生态学英文题库
CHAPTER 7 Evolution and Adaptation
The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: easy
Different forms of a particular gene are known as
a. chromosomes.
b. alleles.
c. polygenic.
d. pleiotropic.
Answer: b
2.Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: easy
A trait that is determined by multiple genes is referred to as
a. polygenic.
b. pleiotropi
c.
c. homozygous.
d. heterozygous.
Answer: a
3.Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: medium
Chickens with the dominant allele at the frizzle gene produce curly feathers, have very high body temperature, and lay few eggs.This is an example of
a. polygenic traits.
b. pleiotropy.
c. epistasis.
d. random assortment.
Answer: b
4. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: medium
Two of the genes that affect coat color in horses are the extension gene and the cream dilution gene. The dominant E allele at the extension gene generates black coats, while the recessive e allele produces red coats.The coat color caused by the extension gene is not altered if the horse is a homozygote for the C allele at the cream dilution gene.However, if the horse is a homozygote for the C Cr allele at the cream dilution gene, it will have a white coat regardless of the extension genotype.This interaction between the extension and the cream dilution gene is an example of
a. pleiotropy.
b. epistasis.
c. codominance.
d. random assortment.
Answer: b
5. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: difficult
Which of the following types of allele would we expect to have the lowest frequency in a population?
a. beneficial recessive allele
b. beneficial dominant allele
c. harmful recessive allele
d. harmful dominant allele
Answer: d
6. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: medium
Consider a gene that affects fur color in mice.This gene has two alleles, A and a.If AA mice have white fur, Aa mice have gray fur, and aa mice have black fur, how would we describe the effect of these alleles?
a. A is dominant and a is recessive.
b. A is recessive and a is dominant.
c. A and a are codominant.
d. A and a are epistatic.
Answer: c
7. Topic:The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: medium
Consider a gene that affects number of seeds in a plant.This gene has two alleles, G and g.If GG plants produce 50 seeds, Gg plants produce 50 seeds, and gg plants produce 25 seeds, how would we describe the effect of these alleles?
a. G is dominant and g is recessive.
b. G is recessive and g is dominant.
c. G and g are codominant.
d. G and g are polygenic.
Answer: a
8. Topic:The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: easy
What term refers to the alleles of all of the genes of every individual in a population?
a. polygenic
b. heterozygous
c. gene pool
d. random assortment
Answer: c
9. Topic:The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: easy
What process creates new alleles in a population?
a. random assortment
b. mutation
c. recombination
d. epistasis
Answer: b
10. Topic:The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: difficult
For mutations that enter a population of a diploid organism, which type of mutation is most likely to be affected by natural selection when it first appears?
a. synonymous mutation
b. nonsynonymous recessive mutation
c. nonsynonymous dominant mutation
d. All are equally likely to be affected by natural selection.
Answer: c
11. Topic:The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: easy
The shuffling of genes that occurs when DNA is copied during meiosis is known as
a. recombination.
b. mutation.
c. random assortment.
d. epistasis.
Answer: a
12. Topic:The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: easy
What term describes makingnew combinations of alleles using existing genetic variation across many chromosomes?
a. pleiotropy
b. epistasis
c. random assortment
d. mutation
Answer: c
SHORT ANSWER
13. Topic:The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: medium
Clonal animals do not reshuffle their genes throughgenetic recombination, whereas sexually reproducing animals do.Explain how this difference could affect how pathogens interact with clonal animals and how they interactwith sexually reproducing animals.
Answer:Since recombination creates new genotypes every generation, pathogens cannot become fully adapted to the genotypes of sexually reproducing animals.Because recombination does not occur in clonal animals, they gain new genetic variationonly through mutation, which is a very rare process. Thus pathogens can more easily adapt to the genetic variation in clonal animals.
14. Topic:The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: difficult
Describe the difference between synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation.Which type is morelikely to be affected by natural selection, and why?
Answer:A synonymous mutat ion does not affect an organism’s phenotype, whereas a nonsynonymous mutation does affect phenotype.Natural selection acts on variation among phenotypes, and so natural selection will act only on nonsynonymous mutations, because they are the only mutations that affect an organism’s phenotype.
15. Topic:The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
Level: difficult
Many genetic diseases have severe or lethal effects in the homozygous form, yet alleles for these diseases arenot entirely removed by natural selection.Explain how dominance relationships among alleles allow deleterious mutations to remain in a population.
Answer:When genetic diseases are caused by recessive alleles,they do harmtothe carrieronly in the homozygous form.The heterozygotes do not express the deleterious phenotype, and thus heterozygotes do not havereduced fitness. Deleterious genetic diseases thus can remain in the population because they are not selected against in the heterozygous form.
Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection. MULTIPLE CHOICE
16. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: easy
A process that occurs when genetic variation is lost because of random variation in mating, mortality, fecundity, and inheritance isknown as
a. mutation.
b. genetic drift.
c. stabilizing selection.
d. disruptive selection.
Answer: b
17. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: medium
The rate at which allele frequencies change because of genetic drift is
a. highest in large populations.
b. the same regardless of population size.
c. highest in intermediate-sized populations.
d. highest in small populations.
Answer: d
18. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: medium
Consider three populations of a plant species, each isolated from other populations of the same species.Population X has contained approximately 100 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. Population Y has contained approximately 10,000 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations.Population Z has contained approximately 1 million individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations.If genetic drift is the only evolutionary process acting on these populations, howcanwe expect the amount of genetic variation to differ among these populations?
a. X will have thehighest variation, Y will have intermediate variation, and Z will have thelowest variation.
b. X will have thelowest variation, Ywill have intermediate variation, and Zwill have thehighest variation.
c. X and Z will have high variation, while Z will havelow variation.
d. All three populations willhave the sameamount of genetic variation.
Answer: b
19. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: medium
Which is (are) correctabout founder effect?
I.Founder effect occurs when individuals are transplanted to a new location.
II. Founder effect producesnew alleles.
III. Founder effect reduces genetic variation.
a. Ionly
b. IIonly
c. IIIonly
d. I and II
e. I and III
Answer: e
20. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: medium
Consider a situation in which overharvesting causes the number of fish in a population to become drastically smaller, which causes genetic variation in that fish to decrease over a few generations. This is an example of
a. bottleneck effect.
b. founder effect.
c. directional selection.
d. recombination.
Answer: a
21. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: medium
The four plots in the figureshow possible relationships between the survival and beak length in an island population of birds.Which plot is an example of disruptive selection?
a. plot a
b. plot b
c. plot c
d. plot d
Answer: c
22. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: medium
Stickleback fish exhibit variation in a morphological trait known as gill rakers.Fish with long gill rakers are very good at eating plankton, and fish with short gill rakers are good at eating deep-water invertebrates.However, fish with intermediate-length gill rakers are poor at eating either type of food. Fish that are better at consuming food have higher survival and reproductionrates
than poorer consumers.Based on this information, what type of selection is likely acting on stickleback gill raker length?
a. no natural selection
b. stabilizing selection
c. disruptive selection
d. directional selection
Answer: c
23. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: difficult
When a parental generationundergoesstabilizing selection, how willthe distribution of phenotypes in the population change between the parental generation and their progeny?
a. Mean phenotype increases, but variability decreases.
b. Mean phenotype stays the same, but variability decreases.
c. Mean phenotype stays the same, but variability increases.
d. Mean phenotype and variability both increas
e.
Answer: b
24. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: easy
When an extreme phenotype hashigher fitness than anaverage phenotype in a population, it is an example of
a. stabilizing selection.
b. directional selection.
c. disruptive selection.
d. genetic drift.
Answer: b
25. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: difficult
If a population of butterflies is under strong natural selection favoring large wings but there is no genetic variation for wing size, what dowe expect to occur in the next generation?
a. Wings will evolve to be smaller.
b. There will be no evolutionary change in wing size.
c. Wings will evolve to be larger.
d. Wings will evolve to be more variabl
e.
Answer: b
26. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: easy
When a phenotype is under disruptive selection, which parts of the phenotypic distribution are expected to have the highest fitness?
a. individuals with the extreme largest values of the phenotype
b. individuals with the extreme smallest values of the phenotype
c. individuals with both extreme large and extreme small values of the phenotype
d. individuals with the intermediate phenotype
Answer: c
27. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: difficult
Consider three populations of a plant species, each of which is isolated from other populations of the same species.Population X has hadapproximately 100 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. Population Y has hadapproximately 10,000 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations.Population Z has hadapproximately 1 million individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations.If the environment changed and a new environmental condition exerted the exact same strength of directional selection on all three populations, which population would we expect to evolve most rapidly?
a. Population X
b. Population Y
c. Population Z
d. All three populations would evolve at the same rat
e.
Answer: c
SHORT ANSWER
28. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: difficult
You conduct an experiment in which you raise sixreplicated lines of fruit flies for eightgenerations.You keep population size constant at 20 adults per generation.You are interested in a gene,bw,that affects eye color. This gene has two alleles,bw-1 and bw-2.You start
each replicated line with the frequency of the bw-1 allele at50%.Do thedata in the graph better match the prediction for the bw alleles evolving by genetic drift or by directional selection?Be sure to define directional selection and genetic drift and describe the prediction of both hypotheses.
Answer:Thesedata better match the bw alleles evolving by genetic drift. Genetic drift is random changes in allele frequencies, while evolution by directional selection would consistently favor one allele over another. Withgenetic drift, we would predict some lines to show an increase in
bw-1 allele frequency, some lines to decrease, and some to stay roughly the same.However, under directional selection, we would expect all six lines to consistently change in the same direction.For example, if bw-1werefavored by directional selection, we would expect bw-1 to increase in frequency in all six lines each generation.
29. Topic:Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: medium
A small species of fly lays its eggs in plant stems.The developing fly larvae cause a gall, or large round structure, to form in the stem.Genetic differences among flies cause variation in the size of the galls they produce.Both birds and wasps feed on the larvae in the galls.The proportions of small, medium, and large galls able to survive attacks by either birds or wasps are shown in the table.If a population of flies lives in a field with equal abundance of birds and wasps, willgall size be bydirectional, stabilizing, or disruptive selection? Explain your answer.
Answer: The galls would be under stabilizing selection, because the intermediate-sized galls are not attacked by either predator, but both large (25 mm) and small (15 mm) galls are attacked by predators.This meets the definition of stabilizing selection: that intermediate phenotypes have highest fitness, while the two extreme phenotypes have low fitness.
30. Topic:analyzing ecology:strength of selection, heritability, and response to selection
Level: medium
A group of island birds have beaks that are on average 20 mm long with a standard deviation of
1 mm. Beak length is a geneticallybased trait with a heritability of 0.5. Only small seeds are available for these birds to consume, and some of the large-beaked birds are unable to reproduce.The group of birds that successfully reproduces has an average beak size of 16
mm.Based on this information, predict how much the beak size is expected to change in the next generation.
Answer:Use the equation R = h2S.
h2 is the heritability 0.5. (Notethat we do not square the heritability.)
S is the selection differential, (16 ? 20) ÷1.We divide by 1for the standard deviation.
R=0.5 ×?4 = ?2.
We thus predict the bird beak size will decrease by twostandard deviations in the next generation. Microevolution operates at the population level.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
31: Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: easy
What is the term for evolution acting at the level of populations?
a. microevolution
b. macroevolution
c. speciation
d. key innovations
Answer: a
32. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level:easy
The human activity of controlling the survival and reproduction of organisms to produce offspring with specific sets of traits is known as
a. artificial selection.
b. natural selection.
c. industrial melanism.
d. speciation.
Answer: a
33. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: easy
The drastic phenotypic differences between large dogs,such as bloodhounds, and small dogs,such as Chihuahuas,are a result of
a. genetic drift.
b. founder effect.
c. artificial selection.
d. natural selection.
Answer: c
34. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: medium
Evolution by artificial selection is similar to evolution by natural selection because
I. both require traits to be heritable.
II. both incorporate founder effects.
III. both generate differences in fitness between individuals.
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and III only
e. I, II, and III
Answer: d
35. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: medium
Which is a prediction of the hypothesis that predation caused industrial melanism?
a. Dark moths seek out dark trees to rest on.
b. Birds more frequently capture dark moths on dark trees than those on light trees.
cBirds more frequently capture dark moths on light treesthan those on dark trees.
d. Industrial pollution led to higher mortality of light moths.
Answer: c
36. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level:easy
The phenomenon by which moths in England evolved from light-colored forms to dark-colored forms over several decades is known as
a. speciation.
b. epistasis.
c. genetic drift.
d. industrial melanism.
Answer: d
37. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level:easy
Which of the following insights about microevolution is demonstrated by industrial melanism?
a. Artificial selection cannot be reversed.
b. Microevolution is primarily caused by genetic drift.
c. Humans affect the evolution only of domestic animals.
d. Microevolution can occur in a very short tim
e.
Answer: d
38. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: medium
Body size is a heritable trait in the amphipod, an aquatic crustacean. Fish preferentially consume large amphipods, leaving primarily small amphipods to breed.Based on these observations, how would we expect evolution to affect ponds with and without fish?
a. Ponds with fish should have larger amphipods.
b. Ponds with fish should have smaller amphipods.
c. Amphipod body size should not differ between ponds with and without fish.
d. Ponds with fish should have amphipods that are either very large or very small.
Answer: b.
39. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: medium
Which of the following statements about evolution by artificial selection is correct?
a. It occurs very slowly.
b. It was discovered only in the 1900s.
c. It can have negative effects on humans.
d. It does not require genetic variation.
Answer: c
39. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: easy
The evolution of pesticide resistance in insects is an example of
a.microevolution.
b. industrial melanism.
c. selective predation.
d. macroevolution.
Answer: a
40. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: easy
Microevolution includes
a. speciation.
b. key innovation.
c. genetic drift.
d. polyploidy.
Answer: c
41. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: easy
Artificial selection can cause evolutionary change when there is
a. genetic variation in traits.
b. geographic separation.
c. a founder effect.
d. key innovation.
Answer: a
42. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: easy
Darwin supported his argument for evolution by natural selection with the observation that artificial selection caused large changes in a short period because
a. natural selection had millions of years to operate.
b. genetic drift could not cause the same rate of change.
c. natural selection had to have occurred in only a few generations.
d. allopatric speciation requires geographic barriers.
Answer: a
SHORT ANSWER
43. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: medium
If climate change were to cause a tree with very dark bark to become common in England, what would we expect to happen to the color patterns of the peppered moth?and why would we expect it to happen?
Answer:Color pattern is genetically controlled in the peppered moth, and it also affects the survival of moths.Dark-colored moths resting on dark trees are less likely to be eaten by birds than dark moths on light trees.The opposite pattern is true for light-colored moths.Thus, if dark trees became common, the light moths would be more likely to be killed than the dark moths.In each generation the selective consumption of light moths would lead to an increase in the proportion of dark-colored genotypes in the moth population.Eventually the light-colored moths would be rare or absent.
44. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level: medium
How might understanding microevolutionhave a direct benefit to humans in the fight against diseases?
Answer: A major danger to humans is the evolution of drug-resistant pathogens such as drug-resistant tuberculosis.Onereason drug-resistant pathogens evolve is inefficient application of drugs.Understanding the evolutionary processes that increase the rate of the evolution of drug resistance can help us develop strategies to limit or prevent it.
45. Topic:Microevolution operates at the population level.
Level:difficult
The drug chloroquine has been widely used to treat the human parasite malaria.Mutations in the malaria gene pfcrt confer resistance to chloroquine.In some countries, more than 90% of malaria parasites had the pfcrt resistance alleles.When these countries stopped using chloroquine, the frequency of the pfcrt resistance alleles rapidly declined.Provide an evolutionary explanation for the decline in pfcrt resistance alleles after chloroquine was discontinued.
Answer:Although the pfcrt resistance alleles had the highest fitness when chloroquine was used, it is likely that the pfcrt resistance alleles had lower fitness than other alleles in the absence of chloroquine.Thus, in the absence of chloroquine, natural selection removed the pfcrt resistance alleles from the population.
Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Use the following figure to answer questions 46 and 47.
46. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: easy
Based on the phylogeny in the figure, which traits are shared by bony fishes and amphibians?
a. jaws and lungs
b. bony skeleton and lungs
c. jaws and bony skeleton
d. legs and lungs
Answer: c
47.Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: medium
Based on the phylogeny in the figure, which group is most closely related to the reptiles?
a. lampreys
b. lungfishes
c. amphibians
d. mammals
Answer: d
organization.
Level: easy
What is the term for evolution that acts at the level of species, genera, and higher levels of organization?
a. microevolution
b. macroevolution
c. genetic drift
d. epistasis
Answer: b
49. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: easy
Which of the following is a component of macroevolution?
a. artificial selection
b. epistasis
c. founder effect
d. sympatric speciation
Answer: d
50. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: medium
Which of the following three statements is (are) correct?
I. Speciation through polyploidy can occur through hybridization.
II. Speciation through polyploidy never occurs in vertebrates; it occursonly in plants.
III. Speciation through polyploidy generates phenotypic differences among the resulting species.
a. I only
b. IIonly
c. IIIonly
d. I and II
e. I and III
Answer: e
51. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: easy
Which of the following is a necessary component of allopatric speciation?
a. hybridization
b. polyploidy
c. a geographic barrier
d. key innovations
Answer: c
organization.
Level: easy
An evolutionary novel trait that allows a species to use new niches and undergo a high rate of speciation is
a. a key innovation.
b. a polyploid species.
c. pleiotropy.
d. a phylogenetic tre
e.
Answer: a
53. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: medium
Angiosperms, the flowering plants, are much more diverse than other groups of plants.One reason for this is the evolution of flowers, which increased plant interactions with pollinators and drastically increased speciation rates.This is an example of
a. microevolution.
b. key innovation.
c. pleiotropy.
d. disruptive selection.
Answer:b
54. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: easy
When an error in meiosis causes sexually reproducing species to generate zygotes with three or more sets of chromosomes, this is known as
a. pleiotropy.
b. epistasis.
c. polyploidy.
d. genetic drift.
Answer: c
55. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: medium
Which of the following is (are) correct?
I. Allopatric speciation can occur without geographic barriers.
II. Allopatric speciation is the most common form of speciation.
III. Allopatric speciation can be facilitated through genetic drift.
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and III
e. II and III
Answer: e
56. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: medium
Which of the following is(are) correct?
I. Sympatric speciation occurs without geographic barriers.
II. Sympatric speciation can occur through polyploidy.
III. Sympatric speciation is less common than allopatric speciation.
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and III
e. I, II, and III
Answer: e
57. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: medium
Based on the phylogeny of the Galapagos finches, which statement is correct?
a. Eating insects is a key innovation.
b. The ancestor of the small tree finch and large tree finch probably ate insects.
c. The ancestor of the large cactus finch and common cactus finch likely ate insects.
d. The small tree finch is most closely related to the sharp-beaked finch.
Answer: b
SHORT ANSWER
58. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: medium
Describe how genetic drift and natural selection can play a role in allopatric speciation. Answer:After an original population has been split into two populations by a geographic barrier, genetic drift and natural selection can change the allele frequencies and the resulting phenotypes such that the two populations are no longer capable of breeding with one another.This can occur through genetic drift if the populations are small enough to allow large changes in allele frequencies in each population.It can occur through natural selection if different alleles are favored by different environments on either side of the geographic barrier.
59. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: difficult
Explain how a diversity of habitats combined with natural selection can lead to sympatric speciation.Provide an example.
Answer: When a single location, such as an island or a lake, contains multiple habitats, each of these habitats may contain environmental conditions that exert selection for different phenotypes. Over time, adaptation to specific habitats in that location can lead to phenotypic differences large enough that new species are formed.An example of this is the diverse group of cichlid fish species living in Lake Tanganyika in Africa.
60. Topic:Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic organization.
Level: medium
Why is polyploid speciation useful to humans?
Answer:Polyploid species are typically larger than diploid species and consequently can produce greater yields of crops.People use naturally occurring polyploid species as crops and have also developed methods to artificially generate new polyploid species.The new polyploid species that contain desirable traits can then be further bred and farmed.
管理学考试题库试题答案全(DOC)
一、选择 1、法约尔所提出的管理的十四项原则不包括（ C ）。 A 权力与责任 B 统一指挥 C 统一协调 D 等级链 E 集权与分权 2、（ C ）被称为是“科学管理之父”。 A 亚当斯密 B 罗伯特欧文 C 泰罗 D 法约尔 3、可以使管理幅度增加的因素是（ A ）。 A 下属的工作内容和性质相近 B 主管人员处于较高层次 C 下属的能力较差 D 组织所面临的环境变化较快 E 下属空间分布分散 4、下列方法中，主要应用于对国际经营环境的对比分析的是（ A ）。 A 冷热分析法 B 等级尺度法 C 多因素平价法 5、组织文化的三个层次结构中，最直观、人们最易感知的部分是（ C ）。 A 精神层 B 制度层 C 物质层 6、在各个控制类型中，（ D ）的控制标准Z值有某一目标函数的最大值或最小值构成。 A 程序控制 B 跟踪控制 C 自适应控制 D 最佳控制 7、下列不属于激励过程理论的（ B ）。 A 强化理论 B 成就需要论 C 期望理论 D 公平理论 8、关于领导者必须具备的素质，不正确的是（ D ）。 A 有部下或追随者 B 拥有影响追随者的能力或力量 C 具有明确的目的 D 没有上级 9、组织文化的特性不包括（ D ）。 A 民族性 B 多样性 C 整体性 D 绝对性 10、下列情况下，宜采用内部提升的是（ A ）。 A 高层次管理人员的选拔 B 外部环境剧烈变化时 C 处于成熟期的企业 11、不属于人际关系学说主要观点的是（ D ）。 A 企业的职工是社会人B生产效率取决于工人的工作态度及与他人的关系 C 企业中实际存在着一种非正式组织 D 人的行为都是由一定的动机引起的 12、下列关于头脑风暴法的说法，不正确的是（ B ）。 A 相关专家或人员各自发表自己的意见，对别人的建议不作评论 B 所发表的建议必须深思熟虑 C 鼓励独立思考，奇思妙想 D 可以补充完善已有的建议 13、下列关于财务计划、人事计划与业务计划的关系描述不正确的是（ A ）。 A 业务计划与人事计划是为财务计划服务的 B 财务计划研究如何从资本的提供和利用上促进业务活动的有效进行 C 人事计划分析如何为业务规模的维持或扩大提供人力资源的保证
生态学英文
Ecology Course Code: 81029000 Course：Ecology Credit: 3 Semester: the fifth terms Students: Undergraduates who majored in bioscience and marine resource Pre-course: Zoology, Botany Teachers：Zheng Feng-ying, associate professor, Dr. Li u Jian, assistant professorship, Ms. Introduction: Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment. It includes individual ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and applied ecology. The aims of this course are as bellows: first, students should understand the basic concepts and theoretical system in ecology; second, students should understand the relationships between environment and organisms in different levels such as individual, population, community and ecosystem; third, students could analysis the reasons produced global change and unbalanced ecosystems; fourth, students should know the mankind should resolve these environmental problems under the ecology law. Evaluation: Examination form: Closed book exam, test time for 120 minutes, papers out of 100 points Specified materials： Sun Ru-Yong et al. Basic Ecology. High Education Press,2003, 2nd edition. Reference: 【1】Li Bo，Ecology, High Education Press,2000，1st edition 【2】Sun Ru-Yong,Animal ecology, 2002，Beijing Normal University Press,1st edition 【3】Ge Feng，Modern Ecology，Science Press，2002，1st Press 【4】Odum, E.P.( Sun Ru-Yong et al. traslated)，Basic Ecology, High Education Press，1971，1st edition 【5】Kormondy，Concepts of Ecology，Prentice Hall, 1996，3rd.
生态学双语词汇汇编
《生态学双语教学词汇汇编》 Part I 蒋维 Part II +Part V罗隆诚 Part III 官情 Part IV 涂纯 Part I 生物与环境 生态因子 密度制约因子与非密度制约因子 协同进化 物种 自然选择（稳定性选择/单向性选择/分裂性选择） 适应、适应组合 趋同适应与趋异适应 拟态/保护色/警戒色 生物钟 休眠 生态因子（主导因子/限制因子/最小因子定律/补偿效应） 耐受性定律（生态幅/生态价）狭食（光、温、盐、栖、湿）性/广食性生态位 驯化 内稳态 光补偿点/光饱和点 C3植物/C4植物 阳性植物/阴性/耐阴性 昼行性/夜行性动物 光周期 长日照/短日照 光污染/光化学烟雾 温变周期 三基点温度 年轮 有效积温法则 春化 恒温/变温动物 贝格曼法则 阿伦定律 热岛效应 水生/陆生植物 沉水/浮水/挺水植物 湿生/中生/旱生植物 Part II 种群生态学
密度/绝对/相对密度/粗密度/生态密度标志-重捕法 单体/构建生物 种群分布/集群/随机/斑块 种群统计学 出生率/死亡率 迁出/迁出率 年龄结构 性比 世代周期 生命表/动态、静态生命表 种群增长率 内禀增长率 存活曲线/死亡曲线 生命预期 离散式增长/连续式增长 周限增长率 指数式增长/罗吉斯蒂增长 环境容纳量 密度制约/非密度制约 生物/气候/综合学派 集合种群 SLOSS 生活史 繁殖/孢子营养/有性生殖/无性 扩散 繁殖成效/繁殖价值/亲本投资/利他作用繁殖策略 r、K对策 r C S对策 性选择 种内与种间作用 密度 集群/阿里规律 自梳/他梳 -3/2自梳法则 最后产量恒值法则 竞争/分摊型/争夺型竞争 婚配制度 领域/巢区 社会等级
《管理学》期末考试试卷附答案
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生态学概念
第一章绪论 第一节生态学的概念和研究内容 一、生态学的定义 “生态学”一词最早由H.Thorean(索瑞)于1858年提出，“Eco—“一词源自”oikos”（希腊文），意思是：隐蔽所，居所，居住环境。 1866年，E.Heackel(海格尔，德国)最早给生态学下定义：研究有机体与其周围环境——包括生物环境和非生物环境相互关系的科学。从此，标志着生态学学科的正式诞生。…….. 目前，多数学者认为：生态学是研究生命系统与其所处环境系统之间相互作用的规律及机制的科学。 二、生态学的研究内容 1、是生物学的分支学科，主要研究生物与环境、生物与生物之间的 关系。 2、以种群、群落和生态系统为研究对象的宏观学科，其重点是生态 系统各成分之间的相互作用。 3、以人工生态系统为研究对象，研究环境生物学。 4、以社会生态系统为研究对象，研究人类社会所面临的生态学问 题。 第二节、生态学的发展简史 大致可分为三个阶段，即1866年以前，1866—1970，1970年以后 1、生态学思想的萌芽时期（1866年以前） 生态学思想的萌芽，是人们在生产实践中积累起来的，是人们对自然现象的感性认识，虽然在这个阶段的晚期有一些相关著作，但是，显得很肤浅、零碎、片断的，没有上升到理性认识，没有建立起系统的理论。 2、生态学的建立和成长期（1866—1970） 1866年海格尔给生态学下定义后，标志着生态学科学理论的建立。在此阶段，为之作出重大贡献的主要代表人有： （1）德国Mobius（摩比乌斯）于1877年提出“生物群落“概念。 （2）德国Schroter（斯洛特）于1896年创立了个体生态学。 （3）德国Schimper（新柏尔）于1898年出版了〈植物地理
生态学 (双语) 专业英语单词
K-对策者K-strategistis n维超体积资源空间n-dimensional hyper-volume n维生态位n-dimensional niche Raunkiaer定律Law of Frequency r-对策者r-strategistis 奥陶纪Ordovician period 白垩土草地chalk grassland 斑块patch 斑块性patchiness 斑块性种群patchy population 半荒漠semi-desert 半矩阵或星系图constellation diagrams 伴生种companion species 饱和密度saturation density 饱和期asymptotic phase 保护哲学conservation philosophy 北方针叶林northern conifer forest 被动取样假说passive sampling hypothesis 本能instinct 本能行为instinctive behavior 避敌avoiding predator 边缘效应edge effect
变异性variability 标志重捕法mark recapture methods 标准频度图解frequency diagram 表现型适应phenotypic adaptation 并行的simultaneous 并行同源paralogy 捕食predation 不重叠的non-overlapping 残存斑块remnant patch 残余廊道remnant corridor 操作性条件作用operant conditioning 草原生态系统grassland system 层次性结构hierachical structure 产卵和取食促进剂oviposition and feeding stimulant 产业生态学industry ecology 长日照植物long day plant 超体积生态位hyper—volume niche 成本外摊externalized cost 程序化死亡programmed cell death 尺度效应scaling effect 抽彩式竞争competive lottery 臭氧层破坏ozone layer destruction
管理学原理试题及答案31055
A. 确定型决策法 B. 风险型决策法 C. 非确定型决策法 D. 追踪决策法 管理学原理试题及答案 二、单项选择题 (每小题 1 分，共 20分) 1. 中国古代管理思想“法治”中的“常法”是指 ( 2. 美国学者肯尼迪和迪尔认为，企业文化除了价值 观、 A.组织结构 B.领导方式 C.礼仪和庆典 D.企业行为 3. 在管理学中，定义为“影响力”的权力除“专长权”和“个人影响权”外，还包括 A.随机处置权 B.制度权 C.奖惩权 D.任免权 4. 持续控制的方法包括有自我控制、集体控制和 ( C ) A. 管理信息系统 B. 预算控制 C. 政策程序控制 D. 个人观察 5. 群体的发展一般经历四个明显的阶段，它们是 6. 所谓的“火炉法则”包括以下步骤 ( B ) 即时处理、相同后果 D. 预先警告、身为表率、即时处理、普适执行 7. 环境研究对组织决策有着非常重要的影响，具体表现在可以提高组织决策的 8. 从组织外部招聘管理人员可以带来“外来优势”是指被聘干部 ( A. 没有历史包袱 B. 能为组织带来新鲜空气 C. 可以迅速开展工作 D. 具有广告效应 9. 人员配备的工作包括 ( B ) A. 制定工作规范，选配、培训组织成员 B. 确定人员需用量、选配、培训组织成员 C. 确定人员结构、选配、培训组织成员 D. 确定人员需用量、选配、考核、晋升组织成员 10. 所谓授权，是指 ( C ) A. 在组织设计时，规定下属管理岗位必要的职责与权限 B. 在组织调整时，规定下属管理岗位必要的职责与权限 C. 领导者将部分处理问题的权委派给某些下属 D. 委托代理关系 11. ( A ) 假设事物在历史上各个时期的状况对未来的影响程度是相同的。 A. 简单平均法 B. 移动平均法 C. 指数平滑法 D. 因果关系分析法 12. 按控制的时机分类，可把控制方法分为 13. 霍桑试验表明 ( D A. 非正式组织对组织目标的达成是有害的 B. 非正式组织对组织目标的达成是有益的 C. 企业应采取一切措施来取缔非正式组织 D. 企业应该正视非正式组织的存在 决策者虽无法事先确定究竟呈现何种状态，但可判断各种状态出现的概率。 A. 要保持法的稳定性 B. 要制定统一的法律 C. 法律面前人人平等 D. 要使法律固定不变 英雄人物、文化网络因素外，还包括 A. 初创、动荡、有序、衰亡 B. 形成、动荡、 规范、表现 C. 形成、有序、规范、成熟 D. 形成、动荡、规范、成熟 A.预先警告、即时处理、违者必究、普适执行 B. 预先警告、即时处理、相同后果、普适执行 C. 预先警告、身为表率、 A. 有效性、及时性、稳定性 B. 前瞻性、有效性、稳定性 C. 正确性、及时性、稳定性 D. 有效性、正确性、及时性 B) A. 预先控制、 持续控制、 现场控制 B. 预先控制、 持续控制、 结果控制 C. 预先控制、 现场控制、 结果控制 D .持续控制、 现场控制、 结果控制 14.( B ) 面对未能可能呈现的多种状态，
生态学习题及参考答案
生态学习题及参考答案 绪论（０） 一、名词解释 1、生态学：生态学是研究生物及环境间相互关系的科学。 2、生物圈：是指地球上的全部生物和一切适合于生物栖息的场所，它包括岩石圈的上层、全部水圈和大气圈的下层。 3、尺度：是指生态现象或生态过程在空间和时间上所涉及到的范围和发生的频率。 二、单项选择题 1、最早给出“生态学”定义的是（B）。 A．奥德姆 B．海克尔 C．达尔文 D．高斯 2、在诸生态因子中 B 的因子称为主导因子。 A 能替代少数其他因子 B 对植物生长发育有明显影响 C 把其他因子的直接作用变为间接作用 D 对其他因子有影响作用 3、著有《生态学基础》一书并因此获得“泰勒”奖，被誉为“现代生态学之父”的是下列哪位 生态学家？（A） A．Odum B．Haeckel C．Clements D．Tansley 4、下列表述正确的是（Ｃ）。 Ａ．生态学是研究生物形态的一门科学 Ｂ．生态学是研究人与环境相互关系的一门科学 Ｃ．生态学是研究生物与其周围环境之间相互关系的一门科学 Ｄ．生态学是研究自然环境因素相互关系的一门科学 5、根据研究方法，一般可把生态学分为野外生态学、理论生态学和（A）。 A．实验生态学B．种群生态学C．行为生态学D．草原生态学 三、多项选择题 1、通常生态学所研究的几个可辨别尺度的亚部分包括（ABCD） A．个体B．种群C．群落D．生态系统 2、生态学研究方法包括（ABC）
A．野外B．实验C．理论 四、填空题 1、生态学是研究生物及环境相互关系的科学。 2、普通生态学通常包括个体、种群、群落和生态系统四个研究层次 3、理论生态学按照生物类别可分为植物生态学、动物生态学、微生物生态学、人类生态学等。 4、坦斯利于1935年首次提出了生态系统的概念。 5、生态学的研究方法可分野外、实验和理论的3类 6、生态学的定义是由Haeckel 于1866 年提出来的。 五、简要回答 1、什么是生态学?简述其研究对象和范围。 生态学是研究生物与其周围环境之间相互关系的一门科学。由于生物是呈等级组织存在的，因此，从生物大分子、基因、细胞、个体、种群、群落、生态系统、景观直到生物圈都是生态学研究的对象和范围。 2、简述生态学的分支学科。 根据研究对象的组织层次分类：分子生态学、个体生态学、种群生态学、群落生态学、生态系统生态学、景观生态学与全球生态学等；根据生物类群分类：植物生态学、动物生态学、微生物生态学等；根据生境类型分类：陆地生态学、海洋生态学、森林生态学、草原生态学、沙漠生态学等；根据交叉学科分类：数学生态学、化学生态学、物理生态学等；根据应用领域分类：农业生态学、自然资源生态学、城市生态学、污染生态学等。 3、生态学发展经历了哪几个阶段？ 分为4个时期：生态学的萌芽时期（公元16世纪以前），生态学的建立时期（公元17世纪至19世纪末），生态学的巩固时期（20世纪初至20世纪50年代），现代生态学时期（20世纪60年代至现在）。 4、简述生态学研究的方法。 生态学研究方法包括野外调查研究、实验室研究以及系统分析和模型三种类型。 野外调查研究是指在自然界原生境对生物与环境关系的考察研究，包括野外考察、定位观测和原地实验等方法。实验室研究是在模拟自然生态系统的受控生态实验系统中研究单项或多项因子相互作用，及其对种群或群落影响的方法技术。系统分析和模型是指对野外调查研究或受控生态实验的大量资料和数据进行综合归纳分析，表达各种变量之间存在的种种相互关系，反映客观生态规律性，模拟自然生态系统的方法技术。 六、论述题
生态学英语自我介绍
生态学英语自我介绍 good morning teachers, my name is liuyiou.my hometown is anshan,liaoning provence.it is my honer to take this interview.thank you for giving me this chance.now i will introduce myself to you briefly. my major is ecology.i have always been working hard to achieve my ambitions.in the past three years,i did quite a good job in my study and had acquired a systemic knowledge of my major.besides,i passed cet-6 when i was a sophomore.what is more, i had got several scholoships due to my outstanding performance in my study and social works. for my work,i am proud to say that i have always been a leader in my insititute and class.with regard to my characters,i’d like to say that i am optimistic and tough,i got along well with my classmates.well,i prefer to think new things and have a try,i also have teamwork spirit.in addition,i like reading books.sometimes i take part in sports. i love my major very much.i have made up my mind to pursue my major when the first time i chose this major.my principle 第1 页
《管理学》考试题库(有答案)
高层中层基层管理者在各管理职能上所花时间的相对多少计 划 组 织 领 导 控 制 一、客观部分：（单项选择、多选选择） （一）、选择部分 （一）单项选择 1、下面是一个关于各层次管理人员在不同管理职能上所花时间与精力分配模型 的示意图，有人对此模型表示困惑。根据你对管理实践的理解，你对此模型的评价是：（B） A.不正确，因为模型认为基层管理者用于控制工作的时间要比高层经理多。 B.正确，因为模型认为高层管理者在战略计划与控制方面所花的时间更多。 C.不正确，因为模型认为中层管理者在领导上所花的时间要比高层管理者多。 D.正确，因为模型认为基层管理者花在计划与控制上的时间比花在领导上多。 2.从发生的时间顺序看，下列四种管理职能的排列方式，哪一种更符合逻辑些? （D） A.计划、控制、组织、领导。 B.计划、领导、组织、控制。 C.计划、组织、控制、领导。 D.计划、组织、领导、控制。 3.曾有某高技术企业的总裁，其个人并无接受过相关高技术教育及从事过相关领 域经营的背景，而只有接受过MBA教育并在其他非高技术企业成功经营的履历，但他上任后，在短短的不到3年时间里，就迅速扭转了该公司多年亏损的局面，
完成了当初董事会提出的盈利目标。这一事例说明：（ B ） A．企业高层管理者不需要专业知识和技能，有管理经验就行了。 B．成功的管理经验具有通用性，可以不分行业地加以成功移植。 C．企业核心领导的管理水平会对企业的发展产生不可估量的作用。 D．这只是一种偶然发生的现象，可能是该总裁正好遇到市场机会。 4.下列因素中，哪个不属于企业的外部环境因素?（B） A.人口 B.营销组合 C.人均国民收入 D.都不属于 5.影响行业竞争的五种力量模型是一种非常好用的分析工具，在进行竞争分析和制订竞争战略时，大多数人都会借鉴使用这一模型。现在，假设我们对某大城市一家经营手机业务的企业所面临的竞争状况进行分析。结合现实，你认为以下哪一序号所对应的分析结论最合理？（D）
生态学专业英语
K-对策者 K-strategistis n维超体积资源空间 n-dimensional hyper-volume n维生态位 n-dimensional niche Raunkiaer定律 Law of Frequency r-对策者 r-strategistis 奥陶纪 Ordovician period 白垩土草地 chalk grassland 斑块 patch 斑块性 patchiness 斑块性种群 patchy population 半荒漠 semi-desert 半矩阵或星系图 constellation diagrams 伴生种 companion species 饱和密度 saturation density 饱和期 asymptotic phase 保护哲学 conservation philosophy 北方针叶林 northern conifer forest 被动取样假说 passive sampling hypothesis 本能 instinct 本能行为 instinctive behavior 避敌 avoiding predator 边缘效应 edge effect
变异性 variability 标志重捕法 mark recapture methods 标准频度图解 frequency diagram 表现型适应 phenotypic adaptation 并行的 simultaneous 并行同源 paralogy 捕食 predation 不重叠的 non-overlapping 残存斑块 remnant patch 残余廊道 remnant corridor 操作性条件作用 operant conditioning 草原生态系统 grassland system 层次性结构 hierachical structure 产卵和取食促进剂 oviposition and feeding stimulant 产业生态学 industry ecology 长日照植物 long day plant 超体积生态位 hyper—volume niche 成本外摊 externalized cost 程序化死亡 programmed cell death 尺度效应 scaling effect 抽彩式竞争 competive lottery 臭氧层破坏 ozone layer destruction
《管理学》考试题库(有答案)
高层 中管理者在各管理职能上所花时间的相对多少 计 划 组 织 领 导 控 制 一、客观部分：（单项选择、多选选择） （一）、选择部分 （一）单项选择 1、下面是一个关于各层次管理人员在不同管理职能上所花时间与精力分配模型的示意图，有人对此模型表示困惑。根据你对管理实践的理解，你对此模型的评价是：（B） A.不正确，因为模型认为基层管理者用于控制工作的时间要比高层经理多。 B.正确，因为模型认为高层管理者在战略计划与控制方面所花的时间更多。 C.不正确，因为模型认为中层管理者在领导上所花的时间要比高层管理者多。 D.正确，因为模型认为基层管理者花在计划与控制上的时间比花在领导上多。 2.从发生的时间顺序看，下列四种管理职能的排列方式，哪一种更符合逻辑些?（D） A.计划、控制、组织、领导。 B.计划、领导、组织、控制。 C.计划、组织、控制、领导。 D.计划、组织、领导、控制。 3.曾有某高技术企业的总裁，其个人并无接受过相关高技术教育及从事过相关领域经营的背景，而只有接受过MBA教育并在其他非高技术企业成功经营的履历，但他上任后，在短短的不到3年时间里，就迅速扭转了该公司多年亏损的局面，完成了当初董事会提出的盈利目标。这一事例说明：（ B ）A．企业高层管理者不需要专业知识和技能，有管理经验就行了。 B．成功的管理经验具有通用性，可以不分行业地加以成功移植。 C．企业核心领导的管理水平会对企业的发展产生不可估量的作用。 D．这只是一种偶然发生的现象，可能是该总裁正好遇到市场机会。 4.下列因素中，哪个不属于企业的外部环境因素?（B）
A.人口 B.营销组合 C.人均国民收入 D.都不属于 5.影响行业竞争的五种力量模型是一种非常好用的分析工具，在进行竞争分析和制订竞争战略时，大多数人都会借鉴使用这一模型。现在，假设我们对某大城市一家经营手机业务的企业所面临的竞争状况进行分析。结合现实，你认为以下哪一序号所对应的分析结论最合理？（D） A. ①。 B. ②。 C. ③。 D. ④。 6.大地公司为大宾馆、高档写字楼等提供各色盆景、景观植物，品种多达上千种。为了更牢固地占稳市场，公司总经理要求公司外派业务员密切关注他们所负责的宾馆、写字楼的整体布局与风格调整、用户结构变化与否、大型商务活动计划等等，为此还设计了专门的信息表，规定这些表多长时间必须填一次，填好后交给一个部门，该部门如何处理这些调查表等等。这一措施是：（B） A. 组织措施。 B. 计划措施。 C. 销售措施。 D. 控制措施。 7.确定合理的管理幅度是进行组织设计的一项重要内容。关于什么是合理的管理幅度，对于下列四种说法，你最赞同哪一种?（C ） A．管理幅度越窄，越易控制，管理人员的费用也越低。 B．管理幅度越宽，组织层次越少，但管理人员的费用会大幅度上升。 C．管理幅度应视管理者能力、下属素质、工作性质等因素的不同而定。 D．管理幅度的确定并不是对任何组织都普遍重要的问题，无须过多考虑。
社会生态学-布朗芬布朗纳5系统
二、环境对心理的普遍制约作用 环境对人的心理与行为的普遍制约作用，首先表现为心理机能是对环境适应的结果。例如，我们的眼睛就是对人类生存环境长期适应的结果。眼睛像照相机一样。它的视像和照相机底片上的像一样是颠倒的，但我们看到的世界是正的。心理学家斯特拉顿（Stratton，1897）用一套光学系统把眼睛视网膜上的视像校正成与外界物体的方向一致。他戴了这个倒像装置以后开始时看到的是一个完全颠倒的世界，由视觉指导动作很不协调，以后渐渐适应；到了第八天他完全适应了这个新的不习惯的世界，此时，他很难说出这个世界是倒的还是正的。但取掉了这个倒像装置以后，他看到的世界又颠倒了，由视觉指导动作不协调了，又要经过一段时间才能适应。人类生存在地球上，地球哺育了人类，人类的生理和心理机能就是对赖以生存的地球这个环境长期适应的结果。人的心理与行为不仅取决于当前的刺激和人格特征，而且也取决于整个环境及其特征。 其次，环境对心理与行为的普遍制约作用还表现在自然环境与人的交互作用方面。以能源和污染为例。在环境中获得能源的可能性决定了人们耗能的行为方式，而这种行为方式又反过来决定着会造成什么样的环境污染。随着能源的不断消耗和对环境的污染，反过来又将会改变着人们的耗能行为方式。人类与其生存环境总是相互联系、相互制约的。如果人类的行为使得自己赖以生存的生态系统失去了平衡，那就会严重影响人们的心理与行为，甚至会危及生命。生态学（ecology）是一门独特的生物学分支，是研究活着的生物和它们的环境之间的关系。一个生物和环境之间的关系是相互的，是一种持续几个循环的交换。人们不满足于自然界的恩赐，着手治理和控制自然力：人工降雨，钻井，排去沼泽地的水，建造大坝，设计检验地震的建筑物，以及利用核能来增加能源。人们在改变环境的同时，也改变了动物、人类及其环境地位。这些改变一部分是有好处的，但一部分则相反。在生态学中，对一个地区有害影响的例子很多。例如，埃及尼罗河的阿斯旺大坝的修建是用来控制洪水和提供水力发电，但导致尼罗河沿岸生态破坏，自然居住地的文明被侵占，不少物种灭绝，也导致人类行为的改变。 最后，环境对心理与行为的普遍制约作用还表现在社会环境和人的相互作用方面。人在社会中生长，在社会中死亡。每个人都处在一定的社会关系中。社会关系不是存在于具体人之外的某种东西，而是每个人都以自己的活动和交往包括在这一关系之中的。社会环境，包括社会规范（政治的、法律的、道德的等）对心理与行为产生影响。巴克（Barker，1968）提出的行为环境的概念很能说明这个问题。所谓行为环境（behavioral environment）是文化上与固定的行为相匹配的物理环境。这种行为包括群体行为和个体行为。例如，教堂就是一个有多种行为与之相匹配的行为环境，它不同于教室和饭馆。了解行为环境可以使我们能较肯定地预见哪些行为将会发生；行为环境改变，行为也会随之而改变。 总之，环境制约着行为，行为又会导致环境的改变。我们是不能离开环境来研究心理与行为的。2008-10-13 人教网
生态学(英文版)
生态学(英文版)
Ecology (生態學) Introduction Ecology -- __________________________________________________________ Concept of the ecosystem - The biosphere and biomes ?Bioshpere 生物圈 o The part of the Earth and its atmosphere inhabited by life is called biosphere o Thus, the oceans, land surface and lower parts of the atmosphere all form parts of the biosphere. ?Biome 生物群落 o The biosphere can be divided into biomes which are linked by a common type of vegetation. o Forests, deserts and grasslands are the examples of biomes. Each biome consists of many ecosystems in which communities have adapted to differences in climate, soil, and other environmental factors throughout the biome. A. The Ecosystem生態系統 An ecosystem is defined as a complex formed by the living community of different species interacting with one another and with their non-living environment of matter and energy to result in a stable and self-sustainable system. Components of an ecosystem : living community and non-living component ? A population 種群consists of all members of the same species occupying a given area at the same time. ? A community 群落consists of Populations of all the different species interacting with one another ? A habitat 生境is a small specific place where an organism lives. - types of habitats : terrestrial habitat ---- forest, ___________________ aquatic habitat ---- fresh water : pond, lake, reservoir, __________ ?marine : sandy shore, muddy shore, ___________________ A habitat can divide into numerous microhabitats小生境, each
高级管理会计考试题目及复习资料
高级管理会计考试题目 P68.5 1、如果说每股收益归股东所有，那么，经济附加值归谁所有？ 在计算经济附加值时，企业所有利益相关者的权益都已经得到满足：债权人得到了利息，股东得到了其投资应得的机会报酬率。根据现代企业理论，企业不仅仅归属于股东，而且归属于股东利益相关者。经济附加值应该归属于企业主体即企业所有利益相关者而不是股东。 EV A 作为一套完整的财务管理制度的核心，包括公司财务决策的全部领域，如资本预算、收购定价和公司目标设定到管理层薪酬激励。它通过把财务和经营两方面的管理职能放在一个基础之上，把公司战略、经营、财务、人力资源联系起来。经济附加值在数量上就是企业经营所得收益扣除全部要素成本（包括生产要素和资本要素）之后的剩余价值。因此，经济附加值观念是一种“全要素补偿”观念。 EV A指标实际上提高了经营业绩的评价标准，更加注重包括权益资本在内的所有资本的使用效率，对资本有效运用与配置产生很大影响。运用EV A的每股收益计算方法，由于考虑到全部资本成本，挤压了会计利润的一些泡沫，降低了相应的收益预期，使企业更加理性地选择融资模式，优化企业资本结构，实现企业价值最大化。从更深层次看，经济附加值观念的流行标志着对企业绩效评价已逐步从利润观念转向价值观念，通过经济附加值指标的动态观察，可以评价企业经营绩效的贡献程度。（510字） P130.3 2、成本计算追求的是相关性还是精确性？ 在管理会计理论中，一条重要的原则是“不同目的不同成本”。也即，在不同的情境下，成本计算追求相关性、追求精确性或者两者都追求是都有可能的。 （1）在如今全球化的经济形势下，各种成本因素上升，步入微利时代，如何获得高于竞争对手的利润，如何获得成本优势将是一个重要的研究内容。成本信息的相关性，不管是对内管理，还是对外报告，都将会是其中的关键。 成本核算的其实是产品对企业资源的消耗，而要想得到相关性的成本信息，就必须根据实际的生产情况，获得可靠的资源消耗数据。随着企业自动化水平的提高，生产数据已经是生产过程的一部分，企业各个层次的生产过程都经计算机实时控制，在控制的同时记录实时生产过程信息，成本管理系统只需要对这些数据进行记录和处理即可获得相应的成本信息。同时，信息技术的发展，信息处理、加工成本下降，同时追踪记录企业不同产品不同生产线上资源消耗情况成为可能，因此获得相关的成本信息带来的效益将远远大于为此而付出的成本。此时，成本计算应追求相关性。 （2）产品成本是产品定价的基础，成本计算的精确性直接影响产品定价的合理性，继而影响产品在市场上的竞争力和企业的经济效益。影响成本计算准确性的因素有：材料计入产品成本的准确性，直接人工计入产品的准确性，还有制造费用分摊的准确性。一些成本计算方法，如作业成本法改变传统的单一分配标准，通过细分企业生产流程，按照不同的成本动因分配率分配间接费用，大大提高了成本计算的精确性，因而增加了企业价值。这种情境下，成本计算应该追求精确性。 （3）对于确定型的决策问题，相关性原则不仅能节约为收集和提供无关成本而花费的成本和时间，从而提高决策的效率，还能避免由于考虑了无关成本可能发生的决策错误。但管理会计相关性原则的使用是有条件的，在风险型的决策问题上，根据相关性原则确认的无关成本可能最终是决策相关的。因此，当企业决策者进行一项风险性较大的重大决策时，会计信息系统不应恪守相关性原则而只提供所谓的相关成本信息。如果决策范畴内一成本项目
生态学名词解释
1.生态位ecological niche：指物种在生物群落或生态系统中的地位和角色；在自然生态系统中一 个种群在时间、空间上的位置及其与相关种群之间的功能关系。 2.物种species：简称“种”。具有一定的形态特征和生理特征以及一定的自然分布区的生物类群。 是互交繁殖的自然群体，一个物种和其他物种在生殖上互相隔离。是生物分类的基本单位。 3.顶级群落climax community：指一个地区的植物群落，在不受外来因素的干扰下，通过顺行演 替发展成为与当地环境条件相适应的、结构稳定的群落。又称演替顶级。 4.环境容纳量carrying capacity：对于一个种群来说，设想有一个环境条件所允许的最大种群值以 K表示，当种群达到K值时，将不再增长，此时K值为环境容纳量。 5.生态系统ecosystem：在一定空间中共同栖居着的所有生物与其环境之间由于不断的进行物质循 环和能量流动过程而形成的统一整体叫生态系统。 6.生态因子ecological factor：环境中对生物的生长、发育、生殖、行为和分布有着直接或间接作 用的环境要素。 7.水体富营养化eutrophication：指由于水体中N、P等植物必需的矿质元素含量过多，导致藻类 植物等大量繁殖，并引起水质恶化和水生动物死亡的现象。 8.种群population：是在同一时期内占有一定空间的同种生物个体的集合。种群是构成物种的基本 单位、物种进化的基本单位，也是构成群落的基本单位 9.生物群落Biological community：指特定空间下生物种群有规律的组合，它们之间及它们与环境之 间彼此影响、相互作用，具有一定的形态结构与营养结构，并具有特定的功能的生物集合体。10.优势种dominant species：对群落的结构和群落环境的形成有明显控制作用的植物种称为优势 种。它们通常是那些个体数量多、投影盖度大、体积较大、生活能力较强的植物种类。 11.食物链food chain：生产者所固定的能量和物质，通过一系列取食和被食的关系而在生态系统中 传递，各种生物按其取食和被食的关系而排列的链状顺序称为食物链。 12.可持续发展sustainable development：既满足当代人的需求，又不对后代人满足其需求的能力 构成危害的发展。 13.遗传漂变Genetic drift：指基因频率在小群体里随机增减的现象。 14.生物圈biosphere：地球上的全部生物和一切适合于生物栖息的场所，包括岩石圈的上层，全部 水圈和大气圈的下层。 16.竞争排斥原理/高斯假说Competitive exclusion principle：在一个稳定的环境内，两个以上受资源限制的，但具有相同资源利用方式的物种，不能长期共存在一起，也即完全的竞争者不能共存。 17.生态幅Ecological amplitude：又称生态价，是指每种生物有机体能够生存的环境变化幅度，即最高、最低生态因子之间的范围。 18.贝格曼定律Bergman's rule：来自寒冷气候的内温动物，往往比来自温暖气候的内温动物个体更大，导致相对体表面积变小，使单位体重的热散失减少，有利于抗寒，这种现象称为贝格曼规律。 19.密度制约因子Density control factor：对动物种群数量影响的强度随种群密度而变化，从而调节种群数量的生态因子，称为密度制约因子。 20.非密度制約因子：可调节种群数量，但其影响强度不随种群密度而变化的生态因子，称为非密度制约因子。 21.趋同适应Convergence adaptation：指亲缘关系很远甚至完全不同的生物类群，长期生活在相似的环境中而表现出相似的外部特征，具有相同或相近的生态位。 22.趋异适应Divergent adaptation：同种类的生物当生活在不同或相异的环境条件下，通过变异选择形成不同的形态或生理特征及不同的适应方式或途径，这种现象叫趋异适应。