奥巴马政治演说辞的修辞分析

奥巴马政治演说辞的修辞分析
奥巴马政治演说辞的修辞分析

奥巴马政治演说辞的修辞分析

摘要:奥巴马当选美国总统并已正式就任,但其竞选演说依然受到广泛关注。本文对奥巴马具有代表性的三篇政治演说辞进行修辞分析,从用词、结构及韵律等方面阐述其政治演说中的主要修辞手段,以期窥见奥巴马政治演说的总体修辞风格。

关键词:奥巴马;政治演说;修辞手段;修辞风格

[文献标识码]A

[文章编号]1006-2831(2010)03-0146-4

1. 引言

现代政治演说起源于古希腊。在西方文明的发源地雅典,伟大的演说家们通过发表公共演讲,运用修辞手段来获得追随者以及他们的支持,从而获得政治权利。可以说,修辞学和演讲像孪生兄弟一样有着密切的联系,人们很难把它们完全割裂开来。这个传统在美国得到很好的继承和发展。美国民众热衷公共演讲和公开辩论,因此美国政治家大多是能言善辩的雄辩家,形成了具有鲜明特色的美国政治特色。

奥巴马自参加竞选开始便以其卓越的演说才华折服了成千上万的选民,人们对这位年轻的非裔政治家给予极大的关注和期待。随着奥巴马赢得大选并已正式就任,学术界似乎又掀起另一拨的“奥巴马热”,学者们从不同的角度对奥巴马的成功当选进行研究。本文选取奥巴马三篇具有代表性的政治演说稿,从用词、结构及韵律等方面对其政治演说中的主要修辞手段进行分析,以探讨奥巴马政治演说词的修辞风格及语言艺术。

2. 修辞与演说

修辞这门学问起源于公元前4世纪,当时它仅指口头表达技巧,即人们平时所说的“辩论”(argumentation)。亚里士多德在《修辞学》中把修辞学定义为:“一种能在任何一个问题上找出可能的说服方式的功能”(Roberts, 1924: 281-286)。17世纪末期,英国哲学家John Locke曾把修辞称作“演说术”,是“说好得体、优美和有力的艺术”(转引自黄任,1996:2)。我国著名的修辞学专家陈望道(2008:2)在他的《修辞学发凡》中把修辞学定义为:“修辞不过是调整语辞,使达意传情能够适切的一种努力。”虽然中外学者对修辞学的看法不尽相同,但是绝大多数学者都认为修辞学与语言密切相关,修辞的应用可以增强语言的效果和表达能力。

作为一种特殊的语言体裁,政治演说区别于一般的口语,例如日常对话,也不同于其他书面语言,例如小说、剧本或诗歌。政治演说具有口语和书面语的特点而又不同于它们。作为一门研究如何进行有效沟通的艺术,修辞学研究如何运用

修辞手法使演说更有效、更具说服力。政治演说是一门很讲究语言艺术的学问,演说必须有力,且需具有强烈的煽动性,为达到其预期的目的,演说者常常借助修辞手段(陈冬梅、辛柯,2006:68-71)。演说才华卓越的美国总统奥巴马的演讲当然也不能例外,他的演说逻辑严密,结构紧凑,而且每一次的演讲稿都经过专门的写作班子的反复润色,在语言中大量恰当地运用修辞手段,使其演说激情洋溢,极富感染力和说服力,深深地打动选民,并最终赢得大选。

3. 奥巴马政治演讲的修辞手段的运用及其效果

作为典型的西方政治演说,奥巴马总统的演说灵活地运用各种修辞手段,给人留下了深刻的印象。奥巴马总统发表过许多一流的公共演说,这些精彩的演说辞是研究修辞格应用与政治演说的极好素材。本文选取奥巴马总统三篇具有代表性的政治演说进行研究,它们分别是:奥巴马2004年在波士顿接受民主党提名时发表的演说(Obama’s 2004 Democratic Convention Speech, 2004);奥巴马2008年在芝加哥发表的获胜后发表的胜选感言(Obama’s Presidential Victory Speech, 2008);以及奥巴马2009年2月发表的就职演说(Obama’s Inaugural Address , 2009)。笔者将从修辞学的角度对这些演说稿进行分析,特别从用词,结构及音韵三个层面来阐释这些演说词的修辞特点及其效果。

3.1 奥巴马演说的词语修辞格

比喻修辞格是政治演说常用的一种修辞手段。比喻修辞的运用使原来抽象的概念具体化、形象化、生动化,从而有利于加深听众对事物的理解。英语修辞中的比喻包括明喻(simile)、暗喻(metaphor)及转喻(metonymy)等几种常见的修辞格。“simile”这个英语单词来源于拉丁语“similis”,翻译成英文意为“像”或“仿佛”。英文的“simile”与汉语的“明喻”基本对应,所以通常译为“明喻”或“直喻”(冯翠华,1995:159)。奥巴马的演讲词中经常使用明喻(simile)。在2004年民主党全国代表大会上,奥巴马发表了名为《无畏的希望》的演讲。此次演讲让奥巴马声名鹊起,奥巴马也从此由一个默默无闻的小人物一跃成为美国的政坛新星。在这次演讲中,奥巴马巧妙地使用了明喻,把美国比喻成为代表自由和机会的灯塔。

(1)...America, that shone as a beacon of freedom and opportunity to so many who had come before.(美国是一片神奇的土地,她对于许多未曾来过的人而言是自由和机会的象征。)

英语中的metaphor(暗喻)与simile(明喻)最明显的区别是暗喻不使用“as(像……)”、“is like(仿佛……)”这类的比喻词,不露比喻的痕迹。由于暗喻不使用比喻词,把本体直接说成喻体,所以暗喻的修辞效果比明喻要更加有力,其强调的相似点也要更加鲜明,更加突出。例如:

(2)...the rock of our family and the love of my life, our nation’s next first lady, Michelle Obama.(米歇尔·奥巴马是这个国家的下任第一夫人,她是我家庭的中流砥柱,也是我生命中的至爱。)

(3)The audacity of hope! In the end, that is God’s greatest gift to us, the bedrock of this nation...(其实,希望是上帝赐予我们的最好礼物,是这个民族的基石……)

从以上几个例子中可以发现,通过把抽象的事物具体化,暗喻修辞手法的运用可以使语言变得更加生动、易懂,更富感染力,也更容易为听众所接受。

此外,奥巴马在他演说词中也大量使用了转喻(metonymy)这一修辞格。转喻是借与某事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物,因此也称“借代”(黄任,1996:79)。认知语言学认为转喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段,它是用突显、易感知、易记忆、易辨认的部分代替整体或其他部分,从而达到言语交际信息最大化和经济最大化原则(Langacker, 1999)。可见,奥巴马演说中转喻的运用使语言更加简洁生动,大大增强语境效果。请看下面的例子:

(4)...it’s that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.(不能允许商业街挣扎的同时却让华尔街繁荣。)

(5)It’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen...(这个答案,出自浩荡长龙般的队伍,从学校和教堂间不断蔓延,这在我们的国家是前所未有的……)

例(4)中奥巴马用“Wall Street”和“Main Street”这两个美国民众都特别熟悉的地名来分别指代大金融、大公司的利用和广大劳工阶层及中小商业主的利益。而例(5)中,“schools”和“churches”都是投票站所在地。这些借代修辞格的使用不仅使其演说通俗易懂,而且使演说词简洁,巧妙地使用较少的笔墨传递更多的信息。

3.2 奥巴马演说词的结构修辞格

排比(parallelism)、反复(repetition)、层进(climax)和对比(antithesis)是政治演讲中经常使用的结构修辞格。结构修辞格之所以为演说者们所青睐,是因为这些修辞格的使用可以增强演讲的气势,突出强调的内容,同时还能使演讲词读起来琅琅上口,充满节奏感。奥巴马在其演说中大量使用排比修辞格,获得非常好的演说效果,例如:

(6)I stand here today, humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.(今天我站在这里,为眼前的一切所折服,为你们的信任而感动,为我们先辈的付出铭感于怀。)

(7)...but those values upon which our success depends, honesty and hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism—these things are old.(但那些长期以来指导我们成功的价值观——勤奋、诚实、勇气、公平竞争、包容以及对世界保持好奇心,还有对国家的忠

诚和爱国主义——却是历久弥新,这些价值观是可靠的。)

此外,反复也是奥巴马总统经常使用的结构修辞格。反复修辞格的结构是多样的,它既可以是词的重复,也可以是句子和音韵的重复。在2004年民主党全国大会上发表的演讲中,奥巴马大量地使用了反复。例如:

(8)John Kerry believes in an America where hard work is rewarded. John Kerry believes in an America where all Americans can afford the same health coverage our politicians in Washington have for themselves. John Kerry believes in energy independence...And John Kerry believes that in a dangerous world, war must be an option...(约翰·克里坚信美国该是多劳多得的国度。约翰·克里坚信美国应该是老百姓的医疗保险跟华盛顿的政治家们的医疗保险没有差别的国度。约翰·克里坚信能源自主……约翰·克里还坚信战争在一个充满危险的世界是不可避免的抉择……)

(9)If there’s a child on the south side of Chicago who can’t read...If there’s a senior citizen somewhere who can’t pay for her prescription and has to choose between medicine and the rent...If there’s an Arab American family being rounded up without benefit of an attorney or due process...(假如芝加哥南部的一个孩子不能读写……如果一个年事已高的市民付不起她的诊疗费而被迫在医疗费和租房之间作选择……如果一个阿拉伯裔的美国家庭未经律师辩解或诉讼程序就遭到驱赶……)

(10)It’s the hope of slaves sitting around a fire singing freedom songs; the hope of immigrants setting out for distant shores; the hope of a young naval lieutenant bravely patrolling the Mekong Delta; the hope of a millworker’s son who dares to defy the odds; the hope of a skinny kid with a funny name who believes that America has a place for him, too.(我在谈奴隶们围坐在篝火旁唱颂自由的歌谣时的希望;我在谈移民背井离乡驶向遥远海岸时的希望;我在谈年轻的海军上尉勇敢地在湄公河三角洲巡逻时的希望;我在谈一个纺织工的儿子敢闯敢拼时的希望;我在谈一个有着滑稽名字的、干瘦的小孩也相信美国也会有一片属于他的天地时的希望。)

不少学者把层进(climax)归为排比修辞格的一种形式,不同的是层进是根据程度或范围从低到高,由小到大的原则安排句子成分,使语义层层递增,起到加强语气的作用。例如: (11)These enemies must be found. They must be pursued and they must be defeated.(我们必须找到这些敌人,必须追击并打败他们。)

(12)...our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year.(……与上周、上个月或者去年相比,我们的商品和服务依然很有市场。)

另外,对偶句(antithesis)也是奥巴马演说中常用的修辞手段。这些对偶句不仅结构整齐,而且对应的词语语义相反,相互衬托,大大增强语言的鲜明性,从而起

到加强语气的作用。请看下面的例子:

(13)To those who would tear this world down: We will defeat you. To those who seek peace and security: We support you.(对于想毁灭这个世界的人们,我们必将击败你们。对于追求和平和安全的人们,我们将支持你们。)

(14)...our stories are singular, but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn of American leadership is at hand.(……我们美国人的经历各有不同,但我们的命运相关。)

(15)...through the best of times and the darkest of hours, she knows how America can change.(……其间有最美好的时光,也有最黑暗的时刻,她知道美国能够变革。)

3.3 奥巴马演讲的音韵修辞格

奥巴马演说中使用较多的音韵修辞格包括:头韵(alliteration)和尾韵(consonance)。

头韵修辞格指的是一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头音相同的单词(冯翠华,1995)。头韵的使用可以增强语言的节奏感,使得演讲更具表现力和感染力。在他的获胜演讲中,奥巴马大量地使用了头韵,例如:

(16)Let us resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so long.(党派之争、琐碎幼稚,长期以来这些东西荼毒了我们的政坛。)

(17)And to all those watching tonight from beyond our shores, from parliaments and palaces to those who are huddled around radios in the forgotten corners of our world...(对于关注今夜结果的国际人士,不管他们是在国会、皇宫关注,还是在国内荒僻的地带收听电台……)

(18)When there was despair in the dust bowl and depression across the land.(农田荒芜,绝望笼罩美国大地。)

除了头韵外,奥巴马也经常使用尾韵(consonance)。尾韵指相同词尾辅音在一组词、一句话中重复出现(ibid.)。在奥巴马总统的就职演讲中,尾韵被多次使用,例如:

(19)I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.(今天我站在这里,为眼前的一切所折服,为你们的信任而感动,为我们先辈的付出铭感于怀。)

(20)For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.(为了我们,先辈们忍辱负重,用血汗浇铸工厂;为了我们,先辈们在荒芜的西部大地辛勤耕作,定居他乡。)

可见,恰当地使用音韵修辞格可以使演讲琅琅上口、富于乐感,从而吸引读者的注意力。通过头韵或尾韵的使用,演说音韵悠扬,充满音乐的美感,大大增强了表现力和感染力,从而打动听众。

4. 结语

从以上的分析可以发现,奥巴马总统政治演说具有如下特色:首先,不同修辞格的运用是奥巴马总统政治演说的一大特色;其次,修辞格的恰当使用不仅可以有效地激励和说服观众,大大增加其政治演说的感染力,而且可以使演说词气势恢宏,激情四射,有厚重的历史感。同时,对奥巴马三篇政治演说稿的分析还发现奥巴马对修辞格使用与众不同的地方:其一,奥巴马特别偏爱使用结构修辞格,尤其是排比和对比这两种结构修辞格,其使用频率大大高于其他种类的修辞格。仅在其就职演说中,他对排比句式的使用竟多达68次;其二,奥巴马总统擅长把两种或两种以上的修辞格组合起来使用。例如,在例句(15)中,奥巴马总统独具匠心地把排比、对比和尾韵这三种不同的修辞格叠加,达到一种非常强烈的修辞效果。修辞格的连用、套用以及叠用极大地增强了演讲的气势,具有极强的修辞效果,能帮助演讲者更好地说服听众。

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Roberts, W. R. Notes on Aristotle’s rhetoric[J]. American Journal of Philology, 1924(45): 281-286.

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奥巴马就职演讲稿修辞简析

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奥巴马就职演讲稿(中英文)

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