Abstract学术英语摘要

Text 1

This article describes how unauthorized users(UUs) get inside a computer. it explains what it means to “get inside” a computer. And UUs take advantage of both known and unknown vulnerabilities. There are different ways a UU might employ to get inside. If a target system is very strongly protected, a UU might employ low-technology attacks, and conversely if the target system is not so strongly protected, then a UU can use technical exploits to gain access. To employ technical exploits a UU must first determine the specifications of the system, one way to do this is through capabilities inherent in http. The article also presents two typical attacks. And it’s important to recognize the UU’s motivations in order to know the end goal. In the end , the article discusses how to protect yourself against attacks.

This article discusses about the advantages of cloud computing. First it gives a basic introduction to cloud computing and discusses about the advantages from its characteristics. Then it takes look at advantages by studying three types of cloud services. And then it talks about advantages of cloud computing under green computing. Finally it concludes that cloud computing has four main advantages, and those are the remote accessibility, easy expansion, security and environmentally friendly.

Text 5

As the computer becoming more and more intelligent, whether AI would cause mass job shrinkage has been remaining a controversy for many years. This article looks back on big occupational displacements in America’s history in order to find the answer. The traditional farming was replaced by the agricultural industry because of the automation. But farmers found new and better jobs in manufacturing. A lot of craftsmen lost their jobs because of factories, but the factory provides more job opportunities. Then the number of factory jobs dropped because of the automation and a shift to foreign suppliers. However the number of employed Americans has grew because of the growing productivity. So the savings leads to spending. Will AI be the same? In this article, the history trend suggests some optimism that better

jobs for humans are coming but it also suggests that few trends move in the same direction for very long.

Text 6 Game Theory

Game theory is still an open problem. This article introduces its definition, development and common feature---interdependence, discussing the two distinct types of strategic interdependence and presenting the general principle for a player in each type, reviewing Nash’s notion of equilibrium, and finally describes some of the fundamentals of game theory. This article illustrates those by citing plenty of examples. It ends with the suggestion that though recent advances in game theory have succeeded in describing and prescribing appropriate strategies in several situations of conflict and cooperation, it is far from complete and further improvements are possible on the game theory.

Text 8

Nanotechnology is being studied by an unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence of scientists in the world. This article studies on how nanotechnology works and its possible influences. It presents that on the nanotechnology, people can potentially put those atoms together to make almost anything. Nanoscience becomes challenging because of Quantum mechanics. This article also introduces Replicators , now called molecular manufacturing and the nanoscopic machines called assemblers, and they could work together to automatically construct products and eventually replace all traditional labor methods. The article reviews nanotechnology’s impact on the medical industry and environment. Finally it objectively evaluates nanotechnology’s prospect and comes out the conclusion that nanotechnology will definitely continue to impact us.

Global warming has been a global issue for many years now. this article studies on the effects and causes of global warming. By focusing on real changes, it shows that the global warming affects nature, people and economy, including climate change, animal kingdom and nature, plants, disease and so on. It presents that the leading cause is the ongoing burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide，and along with other three greenhouse gases, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbon, result in the retention of intense amounts of heat. Finally this article concludes that the common problem is the lack of motivation and the world needs to put forth stronger efforts to prevent global warming.

This article discusses about the risks of nuclear power. Nuclear power technology produces materials that are active in emitting radiation and the radiation has effect on health. These materials can come into contact with people principally through small releases during routing plant operation, accidents in nuclear power plants, accidents in transporting radioactive materials, and escape of radioactive wastes from confinement system. This article dicusses these separately. By using amounts of data , comparing with other types of causes and giving real instances, it concludes that the effect of radiation from nuclear power to human is much lower than people’s imagination.