职称英语考试阅读理解必备解题技巧

职称英语考试阅读理解必备解题技巧
职称英语考试阅读理解必备解题技巧

职称英语考试阅读理解必备解题技巧

一、题型及命题方式

纵观近年来的考题,在职称英语考试阅读理解部分出现的文章多数是科技说明文,特别是卫生和理工两类试题中这一特征比较明显;综合类中议论文也占了较大比例。无论是科技说明文或者是议论文,这两类文章有些共同的特点就是:文体规范,风格比较正式,文字缜密。对于这样的文章,考生在掌握一些基本的正确阅读方法后,其实是比较好掌握的。

以前的阅读理解部分,考查点通常都是一些细节问题。做这样的题时,好多考生不通读全文,只要抓住题干的关键词,再回到原文中找到相关词句就可以得出正确答案了。我们不否认这也是阅读理解的方法之一,但是若滥用这一方法,有时不但会弄巧成拙,而且这实际上也没有达到考查阅读理解能力的目的。现在,出题人越来越清楚地意识到了这个问题,因此,近年来在考点方面有一些变化,主要呈以下趋势:

1.阅读理解题的实际注重能力发展,侧重深层理解。今年来的阅读理解部分,把考生对语篇的领悟能力作为考查的重点之一。

2.阅读量有所增加,要求进一步提高阅读速度。

3.卷面内容更加贴近生活、贴近时代,更趋现代化,与当代生活密切联系,涉及社会热门话题。

4.阅读材料的语篇结构趋于复杂,难句、生词量有所加大。

根据考查点的不同以及命题趋势的变化,我们可以揣摩出题人的出题思路其实无外乎就是将试题主要设计成以下几种题型:

文章主旨题、事实细节题、推理判断题、归纳总结题和猜测词义题。

涉及较低能力要求的事实细节题的比例呈减少的趋势。

二、影响阅读理解能力的主要因素

阅读能力的高低直接决定着考试的成败。如何提高阅读能力是每一位应试者最为关心的问题。在回答这个问题之前,我们首先看一下影响阅读理解能力的几个因素:词汇量、语法知识和背景知识。

(一)词汇量

首先,要掌握一定的词汇量。大纲规定要求掌握3000~6000个单词,此外还有一定数量的短语。阅读理解部分的阅读材料中凡超出大纲词汇表的单词都用中文注明词义。一次,如果词汇量不够,生词就会大量增加,难以顺利进行阅读。此外,还必须正确掌握词义,掌握词的搭配关系,否则也必然会影响阅读理解。我们在阅读谋篇文章时,如果感觉到难,在很大程度上就是词汇量不够造成的。词汇不仅是语言最基本的构成材料,也是阅读文章时首先需要理解的成分。有关的研究表明,在一篇短文中如果生词的数量超过了总词数的5%左右,要想顺利地阅读与理解就很困难了。因此,一个人所掌握词汇量的大小直接影响阅读的速度与理解的准确性,而且词汇量的大小也往往反映一个语言水平的高低。因此,在各类考试的考试大纲中都对考生需要的词汇进行明确的规定。职称英语等级考试也不例外,大纲对报考不同级别的人员应认知的词汇量提出了明确的要求。希望大家对照词汇表所标出的级别,看看到底自己能认识多少个单词,还有多少不认识,把这些不认识的单词标记出来,每天抽出时间看一看,短时间内可能会记住一些单词。考试中超出大纲的词汇都会给出中文注释,这一点请大家放心。

(二)语法知识

在阅读过程中,除了词汇量之外,影响理解的另一个重要因素就是语法。任何一种语言都与自己的语法规则,它包括词法和句法,即组词成句的规则和词形变化规则。组词英语考试不

直接考语法,表现为不像其他类型的考试那样要求考生做与语法相关的多项选择题、语法改错题等题目。但这并不等于说语法知识不重要,熟练掌握语法也是阅读理解的基础,阅读理解必须运用语法知识辨认出正确的语法关系。没有一定的语法知识,看不出句子的主、谓、宾,弄不清楚句子结构,也就没有理解可言。只要熟练掌握了英语的语法和习惯用法,在阅读中遇到结构复杂的句子和难点,就可以借助语法分析来理解其意义。请看下面的例子:

I shall pay you what I owe you.

这句话看起来并不复杂,但语法赋予它的特定含义不一定人人都明白。这句话中,shall不是助动词,它和动词一起不是组成将来时,也不表示说话人将要把他欠的钱还给你。Shall 在这里是个能愿动词,用在第一或第三人称,表示决心。所以这句话的大致意思就是:我一定会偿还我欠你的钱。

上面我们说到,语法包括词法和句法两大类,语法知识欠缺的考生需要系统地学习英语语法,或找本语法书来读一读,弥补这方面的不足。

实际上,阅读与语法有着相辅相成的关系。也就是说,有力牢固的语法知识可以促进阅读的顺利进行,提高阅读的速度和效率。同样,大量地进行阅读实践又可以巩固已知的语法知识。从这个意义上说,尽管语法对阅读的理解起着重要的影响,但人们总不能等到把语法知识全部掌握了才去进行阅读。阅读和语法的学习应同步进行,不能二者割裂开来。

(三)背景知识

影响阅读理解的因素,除了语言本身之外,还有一个背景知识的问题。我们在学习英语的过程中都有这样的体会,如果一篇短文的内容是我们比较熟悉的,读起来就容易。相反,如果是一个我们比较生疏的话题,理解起来难度就大多了,造成这种情况的一个主要原因就是背景知识。一篇文章,甚至一本书,虽然只讲一个故事,或论述一个主题,但它们涉及的历史掌故、文化现象、科学知识,甚至风土人情,却不一定是人人知晓、个个明白的。

由于背景知识不熟悉而影响理解,是任何人都会碰到的一个问题。对我们来讲,克服这一障碍的办法即使广泛阅读,增加对英语国家的历史、人文状况、政治现实、科学知识、风土人情的了解。这里有一点可以告诉大家,职称英语考试所去材料均属科普之类,是任何受过高等教育的人都应该或都能了解的常识,不存在背景上的障碍。换句话说,作为一名外科大夫,不能对心血管方面的基本常识不了解。同样,搞法律的人,不能不了解一点历史知识。三、阅读技巧简介

以上我们向大家介绍了制约阅读理解能力提高的几个因素,除了采取扩大词汇量、巩固和提高语法知识、扩大自己的背景知识之外,要想提高阅读理解能力,更要掌握一些阅读方法。因为它直接关系到阅读的效率。不同的人读同一篇文章,有的人读得快一些,理解得也准确,而有的人则读得慢一些,理解的准确率也差。这里有能力的问题,也有方法的问题。较好的阅读方法可以使人在阅读时达到事半功倍的效果。尤其是考试时,由于时间紧,我们不可能做到把每个句子都读懂再去回答问题。这就要求我们平时注意培养良好的阅读习惯,考试时才能做到不仅有速度,而且也有效果。下面介绍几种常见的快速阅读方法。

(一)快速浏览法

快速浏览法英文叫Skimming。即在短时间内快速阅读文章,以了解文章的主旨大意。在这种情况下,不要去管细节内容,只管尽快地阅读。比如,一看标题就可以预测文章的大致内容;读了一段,就要进一步预测,不要把眼睛盯在每个具体单词上。这种阅读方法对解答抓大意的题目十分有效。答题前,一般采用这种方法先通读一遍文章,以对全文获得一个总的印象。运用这个方法时,注意掌握好阅读的节奏,速度过快或过慢均达不到预想的效果。另一种方法就是直接寻找每段的主题句。所谓主题句,就是文章中能概括一段或几段主要意思的那个句子。主题句一般位于段落的开头部分,但也有的位于句中或句尾,有时甚至没有主

题句。根据各段的主题句或总体意思就可以很快地把文章的大意总结出来。

(二)查读法

查读法英文叫Scanning。查读也是一种快速的阅读方法,查读的目的不是为了了解文章的大意,而是为了从中查找所需的具体内容或信息,也就是用目光快速地查找所需的特定信息,撇开无关的信息。在获得文章大意之后回答每个细节性问题时,可以采用这种方法,即先从问题中找到线索,然后按照线索,根据读第一遍时的印象,有针对性地去文章中寻找信息,找到有关部分后,再仔细阅读一遍,真正理解了,最后确定答案。

(三)研读法

所谓研读法就是仔细地阅读,英文名叫Study Reading。力求对文章某一特定的部分达到比较透彻的理解。如果想理解更深层意义,需要对其进行分析、归纳、判断或推理,并需要采用研读的方法。在研读的过程中,如果碰到不熟悉的词,可以通过上下文,根据有关背景知识以及构词法猜测生词的大意。如果碰到长句或难句,要注意利用自己所掌握的英语语法知识,分析句子的主语、谓语、宾语、状语、定语等语法成分,并搞清句子成分之间的修饰与被修饰关系,从而准确地把握句子的含义。

上述几种阅读方法并不是互相排斥的,而是互为前提,互相补充的。无论在平时阅读还是考试时,要根据阅读的目的,有意识地去运用这些阅读方法和技巧。例如考试时,如果要了解文章的主旨大意,可以用快速浏览发;如果需要做细节题,则采用查读法;要进行合理的推论或判断,则需要采用研读的方法。因此,解答阅读理解题的过程,实际上就是上述几种阅读方法综合运用的过程。在一般情况下,先了解文章的主题,然后回答细节性问题,最后解答推论题和正误判断题。

(四)一些常见的错误阅读方法

在说到影响阅读速度的因素时,我们发现大多数考生在不同程度上都有以下不良阅读习惯:1.指读,即为了“集中注意力”,用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读。一遇到生词便停顿下来,无法在通篇理解的基础上继续进行阅读。

2.唇读,即有的考生在阅读中喜欢读出声来,或即使不出声嘴唇却在动,或脑子里也在想着读音,无形中影响了大脑的思维速度。

3.回读,即在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时,返回句首甚至段首重读;还有相当多的考生对阅读已经产生心理定势,即认为自己第一遍肯定读不懂,因此反复多遍,浪费很多时间。

4.译读,即在阅读过程中,不断地进行逐词逐句的翻译,通过译成母语来辅助理解。由于没有掌握正确的阅读方法,习惯于在不加限定的时间内,对一小块文章精雕细琢,养成了逐词阅读接受信息的习惯。

四、解题技巧

(一)掌握主旨大意

中心思想是作者在文章中表达的主要内容,是贯穿全文的核心。作者在文章中努力通过各支撑细节来阐述中心议题。因此,把握中心思想对于全文的理解具有重要意义。熟悉阅读测试的人都知道,这类问题常被列为五题之首。然而,如何找出主题常使考生倍感棘手。因为他们总希望通过某个词或某句话就能找到答案,而找主题往往需要通读全文后才能做出判断。针对主旨问题,应采用快速阅读法浏览全文,理解文章主旨大意。阅读时要注意,文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句特别重要,因为它们往往会包含文章的中心议题。一般而言,问题比较规范的文章,比如科技说明文这类文章,通常每一段的第一句就是该段的主题句。在时间紧迫的情况下,可以通过读每一段的第一句来迅速地抓住文章的大意。

这类题可以分为主题型、标题型和目的型三个类型。主题型一目了然就是找中心;标题型是为文章选择标题;目的型就是推断作者的写作意图。这类题常见的命题方式有:

(1)What is the main idea(subject)of this passage?

(2)What is this passage mainly(primarily) concerned with?

(3)The main theme of this passage is

(4)The main point of the passage is

(5)Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

(6)The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is

(7)On which of the following subject would the passage most likely be found in a textbook? (8)The purpose of the writer in writing this passages is

(9)Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?

(二)掌握事实和细节

在文章中,作者总是要通过许多具体内容来说明、解释、证明或分析文章的主题思想。在通读全文、掌握了文章主题思想的基础上,读者还应该能抓住阐述和发展主题思想的主要事实,或者按要求找出特定细节。

在通读全文的过程中,我们要特别注意涉及who,what,when,where,how和why等问题的内容。在有关此类内容的地方要做一标记,以便在回答问题时迅速查找。

一般来说,阅读理解测试中要求找出主要事实或特定细节的问题,在文章中均可找到答案。但是,需要注意的是,这些问题的表述常常不是采用文章中的原话,而是使用同义的词语来进行提问。因此,在回答此类问题时,首先要认真审题,看清问题提问的究竟是什么。然后,根据所涉及的问题,快速扫视到文章中相应的部分,找到与答题内容相关的关键词或短语,再细读一两遍。在确信理解了原文的基础上,再来确定正确答案。在查到的关键词下面应划线,以引起注意,便于参考与复查。此外,如果回答此类问题需要读者具有一定的背景知识,那也只是最基本的常识。因此,切勿脱离文章内容而根据自己的主观想象或其他来源的知识来选择答案。

在回答此类问题时,应注意以下几个问题:

1.当问及时间、距离以及其他用数字表示的细节时,有时需要进行计算方能得度答案。此时,要把计算过程简单列出,不可随意心酸一下即确定答案。

2.当问题要求对某一事实做出正误判断或询问文中是否提到某一事实时,我们应先把所给的选择项大体上看一下,做到心中有数。然后,根据选择项中提供的线索,迅速找到文章中相应的部分,细读一下有关内容。与文中内容一致的即可肯定,不一致的即可否定。主要,在回答Not True之类问题时,必须逐项找出须肯定的内容,方可确定要否定的内容。回答这类问题时,也必须以文章的中心思想为前提,与中心思想一致的可能是正确答案,反之可能是错误的答案。

3.在文章中,为避免重复提及某一词或短语,作者常常使用指代词来代替。在寻找细节时,读者需准确理解被指代的对象。通常,我们可根据上下文的句子结构、主谓一致关系以及语义关系等来确定所指代的内容。

4.注意文章的结构安排。在职称英语考试中遇到的一个突出问题是,文章读过一遍后,对一些具体细节在答题时又需花许多时间回头去找。在前一节我们提到,在寻找、确定文章的中心思想时可以采用浏览的方法,在浏览过程汇总,还应该注意文章的结构安排,注意段与段、细节与细节之间的关系。这样浏览一遍之后即可确定文章的主题,同时对各细节的部位也能大致做到心中有数,在做识别重要细节的题目时,只要找文章相应部位就可以了,而不必从头到尾在读一遍文章。书名主题和细节通常采取以下几种方式排列:简单列举、按事件重要性排列、时间顺序、空间顺序、因果关系和对比关系。

阅读时注意细节的安排方式,就可以迅速在相应的位置找到题的答案。做这类题时最好先阅

读题目、弄清楚题的具体要求(如是问关于人物的、地点的,还是问有关事件结果的等),再有针对性地查阅文章,跳过那些与题无关的细节,迅速找到有关的细节,最后与选项一一对比,找出正确答案。

(三)根据上下文判断某些词汇和短语的意义

在阅读中,我们往往会遇到一些不认识的单词或短语,或者认识的单词在文章中有了新的意义。如果这些词汇短语不影响对文章主要内容的理解,我们便可以将它们略过,继续阅读。如果了解这些词语的意思对正确理解文章意思很重要,这时,我们就必须根据上下文的联系,对它们的意义进行猜测,使之不影响对整篇文章的阅读理解。需要注意的是,一个单词通常有好几个意思,我们要解决的是这些词在文中所表达的意思。因此,不可脱离上下文,只根据自己以前了解的词义来确定其意义。通常,猜测词义可以采用以下几种方法:

1.利用所出现生词的上下文与其意义上的练习或下文进一步的叙述,猜测词义。

2.利用文中的举例猜测词义。

常见的举例提示词有:for example,such as,for instance等。

3.利用文中说明词义的同位语或定语,猜测词义。

4.利用文中的反义词猜测词义。

5.利用同义词、近义词或词组猜测词义。

6.利用上下文定义的句子猜测词义。

7.利用构词法猜测词义。

以上几种猜测词义的方法不是互不联系的,有时可以同时采用几种方法猜测词义。总之,在英语阅读中运用和掌握这些猜词方法会在很大程度上减少生词的数量,有助于提高阅读速度和培养阅读能力。

8.在阅读理解中要求判断词语意思的问题,通常有以下形式:

(1)According to the author,the word()means

(2)By (),the author means

(3)Which of the following is nearest in meaning to()

(4)The word()in the passage means

(5)The word ()most likely means

(四)理解个别句子的意义及其上下文之间的逻辑关系

近几年职称英语考试阅读试题中的长难句,即结构比较复杂的句子越来越多,如何阅读这些复杂句子,正确理解短文内容是考生感觉比较头疼的难题。根据我们所总结的经验,结构复杂的长句、难句的应对策略和方法主要有:心态要平和,抓准句子的主干;找出意群,理清句子的层次。

1.注意关键词

(1)找准主干,关键是主句的主谓结构,方法是先将句子的修饰成分(名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句和非谓语动词)去掉,露出主句的真面貌,然后再分析修饰部分和主句的关系。在处理一个看似比较难的句子的时候,平静的心态也非常重要,千万不能慌,有时一心慌、一紧张,该看懂的也看不懂了。

学会抓句子的主干对于做阅读理解,特别是一篇文字较难的阅读来说至关重要。找出了句子主干,就可以筛去许多不那么重要的信息,可以降低句子的难度,使你得以迅速抓住文章的大意,同时弄清楚段与段之间,句与句之间的关系。那么如何抓句子的主干,下面讲一个例子:

It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers,although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is

introduced,the printers start working overtime.

The growing demand of paper in recent years is largely due to

A.the rapid development of small business

B.the opening up of new markets

C.the printing of high quality copies

D.the increased use of the Internet

解析:先把although引导的从句去掉,再把修饰paper的成分去掉,就剩下了句子的主干部分“It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper”,正好和题干相吻合;题干中的due to与原文的as a result of是同义短语,因此本题答案选D。

其实,由此看来抓主干似乎就是去掉句中的副词、形容词、连词等虚词,留下名词、动词等实词部分,即只剩下句子的基本结构,就好像一棵大树,我们除去它的枝叶,只留其主干一样。

(2)理清逻辑和思路

一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个状语从句组成的一个多层次的主从复合句,因而一定要搞清主句和状语从句之间的逻辑关系。只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了,把主句的意思和从句的意思按逻辑意义进行理解,则长难句就好对付了。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语,常见的有,表目的:so that,for the purpose that,in order that等;表结果:so…that,such……that,that……,as a result,therefore,thus等;表条件:if,on condition that,unless 等;表原因:because,since,as等。

(3)把握关键词

如果对一个长难句一点感觉也没有,下下之策就是别把长难句当句子看,只要能答题理解句中的关键词,也可以大体猜懂这个句子的意思,因为阅读理解和翻译根本就是两码事,用不着对每个词完整解读。

(五)根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和引申,领会作者的观点、意图和态度。

在阅读中,人们首先理解的是语言的字面意义。然而,语言所表达的内容常常超过其字面意义。这就需要我们掌握逻辑判断和推理的方法,根据事物发展的自然规律以及语言本身的内在关系,从一定的文字符号中获得尽可能多的信息。

有时,作何在文章并未把需要读者理解的所有意思直接表达出来,而是期待读者能领悟文章的内在含义,即从字里行间来体会他想表达的意思。由于有的意思文中没有直接说明,读者必须根据文中所陈述的内容的逻辑发展,上下文的连贯以及文中有关部分的暗示,作出判断或进行推理。

在阅读中,判断和推理的能力是十分重要的。只有具备这种能力,才有可能真正地读懂文章中没有明确表达却又隐含的意思,达到真正的理解。

1.判断

在阅读中,有时要求我们对文章中阐述的事实或细节,按照逻辑发展的规律,进行分析和概括,并以此为依据得出合乎逻辑的结论。我们将这个过程称作判断。

2.推理

推理即使以已知的事实为依据,来获得未知的信息。在阅读中,我们要善于利用文章中明确表示的内容,进行正确推理,以挖掘作者的隐含意思;要求进行推理的问题,在文中均找不到直接答案。如果问题要求理解某句或某段的含蓄意义,我们必须在文中找到所涉及的关键词语,仔细阅读一到两遍,吃透意思,并以此为依据,进行分析和推理。然后,再逐个考虑选择项,选出答案。如果需要进行推理判断的内容涉及全文,则必须在理解通篇中心思想、掌握全文逻辑发展过程的基础上,才能进行正确推理判断。

3.引申

根据上文中已出现的语言信息,可以对文章的内容进行合理引申和预测,比如预测下文即将出现的信息,这也是我们必须掌握的一项阅读技能。若下文与预测一致或基本一致,则证明自己对上文理解正确,可以继续阅读;若不一致,则说明对已读信息的理解有偏差,或这里有特殊含义,需要调整自己的思路,或应给与特别的注意。通常,我们可以借助于语法结构,常用句型进行预测;通过标题或主题句进行预测;结合自己的背景知识进行预测;根据语篇标志的提示词或者连接上下文的承接手段来进行预测等。

同样,我们也可根据所给的某一段文章的内容来推测上文讨论的是什么话题,或已经谈到过什么事情。

在职称英语考试阅读理解测试中,要求进行判断和推理的问题,通常有以下几种形式:(1)The writer(author,passage)implies(suggests)that

(2)It can be inferred from the passage that

(3)An inference,which may be made from this passage,is

(4)Which of the following can be readily inferred from the passage?

(5)It can be concluded from the passage that

(6)What does the author concluded about

(7)We may conclude from reading the passage that

(8)The passage is intended to

(9)The paragraph proceeding(following)this one would most likely state(discuss,deal with)(10)Wher would this paragraph most probably appear(be found)?

(11)It is implied from the passage that

4.如何确定作者的观点和态度

一篇文章不可避免地反映了作者的观点、态度和情绪。能否正确把握作者的观点和态度也是体现阅读能力的一个重要方面。一般来说,对作者的总的态度和倾向,必须在通读全文、掌握了主题思想和主要事实后,方能作出判断。在判断作者观点态度时,我们应注意以下几个问题:

(1)有时作者先介绍了某一种观点,却接着在后面提出了相反的观点。因此,要正确判断作者的态度或观点,必须将上下文联系起来看。要注意文章中所陈述的内容并非都代表作者的观点。

(2)此外,作者也可通过使用词汇的手段暗示自己对文中某一具体问题所持的态度和观点。这时,我们要特别仔细琢磨文中所用词汇的特点,弄明白作者的态度是赞成还是反对,是肯定还是否定。

做这类题目时,应该仔细阅读、品味作者的意思,不可匆忙做出选择。总的来讲,应注意以下几个方面:

明确作者的观点和写作意图;分析文字信息,明确细节是如何说明、支持中心思想的;注意区分字母意思与隐含意思,尤其是作者未直言道出但强烈暗示的意思;推论必须是在原文的基础上作出的,绝对不能掺进文章以外的、考生个人的看法或臆断。

在阅读理解测试中,要求确定作者观点和态度的问题,通常有以下几种形式:

(1)The author gives the impression that

(2)The author's view is

(3)The author thinks that

(4)The author suggests that

(5)Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards

(6)What is the tone of the passage?

(7)The tone of the passage can be best described as

(8)According to the author

阅读理解是对考生综合能力的考查,平时多积累、掌握足够的单词、有扎实的语法功底,做起阅读来肯定得心应手,但是掌握一定的阅读技巧更是能获得事半功倍的效果。

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