8级英语国家概况必看

8级英语国家概况必看
8级英语国家概况必看

8级备考“英语国家概况”部分

地理

英国地理

国土由大不列颠Britain(其中包括南边的England, 最北的Scotland & 英格兰西侧的Wales)和西边的北爱尔兰组成。

英格兰和苏格兰之间以哈德良长城(Hadrain’s Wall)为界,当初罗马人为阻止凯尔特人南下而建。

英格兰首府是伦敦(London)。

苏格兰首府是爱丁堡(Edinburgh)。

威尔士首府是卡迪夫(Cardiff)。

北爱尔兰首府是贝尔法斯特(Belfast)。

Birmingham是英国第二大城市,仅次于伦敦,被称为“工业革命的发源地”(the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution)。

Manchester被誉为棉都(Cottonopolis),是英国的棉纺织业中心,也是英国的交通枢纽。

伦敦是英国的行政中心、金融中心、最重要的港口城市。

英国最长河流是塞文河(Severn River)。

英国的第二大河是泰晤士河(Thames River)。

英格兰人约占英国总人口的80%。

英格兰人口最为稠密,而苏格兰人口最为稀少。

不列颠群岛被天然分成两部分:高地和低地。高地地区包括北部和西部的高山和丘陵,低地地区位于南部和东部,大部分是起伏的平原。多数英国人生活在气候温和、土壤肥沃的低地地区(lowland zone)。

本宁山(The Pennine Chain)被称为“英格兰的屋脊”(the backbone of England)。

英国最高的山峰是本尼维斯山(Ben Nevis)。

美国地理

五大湖:Superior(苏必利尔湖), Huron(休伦湖), Erie(伊利湖), Ontario(安大略湖), Michigan (密歇根湖), 除Michigan外,其他四个为美加共享。

新英格兰(New England) 包括Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island。其中,马萨诸塞州是最重要,也是人口最多的州。

Pacific Coast States(太平洋沿岸诸州):Washington, Oregon, California。

首都Washington, D.C. 是为纪念华盛顿和哥伦布而命名。

New York 的别称:the Big Apple, the Capital of the World ,为美国最大城市。

Los Angeles被称为天使之城(The City of Angels),是“全球大众文化行业之都”(the capital of global popular culture industry)。

Boston是美国最古老的城市

Harvard为Massachusetts Institute of Technology所在地。

Detroit是Motor City。

Houston是美国南方第一大城,全国最大的石油中心。

最小的州是Rhode Island。

最大的州是Alaska。

落基山脉(The Rocky Mountains)被看成“北美洲的脊梁”(the backbone of the continent)。密西西比河(the Mississippi River)被称为美国的“河流之父”(the Father of Waters),是美国最长的河流。

加拿大地理

加拿大被称为The Land of Maple Leaf。It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean.

加拿大海岸线最长。

首都是渥太华(Ottawa)。

最大城市是Toronto。

最大的省Quebec。

在加拿大,第一个建立的城市为Quebec。

加拿大最高峰是洛根峰(Mount Logan)。

圣劳伦斯河(St. Lawrence)被称为加拿大的母亲河(Mother River)。

加拿大人最喜欢的运动是冰球(ice hockey)。

澳大利亚地理

土著民是aborigines。

The Dutch were the first to reach Australia.

最长的河流是墨雷河(the Murray River)。

首都是Canberra。

悉尼是澳大利亚的最大城市,也是新南威尔士州首府,位于澳大利亚东海岸。

The Australian Federation came into being in 1901.

新南威尔士(New South Wales)是英国最早在澳大利亚建立的殖民地,如今是澳大利亚人口最多的州。

昆士兰(Queensland)是澳大利亚最年轻的州。

澳大利亚在1942年完全获得独立。

澳大利亚的自然景观包括有“海底花园”(a garden under sea)之称的“大堡礁”(the Great Barrier Reef)。

新西兰地理

土著民(natives)是Maori。

首都是Wellington。

新西兰主要由南岛(South Island)和北岛(North Island)组成。

最大城市为奥克兰(Auckland),该市被誉为风帆之城(City of Sails)。

官方语言是英语和毛利语(Maori)。

新西兰被称为“世界上最大的农场”(the world’s largest farm)。

历史

英国历史

The earliest settlers是Celts 。

英国人祖先是盎格鲁人、撒克逊人、朱特人(Anglos, Saxons, Jutes)。

英法百年战争(Hundred Years’ War)是世界历史上最长的战争,前后持续116年。起因为在法国国王死后,英王爱德华三世(法国国王的外甥)争夺法国王位。

Wars of Roses:1455,两个贵族家族为争夺英格兰王位而展开的内战。两个家族为House of Lancaster, House of York. 名称源自两个家族的家徽,分别是红玫瑰和白玫瑰。

英国文艺复兴时期的重要作家包括Christopher Marlowe,Ben Johnson,William Shakespeare,Edmund Spencer,Francis Bacon,John Milton。

宗教改革(Reformation):亨利八世的第一个老婆没有生儿子,要离婚,罗马教皇不让,亨八脱离罗马教会。1534年,议会通过《至尊法令》(Act of Supremacy),规定英王为英国教会之首。

1688年,光荣革命(Glorious Revolution)后,英国逐步确立了君主立宪政体。(Since then, the British Constitutional monarchy gradually came into being. )光荣革命的胜利带来了资本主义体系的胜利,开创了现代英国的新时代。

维多利亚时代(Victorian Era)是英帝国最强盛时期,建立了日不落帝国(the empire on which the sun never sets)。

美国历史

The first Americans 是Indians。

在美国大陆,最早的欧洲殖民者是西班牙人。

美国最早的移民来自英国和荷兰。

1607年,英国在Jamestown建立the first English colony。

1620, Puritans为躲避宗教迫害,乘坐Mayflower 到达美洲。

Thomas Paine在1776年写了The Common Sense,为美国的独立而辩论。

1776年7月4日,通过The Declaration of Independence, 由Thomas Jefferson起草。

1776年费城的第二次大陆会议(the Second Continental Congress)宣布美国独立。

美国国庆日(Independence Day)为July 4th。

1783年,英美签订《巴黎条约》(Treaty of Paris),结束独立战争。

美国内战始于1861年。

南部11州组成the Confederacy,北方政府则被称为the Union。

美国内战的转折点是葛底斯堡大捷(Battle of Gettysburg)。

The Emancipation Proclamation由Abraham Lincoln签署。

虽然美国在1776年宣布独立,但直到1812年英美战争后才真正摆脱英国在政治上的控制和经济上的渗透。

镀金时代(Gilded Age)是从内战结束到20世纪初。

权利法案(The Bill of Rights)是指1791年增加的宪法头十条修正案。

20世纪30年代罗斯福新政(New Deal)对美国经济复苏产生了重要影响。新政包括3R,即Recover,Relief,Reform。

Franklin D. Roosevelt是美国历史上唯一任期超两届的总统。

美国垮掉的一代(the Beat Generation)是指20世纪50年代对社会及政治现实不满的一群年轻诗人及作家。

20世纪60年代美国民权运动(the American Civil Rights Movement)的突出成就是促进了1964年《民权法案》和1965年《选举权法案》的通过。

美国因“水门事件”下台的总统是尼克松。

政治

英国政治

英国政体为Constitutional Monarchy。

Head of state是monarch (queen)。

英国没有成文宪法。(Britain has no written constitution.)

Parliament实行两院制(the House of Lords, the House of Commons)。

下议院(the House of Commons)是真正的权力机关。

内阁(Cabinet)是政府的领导核心。

The Prime Minister是head of the Cabinet或称head of government。

枢密院(Privy Council)是英王的私人顾问机构,由已卸任和现任的内阁成员以及英国和英联邦的重要人物组成。

Political parties(Labor Party, 英国第一大党,此外还有Conservative Party, Liberal Democratic Party )

英国一届议会的会期通常为5年。

英国国歌:上帝保佑女王(God Save the Queen)

英国工党的前身是独立工党(Independent Labor Party),创建于1893年,1906年改名为工党。

美国政治

总统代表行政部门。

目前,美国总统的最长任期不超过两届。

Congress是最高立法机构,由House of Representatives 和the Senate组成。(The legislative power is invested in the Congress.)

Supreme Court由Chief Justice(首席大法官)和8名Associate Justices(大法官)组成。

民主党(Democratic Party)的党徽是驴,共和党(Republic Party)的党徽是象。

1931年,国会将《星条旗》(The Star-Spangled Banner)定为国歌。

对宪法的修改须在国会两院获得三分之二以上多数的通过,并获得四分之三州的批准。

加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰政治

加拿大国庆日是7月1日。

三国的国家元首是the monarch of the U.K.。

女王代表是三国的总督Governor General。

三国的Head of Government(head of the executive branch)是Prime Minister。

新西兰议会只设众议院(House of Representatives)。

文化

英国文化

The state church是the Church of England。

The oldest company that runs the British radio and TV是BBC。

英国历史最悠久的报纸是《泰晤士报》(The Times)。

英国主要的新闻社包括:路透社(Reuters)、新闻联合社(Press Association)、AFX新闻有限公司(AFX News Ltd.)。

英国主要报纸包括:

《泰晤士报》(The Times,被誉为“the first newspaper in the world”),《卫报》(The Guardian),《金融时报》(Financial Times),《每日电讯报》(The Daily Telegrap h),《观察家报》(The Observer),《每日快报》(Daily Express),《每日邮报》(Daily Mail),《镜报》(The Mirror)。英国主要刊物:

《经济学家》(The Economist),《旁观者》(The Spectator),《新政治家》(The New Statesman)。起源于英国的体育运动有:板球(cricket),英式足球(soccer),橄榄球(rugby),网球(tennis),高尔夫球(golf)。

牛津大学是英国最古老的大学,创建于1167年。

美国文化

美国教育有两个特点,即flexibility和local matter。

The oldest sport in the US是baseball,起源于1839年,是美国的the national game, the national pastime。

哈佛大学(Harvard)是美国历史最悠久的大学。

美国主要报纸包括:《纽约时报》(The New York Times),《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post),《洛杉矶时报》(Los Angeles Times),《华尔街日报》(The Wall Street Journal),《基督教科学箴言报》(The Christian Science Monitor),《芝加哥论坛报》(The Chicago Tribune),《今日美国》(USA Today ) 。

美国三大报纸是The New York Times, The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times。

美国主要杂志包括:《时代周刊》(Time),《新闻周刊》(News Week),《美国新闻与世界报道》(U.S News & World Report),《读者文摘》(Reader’s Digest),《商业周刊》(Business Week),《财富》(Fortune)。

美国感恩节是11月的第四个星期四。

爱尔兰概况

爱尔兰被称为绿宝石岛(the Emerald Isle)。

首都是都柏林(Dublin)。

爱尔兰人的祖先主要是盖尔人(Gaels,即爱尔兰的凯尔特人)。

爱尔兰的国庆(St. Patrick Day)是3月17日。

官方语言是爱尔兰语和英语。

爱尔兰是最忠实的天主教(Catholicism)国家之一。

爱尔兰最著名的作家是詹姆斯·乔伊斯(James Joyce),意识流大师,代表作为《尤利西斯》(Ulysses)。

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