托福阅读精选45句长难句翻译
精选45句托福阅读长难句翻译及词汇注释
（涵盖部分句子简化题翻译）
1.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a
sediment（沉积物）-laden（装满的）river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing（沉积）the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope（斜面）.
虽然是较为小型的，但类似的事情也在当下发生，无论什么地方的、大量携带沉积物的河水或溪流从山谷中流至较为平坦的地带，都会随着流速的减慢会沉淀下它的携带物。
河流通常以扇形蔓延，使沉积物以一种平滑的扇形斜面的形式沉积。
2.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie（躺在某上）
what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they ar e now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels （石子，砂砾）and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars（沙洲，堤坝）, will be saturated（浸湿）with groundwater.
在地势较低的城市里，地面上几乎所有曾是河床的地方都被土壤掩埋。如果曾是河床的地方现在处于河流（的上表面）之下，旧时河床的石砾、沙子和沙洲就会被地表水浸湿。
3.But note that porosity（孔隙度）is not the same as permeability（渗透率）,
which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities（腔，洞）and the crevices （裂缝，缺口）linking them.
但是要注意的在测量水可以从一种材料间通过的轻松程度的时候，孔隙度并不等同于渗透率。这个要依材料中每个独立的洞和裂缝的大小而定。
4.If the pores（毛孔，气孔）are large, the water in them will exist as drops too
heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain（使液体流走）away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films（薄膜）, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place;
then the water will be firmly held.
如果气孔很大，其内部的水分会以滴的形式存在，水分会由于过重、不能被表面张力持住而流走。反之，如果气孔很小，其内部的水分会以薄膜的形式存在，水分太轻以至于不能克服固定它们的表面张力，因此水分就会被以膜的形式保留。
5.But the myths that have grown up around the rites（隆重的仪式或典礼）may
continue as part of the group’s oral（口头的; 口述的）tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced（分离）from these rites.
但是那些围绕着宗教仪式衍生的传说可能会以群体的口述习俗流传下去，甚至在一定条件下可以会表现得与那些宗教仪式分离。
20150203
6.Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a
gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered（遇见）in daily life.
在二十世纪进步的另外的一个，显示出人类有幻想的天赋，因为在人们追求把现实重塑成一种比日常生活中遇见的更令人满意的形式。
7.For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision,
since comedy requires sufficient detachment（派遣；客观）to view some deviations（偏向; 偏差）from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare（福利）of the entire group.
举例来说,这个条件的标志之一便是幽默视角的出现，由于喜剧，对于整个群体的健康发展来说，需要足够的独立客观思考去把一些与社会正常的偏差看作是荒谬怪诞而不是严肃的威胁。
8.Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some
advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.
树际线上的树通常是常绿林，显示出在树际线上端的极端环境下常绿林比落叶林更有优势。
9.This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which
tend to attain（达到; 实现）greater heights on ridges（山脊）, whereas（考虑到）in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.
这点对于中纬和高纬的山脊上那些趋向于达到更大的高度的树木尤为正确，而在热带树木会在山谷中达到他们的巅峰。
10.As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain
greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity（迅速; 快速）winds and poor, thin soils there.
因为雪在山谷中会更深、留存的时间更长，所以树木倾向于在山脊上达到更大的高度，尽管他们需要暴露在凛冽的风里，扎根在浅薄贫瘠的土壤中。
11.Wind velocity（速度；高速）also increases with altitude and may cause serious
stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed（畸形的）shapes at high
altitudes.
风速也会随着海拔的升高而增大，并可能会给树木施加相当大的压力。显而易见，高海拔的地方树木会明显的畸形。
12.Some scientists have proposed（提议, 建议）that the presence（出席;存在）
of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex（巨角塔尔羊）may be another contributing factor.
一些科学家指出出现紫外线等级提高或许是一个原因，而饲养放牧像巨角塔尔羊这样的动物可能是另外的有力原因。
13.Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the
growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots（幼苗, 新枝）and buds（花蕾；嫩芽）cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
最重要的环境因素大概就是温度了，因为如果生长期过短并且温度过低，树木的幼枝和嫩芽不能充分生长来在冬季的月份存活。
14.Immediately adjacent（相邻的；接近的）to the timberline, the tundra（冻原,
苔原）consists of（组成）a fairly complete cover of low-lying（洼）shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses（藓; 苔）and lichens（地衣）and some prostrate（伏地的；卧倒的）cushion（柔软如垫的）plants.
在极为接近树际线的地方，是原先由几乎完全覆盖的灌木和草丛组成的冻原，随着海拔越高，植物的种类的数量和多样性就越会减少，直到出现只偶尔会有苔藓、地衣、以及一些伏倒的、柔软如垫的植物的大片不毛之地。
15.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet
its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.
为了使结构实现规模和承重都达到它用途的需求，由于建立在物理定律的基础上，建筑用于支撑的方法几乎从人们一开始发现就没有改变过，而建筑材料却在飞快地变化。
16.Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the
ancient Inca（印加）city of Machu Picchu（马丘比丘）high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru.
一些世界最好的石质建筑可以在在秘鲁的安第斯山脉东侧马丘比丘这个古印加城市的废墟中看见。
17.It works in compression（压缩）to divert（转移）the weight above it out to
the sides, where the weight is borne（支撑）by the vertical elements on either side of the arch.
它用压缩的方法来把它上面承受的重量转移到有垂直结构支撑的两边。
18.The Ogallala（奥加拉拉）aquifer is a sandstone formation（形成物）that
underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota.
奥加拉拉蓄水层是一个砂岩层，位于从德克萨斯州西北到南达科他州南部583000平方千米的土地下。
19.Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes
would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets.
不幸的是，水的消费包括
20.Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that
within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.
不管水危机可能造成什么结果，有一点还是很明确，就是在High Plains范围内，灌溉水再也不可能变回和二十世纪中期农业发展繁荣那几年一样的，充足且低廉的资源了。
21.To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so
unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop.
举一个极端的例子，耕地只被一种作物支配的时候极其的不稳定，以至于仅一年的坏天气或者一种虫子的入侵就可以把所有作物摧毁。
22.Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the
resilience of communities because climax（顶尖的）communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.
生态学家对造成集团的迅速恢复的因素尤为感兴趣，因为全世界的顶尖集团都被人类活动严重摧残或摧毁了。
23.The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the
northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.
举个例子来说，在美国西北的St. Helens山的火山喷发造成的破坏远不及人类所造成的。
24.Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax
communities（顶级群落）comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness”
of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.
很多生态学家
25.Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander（浪费）all its energy on growing
a big body if none would be left over for reproduction（繁殖）, for this is the
surest（担保; 保证）way to extinction.
相似的是，如果反之之后不剩下什么，动物或植物不会浪费他所有的能量来长成巨大的身体的，因为这是一条妥妥走向灭绝的路。
26.At the other extreme are “competitors,” almost all of whose resources are
invested in building a huge body, with a bare（几乎没有）minimum allocated （分配）to reproduction（繁衍）.
另一个极端是“竞争者”，几乎所有的资源全都用于成长出巨大的主干，而只有极少量接近于零用于繁衍下一代。
27.A new plant will spring up（兴起）wherever a seed falls on a suitable soil
surface, but because they do not build big bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight.
只要一颗种子落到适合的土壤表层，一个新的植株就会生长出来，但是因为他们不能长出大的躯干，他们不能与其他的植物竞争空间，水，或阳光。
28.These plants are termed（称；呼）opportunists（机会主义者）because they
rely on their seeds’ falling into settings（环境）where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.
这些植物被称作“机会主义者”，因为他们依靠他们的种子掉落在，就如竞争的植物都随着自然的进化被移走的环境中，比如被侵蚀的河岸，在山体滑坡上，或是在由于树的倒塌而在森林树冠层中形成的沟里。
29.Human landscapes（对…做景观美化）of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide
settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists.
人类对草地、耕地或是花坛做的景观美化都提供了一个缺少土壤和竞争者的环境，这种环境是“机会主义植物”用来占有的完美的栖息地。
30.A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all
other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil.
一个巨大的橡树会在200年或200年以上的时间里占有它的土地，并用投下浓密的树荫和汲取土壤中所有自由水的方式淘汰竞争对手。
31.It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is
rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend（混合）of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.
然而值得注意的是，纯粹的“投机者”和“竞争者”在自然界中其实是十分稀少的。由于大多数物种处于这两个极端组成的区域中，它们显示出的是“投机者”和“竞争者”
的混合特征。
32.Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating（涂去;
擦掉）them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured.
因为一些画作是直接在其他的一些画作上完成的，他们的价值极有可能随着上层画作被擦掉而大打折扣。
33.One Lascaux narrative（叙述式的）picture, which shows a man with a birdlike
head and a wounded animal, would seem to lend credence（提供作证）to this third opinion, but there is still much that remains unexplained.
其中一幅Lascaux叙事式的画作描绘了一个有着类鸟脑袋的男人以及一只受伤的动物，这看似佐证了第三种观点，但是，仍然还有很多剩余的东西我们没有办法去解释。
34.Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory（满
意的）answers to the cave images, but their mystique（神秘性）only adds to their importance.
这么长时间过去了对这个洞穴的魔力大概还没有个满意的解释，而他们的神秘性更突出了他们的重要性。
35.In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines（涡轮机）worldwide, most
grouped in clusters（簇, 丛, 团）called wind farms that collectively（全体地;
共同地）produced 3,000 megawatts（百万瓦特）of electricity.
在1994年，全球有将近20000个风力涡轮机，大多数都聚集成被称做风力农场的大组，这些组合可以共同产生3000百万福特的电。
36.Most were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind
turbines) and California (where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the state’s electricity, enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Francisco).
大多数都在丹麦（是由风力涡轮机百分之三的电力）和在加利福尼亚（在那里，17000台机器产生的电量只占全州的百分之一，但足以满足像旧金山那样大的城市的居民用电需求）。
37.In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote（遥远的）areas
might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak（巅峰）demand for electricity.
在长远看来，在新的领域里，大型风力农场产生的电力可以在电力需求没有达到顶峰的时间段用来电解水产生氢气。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/3d5269399.html,rge wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory
birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.
大型的风力农场也可能会对在个别地方迁徙鸟群的飞行队形产生影响，并可能杀死以鹰类为主的大型鸟类的猎物，因为这些鸟倾向于在无比适宜建设风力发电厂的相同山脊上捕猎。
39.David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s，found a disturbing
change in the animal life around the fort（堡垒）during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.
David Douglas是十九世纪三十年代的植物探测家，他发现了一种在动物生活中的干扰性的变化
40.The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal
locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose
difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.
2015年3月12日星期四
41.Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and
women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted（描绘，描画）in cave art.
可能很多短暂的人们，Upper Paleolithic男人和女人相信绘画人类的图片会使人受伤或死亡，如果这确实是他们的信仰的话，这可能就可以解释人类为什么很少被画入岩壁画中。
42.For example, wild cattle (bovines牛科动物) and horses are portrayed（临摹；
画像）more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment.
举个例子，野生的牛群（牛科动物）或马群被临摹的次数会比我们想象的要多，这可能是因为他们比环境中的其他动物更庞大（更多肉）。
43.Consistent with（与保持一致）this idea, according to the investigators, is the
fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food.
据一些调查者说，可以支撑这个观点的是Upper Paleolithic接下来的文化时期的艺术也似乎反应了人们如何获得他们的食物。
44.But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large
game（猎物的肉）animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased（停止）to focus on portrayals of animals.
但是在那一时期，当获得食物不再意味着猎获大型多肉动物（因为他们濒危）的时候，艺术便停止专注于描绘动物。
45.When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its
density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it.
当水井靠近了储油池时，油通常会因为密度比水小或是因为困于上方的天然气不断扩散所产生的压力而上浮。
破解托福阅读理解长难句
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长难句分析-托福 1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space( (定语后置in s ome ways…) 由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人 类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。 分句1:Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures 分句2:hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface 分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 分句4:in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures， 分句1是分句3的原因状语 分句3是整个长句子的主句 分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是: 原因状语+主句+后置定语 这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的
托福阅读精选45句长难句翻译
精选45句托福阅读长难句翻译及词汇注释 （涵盖部分句子简化题翻译） 1.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment（沉积物）-laden（装满的）river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing（沉积）the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope（斜面）. 虽然是较为小型的，但类似的事情也在当下发生，无论什么地方的、大量携带沉积物的河水或溪流从山谷中流至较为平坦的地带，都会随着流速的减慢会沉淀下它的携带物。 河流通常以扇形蔓延，使沉积物以一种平滑的扇形斜面的形式沉积。 2.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie（躺在某上） what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they ar e now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels （石子，砂砾）and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars（沙洲，堤坝）, will be saturated（浸湿）with groundwater. 在地势较低的城市里，地面上几乎所有曾是河床的地方都被土壤掩埋。如果曾是河床的地方现在处于河流（的上表面）之下，旧时河床的石砾、沙子和沙洲就会被地表水浸湿。 3.But note that porosity（孔隙度）is not the same as permeability（渗透率）, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities（腔，洞）and the crevices （裂缝，缺口）linking them. 但是要注意的在测量水可以从一种材料间通过的轻松程度的时候，孔隙度并不等同于渗透率。这个要依材料中每个独立的洞和裂缝的大小而定。 4.If the pores（毛孔，气孔）are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain（使液体流走）away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films（薄膜）, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held. 如果气孔很大，其内部的水分会以滴的形式存在，水分会由于过重、不能被表面张力持住而流走。反之，如果气孔很小，其内部的水分会以薄膜的形式存在，水分太轻以至于不能克服固定它们的表面张力，因此水分就会被以膜的形式保留。 5.But the myths that have grown up around the rites（隆重的仪式或典礼）may continue as part of the group’s oral（口头的; 口述的）tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced（分离）from these rites.