新托福 VS 旧托福

新托福 VS 旧托福
新托福 VS 旧托福

新托福 VS 旧托福

托福考试从开始举办至今已经有四十年的历史了,作为ETS组织的一项标准化语言考试,它已经得到了很多国家大学的认可,并把托福成绩作为招收国际学生的一项参考条件。但是,任何考试都具有其历史局限性,随着时代的进步和人们接受教育水平的提高,托福考试也在不断地寻求变化和改革,力求能更加准确地反映不同时代考生的英语水平。然而,最近的一次托福考试改革也要追溯到1995年,虽然在1995到2004这十年中,ETS也持续地在调整题目的难度和出题的思路,但考试从本质上并没有太大的变化。

近年来,雅思考试异军突起,大面积强占出国英语考试市场,同时也给ETS带来了巨大的压力。面对雅思带来的竞争,ETS也不得不着力研究和开发新的托福考试来与雅思抗衡。2004年,ETS宣布将在2005年9月起向全球推出新的托福考试,并在其官方网站上公布了新托福考试的样题;2005年初,ETS公布了新托福考试实施的具体时间表。从这份时间表中可以看到,新的托福考试将在2005年9月率先在美国本土亮相,并逐渐向其他国家推行。

从ETS发布的新托福样题来看,这次的改革已不同于1995年的改革,相比之下,这次ETS对托福的改革更加彻底,可以说是从考试思想和形式上进行的一次“大手术”。新托福考试究竟和现行的托福考试(后称“旧托福”)有什么区别?这一问题也成为了众多考生关注的焦点。为此,笔者对新托福样题进行了详细的分析,并结合多年从事旧托福培训的经验,从考试形式、试题结构、题目类型三个方面对新旧托福进行了深入的分析和比较,以希望能更清楚地展现这一考试的全貌。

考试形式

考试形式是任何考试最为直接的外观表现,也是考生最容易看到和发现的东西。旧托福的考试形式是传统的纸笔考试,这一点是广大考生非常熟悉的模式。而新托福将要采用的考试形式则是比较先进的基于国际互连网的计算机化考试,即Internet-Based Test,缩写为iBT。这种考试形式是我们从来没有接触过的,但是顾名思义,新托福考试将在具有特定网络环境的计算机上进行,并会通过国际互连网实现题目和答案的双向传输。虽然计算机化考试曾经在GRE考试中被采用,但是那种方式被称为CBT,仅仅存在简单的计算机自适应机制而没有涉及互连网的概念,因此它和新托福所采用的iBT形式还是存在着本质的差别。

考试形式的变化会带来几个相关的问题。一是考试场地。旧托福考试传统的纸笔模式对考试场地和设备没有特别的要求,只需要有能够放音的设备即可,因此考试几乎可以在任何带有耳机设备或扬声器的教室或房间就可以进行。但是,新托福考试必须使用计算机和互连网,而且对于计算机和网络还存在一定的要求,所以,ETS必须在考试举办地建立专门的考点,从而满足新托福考试中涉及到的各种条件。二是考试时间。旧托福考试在中国每年考

试的次数基本是固定的,一般一年有四到五次考试,每次考试可以有若干考点同时容纳大量的考生参加考试。然而,新托福由于场地和设备的限制,如果还按照传统的考试时间举办,很显然不能满足如此大的考生数量的需求,而投入过多的资金来建立考点对于ETS来说也是不划算和不现实的。所以,新托福的考试时间很有可能会像以前的GRE机考一样,在任何的工作日都可以参加考试。三是“机经”问题。由于考试频率的增加,加上中国考生数量巨大,而新托福题库必然有限,考试将很可能会面临和GRE机考类似的问题——机经。但是已经有了GRE机考的经验,ETS也必然会考虑到机经的问题,也许能在新托福的iBT考试中有效地避免“机经”问题得出现。

试题结构

新托福考试在旧托福考试的基础上进行了重大的改革,从试题的结构上体现得已经非常明显。

旧托福考试中,考试内容主要包括四个部分:写作、听力理解、结构和书面表达(即俗称的语法)、阅读理解。其中写作的评分和其他三个部分是独立的。在这四个部分中,写作考试的内容为在30分钟内写作一篇命题作文,且题库为开放式的,作文满分为6分。听力理解包括短对话、长对话、段落理解三个部分,一共为50道题目,总分值68分。结构和书面表达一共40道题,其中15道结构填空,25道书面表达错误选择,考试时间25分钟,总分值68分。阅读理解包含5篇长度在350字左右的文章,考试时间55分钟,题目50道,总分值67分。此外,旧托福考试中并不包括口语考试,而口语则是单独在TSE中进行测试。

新托福考试的试题完全按照听、说、读、写四个部分进行设置,在继承和组合了原有TWE、TOEFL和TSE考试的同时进行了一系列的修改,从而使得试题整体结构更加完整,考察的难度也有较大提高。从ETS官方发布的样题来看,新托福试题和旧托福试题的区别主要体现在如下的几个方面:

听力理解部分取消了旧托福中的短对话。新托福的听力理解部分仅包括2篇长对话和4篇段落理解,题目数量减少到34题左右,考试时间为25分钟左右。

旧托福中的结构和书面表达部分在新托福中被全部取消。

阅读理解部分将旧托福中的5篇文章减少为3篇,但每篇文章的长度增加到650-750字,每篇文章题目数量为12-13道,考试时间变为每篇文章25分钟,总时间增加到75分钟。

增加写作部分。新托福的写作部分包括两类题目:一是直接整合原有的TWE考试题目,要求考生在30分钟内完成不少于300字的命题作文;二是先听一段话,或者先读一段话,根据听到或者读到的内容完成一篇小结性的作文。其中,如果是“先听后写”,时间为15分钟,作文字数125到200;如果是“先读后写”,时间为25分钟,作文字数175到200。

增加口语部分。新托福口语部分整合了原有TSE考试的内容,并进行了一定改动。其中包括原TSE中的介绍性叙述、口头作文等形式,还包括新增加的“先听后说”和“先读后说”的内容。

随着试题结构的改变,托福的分数也将发生变化,虽然具体的评分模式现在ETS尚未公布,但是按照机考和现代测试的惯例,以及ETS目前的阐述,新托福的分数是标准分数,它会先计算出考生的原始得分,然后根据计算公式得出考生的最后成绩。这一成绩是一个相对分数,它会考虑到每次考试的难度、所有考生的整体表现等因素,因此比原始成绩更加客观、公正。

题目类型

由于考试形式和试题结构的变化,新托福的题目类型也和旧托福有所不同。从本质上说,ETS在设计新托福试题的时候更希望能重点考察考生对英语的综合掌握能力和实际应用能力,所以这一思想也在题目类型等方面得到了充分体现

听力理解

旧托福考试中,听力的所有题型都是单项选择题,考察的重点在于考生对听到内容的细节、场景、句型等的掌握。而在新托福考试中,除了单项选择题外,还出现了多项选择题、判断正误题和表格选择题。因此,新托福对考生听力能力的考察,正在向“理解”的方向转移,即重点测试考生对听力文字的理解程度和对文字整体的把握能力,而具体的句型、场景和习惯用语等则融合到整体理解能力的测试中进行,而不再是单独测试的重点。

按照ETS的阐述,听力部分的题目类型测试三种类型的理解——基本信息理解(Basic Understanding)、连接信息理解(Connecting Information)和实用性理解(Pragmatic Understanding)。这三种信息的理解是三个不同层次的要求,其中基本信息是最为简单的理解,它一般体现为听力信息字面的表达和转换;连接信息主要体现在一些关键的连接性词汇考察,强调重点应该在语音、语调和语气转换;而实用性理解是最高层次的要求,它需要考生对听力文字所表达的内容有比较深入的理解和认识,并能挖掘文字的深层次内涵。

可以看出,新托福听力部分的考试对于大多数中国考生来说是极具挑战性的,因为这样的一种考核方式对考生实际听力能力的要求更高,考试的技巧性被大大削弱,从而要求考生必须提高自己实际的听力理解能力,才能在考试中获得满意的成绩。

阅读理解

和旧托福考试相比,新托福考试阅读题目也有一定改变。从ETS公布的样题来看,新托福阅读中有两类题目不再出现:(1)主旨题。因为新托福阅读文章都带有标题,所以原来几乎每篇文章都会出现的全文主旨题不再出现。(2)行数对应题。新托福阅读文章不再像旧托福文章一样标注行号,所以行数对应题目自然就消失了。另外,旧托福中对应文章某处词汇并举的简单排除题在样题中没有出现,但是我们不能确定在正式的考题中是否会出现这一类题型。

按照ETS对样题的解释,阅读部分的题目类型包括fact, inference, insert text, not/except, pronoun reference, rhetorical purpose, vocabulary, sentence simplification, prose summary,

schematic table十类。其中,文本插入(insert text)、句子简化(sentence simplification)、文章小结(prose summary)和示意表格(schematic table)这四类题是旧托福中没有的。

文本插入:在原文某段落中标记四个位置,要求考生选择最为合适的位置插入题目所给出的一个句子。这类题目实际上在旧托福的机考中已经存在,其主要目的是考察考生对段落结构的掌握和语言连贯性的知识,对于考生来说难度不大。

句子简化:在原文中高亮标记一个句子,要求考生从四个选项中选择能够简要表达此句子核心信息的描述。这类题型考察考生对句子的分析和理解能力,以及多样化表达的能力,要求考生能准确理解句子的含义,并能区分核心信息、边缘信息及无关信息。

文章小结:题目根据文章内容给出一个概述性的句子,要求考生从6个选项中选择3个表达文章重要观点的概述性句子,从而完成对文章整体内容的概括和小结。这类题目要求考生对文章结构和框架性内容把握准确,并能有效区分文章核心信息和非核心的细节信息。

示意表格:题目要求考生对选项内容按照文章的表述进行分类,根据文章的内容把选项填入对应的分类表格中。从样题来看,考生需要从7个选项中选择5个选项进行分类。这类题目主要考察考生对细节内容的掌握,需要考生准确理解文章所涉及到的重要细节。

在这几类题目中,文章小结和示意表格都是多项选择题目,按照ETS的解释,这两类题目的原始分值为2分或3分,而其他类型的题目分值为1分。

口语

新托福的口语考试基本是原有TSE考试的整合和改进。TSE考试中基本的考核形式和题目类型在新托福口语部分基本没有变化。但是,从样题上看,新托福在TSE的基础上增加了两类题型,即“先听后说”和“先读再听后说”。前者要求考生先听一篇文章,根据听到的内容进行概括和复述;后者则要求考生先阅读一篇文章,然后听一段录音,再依据说到和听到的内容进行复述。很显然,和原TSE考试相比,新托福口语考试对考生的口语能力和临场应变能力要求更高。

写作

和口语比较类似,新托福的写作部分也是在整合原有TWE考试内容的基础上进行了一定改革。旧托福中TWE考试是要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇给定主题的文章,而且ETS开放了其TWE题库,包括了185道题目,每次考试的题目一定来源于此题库。在新托福中,这种类型的题目被继续保留并作为考生必考的一种题型出现,但是是否继续采用开放题库的方式尚不得而知。此外,新托福增加了新的写作考试题型,即“先读再听后写”。这一点和口语部分很类似,这类题目在考察考生写作能力的同时也考核了考生的听力能力和或阅读能力,以及总结概括能力。因此,此类型的考试是一种综合性测试,对考生也提出了更严格的要求。

从上述三个方面的比较我们可以看出,和旧托福考试相比,新托福考试更加注重考察考生实际的英语能力,尤其是对英语的实际应用能力。但是,根据ETS对题目的相关介绍和笔者的分析,ETS在整体的命题思路和出题套路上和旧托福相比并没有太大的变化,比如在题干的设置模式、错误/干扰选项的设置思路及方法等方面基本沿用了旧托福的思想,这对于广大考生来说无疑是一个比较好的消息。同时,我们也可以针对性地给考生提供更好的培训和指导。

托福考试的改革和新托福考试的出现是历史的必然,因为社会在进步,各个国家的教育都在不断发展,旧的考试体系和方式已经不能准确反映当前考生的真实水平。这种变化虽然给准备托福考试的考生提出了更高的要求,让他们的备考过程变得更加困难,但这也未尝不是一件好事,

因为它可以帮助希望走出国门的莘莘学子在迈向大洋彼岸以前就能很好地解决语言方面的问题,为在国外的学习和生活打下坚实的基础。我们相信,在我们的共同努力下,新托福最终也会被大家熟悉和攻克,在未来的考试中取得满意的成绩。

最新托福口语答案

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托福阅读十大黄金原则及做题思路篇.

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