胡壮麟《语言学教程》配套题库(第4版)【模拟试题及详解(一~二)】【圣才出品】

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第4版）考研模拟试题及详解（一）

I. Fill in the following blanks.

1. IC is the short form of immediate ______ used in the study of syntax.

【答案】constituent

【解析】直接成分分析法是一种句法分析方法。它指先把句子分析为直接成分——词组(或短语)，再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终

成分为止。

2. Systemic-Functional Grammar takes the actual uses of language as the object of study, while Chomsky’s TG Grammar takes the ideal speaker’s linguistic _____ as the object of study.

【答案】competence

【解析】系统功能语法把实际中的语言现象当做其研究对象，而乔姆斯基的转换生成语法把理想说话者的语言能力作为研究对象。

3. The sound /b/can be described with “_____, bilabial, stop”.

【答案】voiced

【解析】/b/是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。

4. A linguistic ______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.

【答案】taboo

【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。

5. In Austin’s How to Do Things with word，he first distinguishes performatives and ______ , later on Austin made a flesh start to distinguish ______ , ______ and perlocutionary act.

【答案】constatives，locutionary act，illocutionary act

【解析】约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中，首先区分了施为句和叙事句，之后他又建立了另一种模式来解释如何通过语言实施行为。根据这种新的模式，说话人说

话时可以完成三种行为：发话行为，行事行为和取效行为。

6. ______ is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.

【答案】Cognitive linguistics

【解析】认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法，集中研究语言组织，处理与传达信息的作用。

7. “The world is like a stage” is an example of ______ , and “All the world is a stage” is an example of ______. They are often used in analyzing features of literary language.

【答案】simile；metaphor

【解析】明喻是通过展现一种事物如何与另一事物相似来解释这种事物是什么样子的方法，它用as或like等词在文本中作为明确标志。暗喻也是对两个并不相像的要素作出

对比，这种对比是隐含的而不是直接表达的。

8. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.

【答案】interlanguage

【解析】正处于学习过程中的二语或外语学习者构建的语言通常被称为中介语。中介语通常被理解为介于目的语和学习者母语之间的语言。

9. Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and ______.

【答案】the meaning of its structure

【解析】句子意思是成分单词和其结构的意义色结合。

10. ______ is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native

speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form.

【答案】Word

【解析】词是个语言表达单位，无论是在口语还是在书面语中，说母语的人都能够凭直觉识别这个语言单位。它是最小的自由形式词，是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单

位。

II. Define the following terms.

1. Displacement

Key: Displacement: Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, we can talk about Sapir, who is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future.

2. Immediate constituent

Key: Immediate constituent: An immediate constituent is the constituent immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. For example, in the sentence “Poor John ran away”, the constituents “Poor John” and “ran away”are regarded as the immediate constituents of the sentence.

3. Performatives

Key: Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is part of, the doing an action. The judge’s imprisonment sentence, the president’s war or independence declaration, etc., are performatives.

4. allophonic variation

Key: Allophonic variation:The phenomenon of variation in the pronunciation of phonemes in different positions is called Allophony or Allophonic variation.

5. Conceptual meaning

Key: According to Leech, conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive, or denotative content of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. For example, the conceptual meaning of “human” is any person such as John and Mary.

6. Cooperative principle

Key: Cooperative principle was proposed and formulated by Grice. It expresses that in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. It goes like this: “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. This principle can be further specified as the four following maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relation; Manner.

7. Psycholiguistics

Key: Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it mainly studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of

language. An important focus of psycholinguistics is the largely unconscious use of grammatical rules that enable people to produce and comprehend intelligible sentences. Psycholinguists investigate the relationship between language and thought, Psycholinguistics is also concerned with how languages are learned, and the role they play in our thinking.

8. Third-person narrators

Key: If the narrator is not a character in the fictional world, he or she is usually called a third-person narrator because reference to all the characters in the fictional world of the story will involve the use of the third-person pronouns, it, she, he or they. This second main type of narrator is arguably the dominant narrator type.

9. Language Acquisition Device

Key: Chomsky referred to children’s innate ability to learn their native language as Language Acquisition Device (LAD). The LAD was described as an imaginary “black box” existing somewhere in the human brain. The “black box” is said to contain principles that are universal to all human languages. Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his language’s structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular language.

10. Sociolinguistics