刺激物的持续作用下感受性发生的变化,适应既可以提高感受性也可以降低感受性。 19.手段(目的分析法):先有个目标,它与当前的状态之间存在着差异,人们认识到这个差异,就要想出某种办法采取手段来减少这个差异。 20.性格:一种与社会相关最密切的人格特征,在性格中镶嵌了许多社会道德含义。 21.个性特质:指个体身上所独具的特质,它分为首要特质,中心特质和次要特质三种。 22.口语板告:也称“大声想”,即经过一定训练后,让被试在解决某个问题的同时,大声说出头脑 内进行的活动,事后出心理学家对之进行分析。 23.心理健康:1.广义:指一种高效,满意而持续的心理状态2.狭义:人的基本心理活动的过程内容完 整,协调一致。 24.人格:是构成一个人思想,情感及行为的特有模式,这个模式包含了一个人区于他人的稳定而统一 的心理。 25.信度:即可靠性,是指多次测验结果的一致性程度。

心理学名词解释(补充)

催眠:通过人为诱导(如放松、单调刺激、集中注意、想象等)引起的一种类似睡眠又非睡眠的特殊意识状态。 (参考:心理学词典【美】阿瑟.S.雷伯著上海译文出版社 1996.12,P380/心理学大辞典,P167) 催眠术:运用暗示、诱导等手段使受术者进入一种特殊意识状态的技术。 (参考:心理咨询大百科全书P342,马维祥撰,李明杲审/心理学词典【美】阿瑟.S.雷伯著上海译文出版社 1996.12,P381) 否认:心理防御机制之一,指无意识地拒绝承认那些使个人感到焦虑和痛苦的事件以保护自我的过程。 (参考:心理学词典【美】阿瑟.S.雷伯著上海译文出版社 1996.12,P213/心理学大辞典,P359/简明心理学词典黄希庭主编安徽人民出版社 2004.9,P99) 固定角色疗法:当事人按其希望变成的角色行事,一段时间后,将替代角色的良好人格特点整合到自己人格中的一种心理治疗方法。 (心理学大辞典,P440/心理咨询大百科全书P352,梁宝勇撰,徐俊冕审/简明心理学词典黄希庭主编安徽人民出版社 2004.9,P399) 合理化作用:又称文饰,心理防御机制之一。指无意识地给自己的行为赋予正当理由,使难以接受的情感、行为或动机可以接受的心理过程。 (参考:心理学词典【美】阿瑟.S.雷伯著上海译文出版社 1996.12,P694/心理学大辞典,P1311) 解释:咨询师对来访者问题的性质、症结、归因和解决办法给予简洁、明确说明或启示的一种晤谈技巧。 (参考:心理咨询大百科全书P27,王小英撰,车文博审/心理学大辞典,P623) 人格整合:又称“人格组织”,指构成一个人人格的各种特质、行为倾向、动机、情绪等协调统一的过程。 (参考:心理学词典【美】阿瑟.S.雷伯著上海译文出版社 1996.12,P611/心理学大辞典,P993) 投射:心理防御机制之一,指个体把自我不能容忍的冲动、欲望、感情、观念等转移到外部世界或他人身上的心理过程。 (参考:心理学词典【美】阿瑟.S.雷伯著上海译文出版社 1996.12,P659/简明心理学词典黄希庭主编安徽人民出版社 2004.9,P384) 退行:心理防御机制之一,指个体遇到挫折时,以早期的、更原始的或更为儿童般的行为模式来应付困难的心理过程。 (参考:心理学大辞典,P57/心理学词典【美】阿瑟.S.雷伯著上海译文出版社 1996.12,P711) 危机干预:对处于心理危机状态中的个体、家庭及群体采取明确有效的措施,使之能最终战胜危机。 (参考:心理卫生与心理咨询百科全书梁宝勇主编南开大学出版社2002.11 P631/简明心理学词典黄希庭主编安徽人民出版社 2004.9,P391) 压抑:心理防御机制之一,将具有威胁性的思想、情感、记忆和冲动排斥到潜意识之中,使之避开意识的过程。 潜抑:心理防御机制之一,个体把不能接受的冲动、欲望、情感或痛苦经历,不知不觉地压制到潜意识去,以避免痛苦。 潜抑:又称“压抑”,心理防御机制之一,个体把不能接受的冲动、欲望、情感或痛苦经历,不知不觉地压制到潜意识去的心理过程。 行为矫正:根据行为主义学习理论,改变个体不良行为习惯的一种治疗方法和技术。 (参考:心理学大辞典,P1442/简明心理学词典黄希庭主编安徽人民出版社 2004.9,P435) 知情同意:在心理咨询师为当事人提供足够信息基础上,由当事人做出决定(同意或拒绝),必要时达成书面协议的过程。

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