语言学教程第四版 练习 第一章
Chapter One Introduction to Linguistics
I. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.
1.All languages’ have three major components: a sound system ,a system of___and a system of semantics.
A. morphology
B. lexicogrammar
C. syntax
D. meaning
2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A.tree
B.typewriter
C.bowwow
D.bang
3.The function of the sentence Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade is ___.
A.interpersonal
B.emotive
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4314595981.html,rmative
D.performative
4.In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say 碎碎（岁岁）平安as a means of controlling the forces which they believe might affect their lives. Which function does it perform?
A.interpersonal
B.emotive
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4314595981.html,rmative
D.performative
5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place of speaking (due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation)?
A. Transferability
B. Duality
C. Displacement
D. Arbitrariness
6. What language function does the following conversation play?(The two chatters just met and were starting their conversation by the following dialogue.)
A：A nice day, isn’t it?
B : Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A.Emotive
B. Phatic
C. Performative
D. Interpersonal
7.------- refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.
A.Performative
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4314595981.html,petence
C. Langue
D. Parole
8.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone.This indicates that dog’s language does not have the feature of --------- .
A. Reference
B. Productivity
C. Displacement
D.Duality
9.--------- answers such questions as we as infants acquire our first language.
A. Psycholinguistics
B. Anthropological linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Applied linguistics
10.-------- deals with the study of dialects in different social classes in a particular region.
A. Linguistic theory
B. Practical linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Comparative linguistics
II. M ark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.(10%)
1. The widely accepted meaning of arbitrariness was discussed by Chomsky first.
2. For learners of a foreign language, it is arbitrariness that is more worth noticing than its conventionality.
3. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle
generalizations and abstractions.
4. For Jakobson and the Prague school structuralists, the purpose of communication is to refer.
5. Interpersonal function is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar.
6. Emotive function is also discussed under the term expressive function.
7. The relationship between competence and performance in Chomsky’s theory is that between a language community and an individual language user.
8.A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.
9.Articulatory phonetics investigates the properties of the sound waves.
10.The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with prescription instead of description.
III．Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter
of the word is already given(10％)
1.Nowadays, two kinds of research methods co-exist in linguistic studies, namely,
qualitative and q__________ research approaches.
2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be
combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed as p__________.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4314595981.html,nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about language. This function is m__________function.
4.The claim that language originated by primitive man involuntary making vocal
noises while performing heavy work has been called the y＿theory.
5.P________ is often said to be concerned with the organization of speech within specific language, or with the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in particular language.
6.Modern linguistics is d＿in the sense that linguist tires to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.
7.One general principle of linguistics analysis is the primacy of s___________over writing.
8.The description of a language as it changes through time is a d___________ linguistic study.
9.Saussure put forward the concept l__________ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
10.Linguistic potentia l is similar to Saussure’ s langue and Chomsky’ s c__________. IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.
1.Design features
2.Displacement
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4314595981.html,petence
4.Synchronic linguistics
V. Answer the following question briefly.(10%)
1.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human languages?
Can you tell us what language would be like if it had no such design features?
2.How can we use language to do things? Please give two examples to show this point.
VI .Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.(10%)
A B
(1)language varieties a. phonetics
(2)information retrieval b. phonology
(3)shape of syllables c. morphology
(4)emergence of language d. syntax
(5)word formation e. semantics
(6)production of speech f. pragmatics
(7)immediate constituents g. psycholinguistics
(8)reference ,force and effect h. sociolinguistics
(9)denotation of words I. anthropological linguistics
(10)cognition j. computational linguistics
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).
1. Language is ____________in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.
2. Language is_____________ and__________ in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction.
3.The features that define our human languages can be called_____________, which include____________, _____________, ______________, _____________.
4.________is the opposite side of arbitrariness.
5.The fact that in the system of spoken language, we have the primary units as words and secondary units as sound shows that language has the property of___________.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4314595981.html,nguage is resourceful because of its_____________ and its___________, which contributes to the_____________ of language.
7._______benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions.
8.In Jakobson’s version, there are six functions of language, namely, ____________, _____________, _______________, ________________, ________________and metalingual function.
9.When people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the _____________ function of language in Jakobson’s version.
10.In functional grammar, language has three metafunctions, namely, _____________,____________________,__________________.
11.Among Halliday’s three metafunctions______________creates relevance to context.
12.The________________function of language is primary to change the social status of persons.
13.Please name five main branch of linguistics:___________________________,___________________,_____________ _____, _____________________and ____________________.
14.In________________phonetics,we study the speech sounds produced by articulatory organs by identifying and classifying the individual sounds.
15.In________________phonetics,we focus on the way in which the listener analyzes or processes a sound wave
16.________________is the minimal unit of meaning.
17.The study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called_______________.
18.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is called_________________.
19.The study of the way in which symbols represent sounds in linguist communicate are arranged to form words has constituted the branch of study called_____________.
20.The study of rules which governs the combinations of words to form permissible sentences constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies that is_________________.
21.The fact that we have alliteration in poems is probably because of the__________________ function of language.
III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.
1.The description of a language at some print in time is a_______________ study.
A.descriptive
B. prescriptive
C. synchronic
D. diachronic
2. According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentence because_______
A. he has come across all of them in his life
B. he has internalized a set of rules about his language
C. he has acquired the ability through the act of communicating with others language
3.Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is very similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance, but Saussure takes a ____________view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a__________ point of view
A. sociological, psychological
B. psychological, sociological
C. biological, psychological
D. psychological, biological
4.The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we write with indicates language is______
A. arbitrary
B. rule-governed
C. applied
D. illogical
5.We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard before, because language is______
A.creative
B. arbitrary
C. limitless
D. resourceful
6.______means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker
A.Duality
B. Displacement
C. productivity
D. Arbitrariness
7.______examines how meaning is encoded in a language
A.Phonetics
B. syntax
C. Semantic
D. Pragmatics
8.______is concerned with the internal organization of words.
A.Morphology
B. syntax
C. Semantic
D. phonology
9.______refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning
A.Duality
B. Arbitrariness C .Replacement D. Creativity
10.______of language makes it potentially creative, and______ of language makes learning a language laborious
A. Conventionality, arbitrariness
B. Arbitrariness, replacement
C. Arbitrariness, conventionality
D. Conventionality, arbitrariness
11.When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the______ function of language
A.poetic
B. creative
C. phatic
D. metalingual
12.____proposes a theory of metafunctions of language.
A.Chomsky
B.Saussure
C.Jacobson
D. Halliday
13.____function constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations.
A.Interpersonal
B. Textual
C. Logical
D. Ideational
14.Interpersonal function enacts_________ relationship.
A.social
B. experiential
C. textual
D. personal
15.By_____________ function people establish and maintain their status in society.
A.e xperiential
B. referential
C. metalingual
D. Interpersonal
16.The study of the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech belongs to the study of_____.
A.phonology
B. phonetics
C. morphology
D. syntax
17.In__________ phonetics, we investigate the properties of the sound waves.
A.articulatory
B. acoustic
C. auditory
D. sound
18.French distinguishes between nouns like GARE(station)which is feminine and nouns like TRAIN which is masculine. This shows that French is a language which____.
A.is illogical
B. has grammatical gender
C.has biological gender
D. has two cases
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4314595981.html,petence, in the linguistic sense of the word, is______.
A.pragmatic skill
B. intuitive knowledge of language
C.perfect knowledge of language skill
D. communicative ability
20.French has Tu (means: you) aimer a (means: will love) Jean and English has You will love Jean. This shows us that____.
A. both languages are alike in expressing future time
B.Both languages have a future tense but English requires more words
C.English is loose while French is compact
D.French forms its future tense by adding a special suffix
21.Knowing how to say something appropriate in a given situation and with exactly the effect you intend is a question of the_____
A.lexis
B. syntax
C. semantics
D. pragmatics
22.A(n)_____is a speaker/listener who is a member of homogeneous speech community, who knows language perfectly and is not affected by memory limitations or distractions.
A. perfect language user
B. ideal language user
C. proficient user
D. native language user
IV. Analyze the following with your linguistic knowledge.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4314595981.html,e the following two examples to support the idea that language is not all arbitrary.
a.They married and had a baby.
b.They had a baby and married.
2.Examine the way the following words are separated. Comment on the way of separation in relation to Bloomfield’s idea that word is minimal unit of meaning.
a.typical,success.ful.ly,organiz.action,hard.ly,wind.y,word
3.What is the difference between the following two statements in terms of attitude to grammar? What kind of linguistic concepts do they represent?
a.Never put an a before an uncountable noun.
b.People usually do not put an a before an uncountable noun.
4.How do you understand the sentence Music is a universal language?
5.What are the two interpretations of the sentence They are hunting dogs? What is the linguistic knowledge that enables you to distinguish the meanings of this sentence?
V. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.
1. Match the linguistic items in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.
A B
(1) emotive function a. contact(of communication element)
(2) context(of communication element) b. imperatives and vocatives
(3) conative function c. metalingual function
(4) phatic function d. intonation showing anger
(5) message (of communication function) e. referential function
(6) code (of communication element)
2. Match the sentences in Column B with the language functions in Column A.
A B
(1)informative function a. We have 15 people here.
(2)interpersonal function b. Pass me the salt please.
(3)performative function c. God! Damn it!
(4)emotive function d. Dear sir; Johnny
3. Match the linguistic items in Column B with the linguistic branches in Column A.
A B
(1)phonology a. morphology
(2)phonetics b. phoneme
(3)morphology c. entailment
(4)semantics d. speech act
(5)syntax e. synonymy
(6)pragmatics f. word order in a sentence
g. word formation
h. conversational implicature
i. speech organs
j. sound waves
4.Match the linguistic items in Column B with the linguistic branches in Column A.
A B
(1)psycholinguistics a. language acquisition
(2)sociolinguistics b. dialect
(3)anthropological linguistics c. corpus
(4)computational linguistics d. emergence of language
e. language and cognition
f. computer translating
g. biological foundation of language
h. the divergence of language over
thousands of years
i. gender and language
《语言学教程》中文笔记(完整)
语言学教程笔记 第一章语言学导论 语言的定义特征：从本质上将人类语言与动物语言区分开的人类语言的区别性特点。 1. 任意性：任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系，任意性是语言的核 心特征。例如，我们无法解释为什么一本书读作 a /buk/，一支钢笔读作a /pe n/。 任意性具有不同层次：（1）语素音义关系的任意性。（2）句法层面上的任意性。 （3） 任意性和规约性。 2. 二层性：二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成， 每层都有自身的组合规则。话语的组成元素是本身不传达意义的语音，语音的唯一作用就是 相互组合构成有意义的单位，比如词。因为底层单位是无意的，而上层单位有明确的意义，所以我们把语音叫做底层单位，与词等上层单位相对。二层性使语言拥有了一种强大的能产 性。 3. 创造性：创造性指语言的能产性，指语言有制造无穷长句的潜力，这来源于语言的二层性 和递归性。利用二重性说话者可以通过组合基本语言单位，无止境地生成句子，大多数都是以前没有过的或没有听过的。 4. 移位性：是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的 物体、时间或观点。因此我们可以提及孔子或北极，虽然前者已经去世两千五百五十多年而 后者位置距我们非常之远。语言使我们能够谈及已不存在或还未出现的事物。移位性赋予人 们的概括与抽象能力使人类受益无穷。词在指称具体物体时，并不总是出现在即时、形象化 的语境中。他们通常为了体现指称含义而被使用。 5. 文化传递性：语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。 6. 互换性：指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的 角色是可以随意更换的。 元语言功能：我们的语言可以用来讨论语言本身。比如说，我可以用“书”指代一本书，也可以用“书这个词”来指代“书”这个词本身。这使语言具有无限的自我反身性：人类可以谈论“说话”，也可以思考“思考"。所以只有人类才能提问：元语言功能对交际、思考及人类的意义是什么？
语言学教程第四版第二章 胡壮麟 主编
Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后练习题答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
语言学教程中文版
将英语译成中文(简体)胡壮麟“语言学教程”课后答案 定义以下条款： 1。设计特点：是他们的特点来定义，如任意性，双重性，创造性，位移，文化传播等，我们人类的语言， 2。功能：语言的使用ommunicate，思考，等anguage功能inclucle imformative 功能，人际功能，表演功能，人际功能，表演功能，情感功能，寒暄交流，娱乐功能和工具功能。 3。客位：在与主位是从美国语言学家派克的语音和音位的区别源于长期的对比。作为客位芒作出太多，以及behaviously无关紧要，鉴别，就像是多嚼不语言学与语音正确vx.phonemic分析实例。 4。主位：在与客位的是从美国语言学家派克的语音和音位的区别源于长期的对比。作者：主位言语行为和事件必须被作为一个有意义的资源，验证通过的最后一次演说communith本地成员，而不是通过qppeal到研究者的ingenuith或直觉孤单。‘ 5。同步：一类是描述以一个固定的瞬间（通常，但不一定，目前的）作为观察点。大多数语法是这样的。 6。历时：一种语言的研究是通过其进行的历史过程。 7。规范：一种语言的研究是通过其进行的历史过程。 8。规范：这类研究的语言，一切事都应该是如何规定的，ielaying下来的语言使用规则。 9。描述：这类研究的语言，一切事都只是描述。 10。独断性：一种人类的语言，这是指语言符号的脸，不承担任何形式的关系，其意义自然的设计特点。11。对偶：一种人类的语言，这是指有两对是二次元素组成的各级物业设计功能。水平和两级各有自己的组织原则。12。排量：一种人类的语言，这意味着人类语言的设计特点，使他们的用户，象征着在目前的通信对象，事件和概念并不在时间和空间目前?。13。寒暄交流：人类语言的一种功能，它是指语言的社会互动。14。元语言：语言符号或特定的分析和研究方面的某些种类的描述。15。macrolinguistics：他的语言之间的相互作用，如心理学，社会学，人种学，法学和人工智能等门类的
(完整版)胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题 第一章：语言学导论 I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human A. contact C. relation B. communication D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree C. crash B. typewriter D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade. i”s A. interrogative C. informative B. directive D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎(岁岁)平安”asa means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal C. Performative B. Emotive D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability C. Displacement B. Duality D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn 't it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive C. Performative B. Phatic D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language usesr knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance C. Langue B. Competence D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.
语言学教程第一章ppt
语言学教程胡壮麟主编
Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology) Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics) Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics? ?1.2 What is language? ?1.3 Features of language ?1.4. Origin of language ?1.5. Functions of language ?1.6. What is linguistics ?1.7 Main branches of linguistics ?1.8. Macrolinguistics ?1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics
Lead-in ?Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them? ?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?
英语语言学—中文版
单元练习...．..７6页 英语语言学概论 —自学指导 主编: 支永碧王永祥
英语语言学概论 —自学指导 主编: 支永碧王永祥 副主编：李葆春丁后银王秀凤
前言 本书主要为参加英语专业(本科段)自学考试和全国研究生入学考试的考生而编写,是《英语语言学概论》(王永祥、支永碧,2０0７）的配套辅导用书。 自2０0７年起,《英语语言学概论》（王永祥、支永碧，２007)被确定为英语专业(本科段)自学考试的指定教材。在此期间，许多参加自学考试的考生希望能再出一本配套的辅导教材。他们中的不少人不仅希望自学考试轻松过关,还希望和全国其他学生一样将来能参加全国统一的研究生入学考试继续升造求学。而现有的教材内容和相关练习似乎还不能充分满足他们的需求。其一,配套练习尚不够全面,缺少问答题的参考答案；其二，和研究生入学考试真题相比,配套练习的类型也不够全面；其三,参加自学考试的学生往往很难得到老师的亲自授课和指导，而英语语言学理论和概念往往抽象难懂，再加上其它各种原因,不少考生不能轻易地掌握各章的所有重点、难点，因此,他们迫切需要有一本简单实用的自学考试指南和辅导练习帮助他们解决问题；此外，在英语专业研究生入学考试中，英语语言学是一门必考科目。入学以后,英语语言学也是英语专业研究生的一门必修课。鉴于此,他们希望了解更全面的英语语言学基本理论，多做一些更实用的英语语言学练习和真题，以备将来需要。为了满足广大自考学生和准备参加英语专业研究生入学考试的考生的需要,我们在广泛征求了各方面的意见之后,精心编写了本书。本书的编写除了主要参照王永祥、支永碧主编的《英语语言学概论》以外，我们还参考了胡壮麟主编的《语言学教程》(修订版）和戴炜栋、何兆熊主编的《新编简明英语语言学教程》和其它一些高校使用的语言学教程。 本书第一部分为英语语言学核心理论和概念，主要包括:本章主要考点，课文理解与重点内容分析;第二部分为英语语言学概论的十三章单元配套练习,和原教材中的练习稍有不同的是，在本部分，我们选编了部分自学考试真题和各个高校历年考研真题，以便考生更好地了解本章重点。这样，学生可以更有针对性地进行各章节的学习和复习。虽然该部分略有难度,但对考研和自考的学生都很有帮助；第三部分为英语语言学综合模拟试卷, 内容紧扣《英语语言学概论》，针对性很强,适用于英语专业各类考生；第四部分为江苏省自学考试英语语言学概论部分考试样题及参考答案。本书的习题主要包括以下七种类型:问答题、选择题、填空题、名词解释、是非判断题、汉英术语互译题、操作题。另外,为便于学习者了解考试重点，本书附加了江苏省英语专业(本科段）《英语语言学概论》自学考试新大纲2007版；另外，为便于自学者查询深涩难懂的语言学词汇，我们按照汉语字母顺序编写了常见的英语语言学术语汉英对照表，以补充原教材的些许缺失。 本书力求充分满足广大考生学习和考试的需要,帮助他们了解各章的主要考点和复习要点。祝参加英语专业自学考试的考生轻松克服《英语语言学概论》的学习难题，祝参加英语专业研究生入学考试的考生在本书的帮助下能轻松通过英语语言学这个难关，实现自己的梦想。 支永碧 20０9年2月于南京师范大学随园
语言学教程测试题及答案
Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary？ A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________. A. interrogative（疑问） B. directive C. informative D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform？ A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative√ D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation？ A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language？ —A nice day, isn’t it？ — Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality 9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not 12. Language change is universal, ongoing and ？ 13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication ？ 14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记1_3章
胡壮麟语言学重难点 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 常考考点：1. 语言: 语言的定义；语言的基本特征；语言的功能；语言的起源 2. 语言学：语言学的定义；现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别；语言学研究的四个原则及简要说明；语言学中的几组重要区别；每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。 1. 语言的定义特征 1.1. 任意性 1.2. 二重性 1.3. 创造性 1.4. 移位性 1.5. 文化传递性 1.6. 互换性 2. 语言的功能 1.1. 信息功能 1.2. 人际功能 1.3. 施为功能 1.4. 感情功能 1.5. 寒暄功能 1.6. 娱乐功能 1.7. 元语言功能
3. 微观语言学 3.1. 语音学 3.2. 音系学 3.3. 形态学 3.4. 句法学 3.5. 语义学 3.6. 语用学 4. 宏观语言学 4.1. 心理语言学 4.2. 社会语言学 4.3. 应用语言学 4.4. 计算语言学 4.5. 神经语言学 5. 重要概念及其区分 5.1. 描写式&规定式 5.2. 共时&历时 5.3. 语言&言语 5.4. 语言能力&语言应用 5.5. 唯素的&唯位的 5.6. 传统语法&现代语法 5.7. 语言潜势&实际语言行为 Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
常考考点：1. 语音学语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义；发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类；基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法 2. 音系学音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系与区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；音位的对立分布于互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音；音高和语调。 1. 语音学及其三大领域 1.1. 语音学定义 1.2. 语音学三大领域 ①发音语音学 ②声学语音学 ③听觉语音学 2. 辅音 2.1. 辅音定义 发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞，由此产生的音叫做辅音。 2.2. 发音方式 发音方式是指发音器官之间的关系，以及气流经过声道的某些部位的方式 2.3. 发音部位 发音部位是指声道的哪些部位发生气流摩擦、狭窄化或阻碍。 3. 元音
语言学教程[第一章语言学导论]山东大学期末考试知识点复习
第一章语言学导论 复习笔记 Ⅰ．语言的定义 语言是人类以口头交流的任意的符号系统。该定义揭示了语言的五个要素：系统，任意，口头，符号，人类。 Ⅱ．语言的定义特征 语言的定义特征是人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点。 1．任意性 任意性是语言的核心特征，是指符号的形式或者声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。虽然语言从本质上讲是任意的，但也不是完全任意的。一些词语，例如一些拟声词的发音与其意义还是有一定联系的。 2．二重性 二重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。二重性只存在于这样的系统之中，既有元素又有它们组合成的单位。 3．创造性 创造性指语言的能产性，它能够使人造出和理解无穷的长句，其中很多句子是以前从未听过的。 4．移位性 移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、事件和观点。移位性赋予人们的概括和想象力使人类受益无穷。 5．文化传递性
语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。 6．互换性 互换性是指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的角色是可以随意更换的。 Ⅲ．语言的起源 1．圣经的记载 语言是上帝的恩赐。 2．“汪汪”理论 语言是模仿自然的声音，例如动物的叫声，如 (鸭子)的刮刮声，嘎嘎声，布谷鸟的叫声。 3．“噗噗”理论 语言来源于人本能的情感声音，表达疼痛或喜悦。 4．“哟一嘿一吼”理论 语言起源于原始人共同劳动时发出的有节奏的哼哟声。 5．进化理论 语言起源于劳动的过程，满足了社会的需求。 Ⅳ．语言的功能 1．信息功能 语言用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理。信息功能是语言最重要的功能，一般出现在陈述句中。 2．人际功能 人际功能是语言最重要的社会功能。人们由此建立和维持他们的身份和社会
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胡壮麟语言学教程第二章专业术语解释
2. Articulatory phonetics发音语言学: the study of production of speechsounds.研究语言的发生 phonetics声学语言学：is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.研究语音的物质特征 or Auditory phonetics感知语音学或听觉语音学：is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.研究语音的感知 音系学is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.研究各种语言的语音模式和语音系统 6. IPA国际音标表: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet 变音符:are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.是与元音或辅音符号结合使用的一些附加符号或记号，用于表示元音或辅音在发音上的微小变化 辅音: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.声道紧闭，或声道变窄的程度达到无法 9. Vowl元音:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.气流可以相对不受阻碍的从口腔或鼻腔中排出 排出，一旦排出就会产生可闻的摩擦，这样发生的音叫辅音 10. Coarticulation协同发音: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are
新编简明英语语言学教程中文版
第一章：绪论 1．什么是语言学？ 1．1定义 语言学常被定义为是对语言进行系统科学研究的学科。语言学研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有的语言。为了揭示语言的本质，语言学家首先要对语言实际使用进行观察，并在此基础上形成有关语言使用的概括性假设，这些初步形成的假设要在语言使用中进行进一步的检验，最终形成一条语言理论。 1．2语言学的研究范畴: 语言学研究有不同的侧重。对语言体系作全面研究的语言学研究称为普通语言学。语音学主要是对语言声音媒介的研究，它不只是研究某一特定的语言的声音媒介，而是所有语言的声音媒介。音系学与语音学不同，它主要研究特定语言的语音体系，即音是如何结合在一起产生有意义的单位。形态学主要研究单词的内部语义结构，及这些叫做词素的语义最小单位是如何结合构成单词。句法学主要研究构成潜在句子的句法规则。语义学以研究语义为目的，传统语义学主要研究抽象的意义，独立于语境之外的意义，语用学也是研究语义，但是它把语义研究置于语言使用语境中加以研究。 语言不是一个孤立的现象，而是一种社会现象，各种社会因素都会对语言的使用产生影响。从社会的角度来研究语言的科学被称之为社会语言学。语言和社会之间的关系是社会语言学研究的主要内容。心理语言学主要从心理学的角度来研究语言。它要研究人们在使用语言时大脑的工作机理，如人是如何习得母语的，人的大脑是如何加工和记忆语言信息等问题。把语言学的研究成果应用到实践中的科学形成了应用语言学。狭义上，应用语言学指把语言理论和原则运用于语言教学的科学，在广义上，它指把语言理论与原则应用于解决实际问题的科学。除此之外还有人类语言学、神经语言学、数学语言学、计算语言学等。 1．3语言学研究中的几对基本概念 1．3．1规定性和描述性 语言学研究是描述性的，不是规定性的。这是语言学和传统语法的一个重要区别。语言学研究的目的是对人们使用的语言进行客观描述与分析，而不是对语言的使用作出规定。传统语法是规定性的，它主要建立在笔头语言基础之上，旨在规定一系列的语法规则，并且把这些语法规则强加给语言使用者。一切符合规定规则的被认为是“正确的”，否则就被冠为“错误的”。 1．3．2共时性和历时性 对语言的研究分为共时研究和历时研究。共时研究是对语言的静态特征的研究。它主要对某个时间点上的语言状态的描述。历时研究主要是对语言变化和发展的研究。现代语言学研究主要是共时性研究。 1．3．3口头语和书面语 现代语言学把书面语看作是口头语的记录，认为口头语是第一性的，是语言交际最基本的方式。这是因为从人类社会交际的发展来看，口头语先于笔头语，笔头语是对口头语的记录。从交际的功能来看，人们交际主要采取口头形式。此外，即使是在当今世界，仍然有不少语言只有口头形式，没有
胡壮麟语言学教程第二章专业术语解释
语言学：It studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.研究语音的发生、传递和感知 2. Articulatory phonetics发音语言学: the study of production of speechsounds.研究语言的发生 phonetics声学语言学：is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.研究语音的物质特征 or Auditory phonetics感知语音学或听觉语音学：is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.研究语音的感知 音系学is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.研究各种语言的语音模式和语音系统 6. IPA国际音标表: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet 变音符:are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.是与元音或辅音符号结合使用的一些附加符号或记号，用于表示元音或辅音在发音上的微小变化 辅音: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.声道紧闭，或声道变窄的程度达到无法 9. Vowl元音:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.气流可以相对不受阻碍的从口腔或鼻腔中排出
语言学教程课后习题答案第一章
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1. Define the following terms: design feature: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals. function: the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal). synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical ‘point’ in time. diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language. descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety. arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer. duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e.g. words) and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters). displa cement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation. phatic communion: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact. metalanguage: a language used for talking about language. macrolinguistics: a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, including psychological, cultural, etc. competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing. l angue: the language system shared by a “speech community”. parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker. 2. Consult at least four introductory linguistics textbooks (not dictionaries), and copy the definitions of “language” that each gives. After careful ly comparing the definitions, write a paper discussing which points recur and explaining the significance of the similarities and differences