雅思语法——第一讲 英语基本句子成分和结构

雅思语法——第一讲 英语基本句子成分和结构
雅思语法——第一讲 英语基本句子成分和结构

第一讲英语基本句子成分和句子结构

一、英语句子成分

句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分,主要成分有主语和谓语,次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。

1. 主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:Tom is a good boy. (名词)

We often speak English in class. (代词)

One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词)

To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式)

Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词)

The rich should help the poor. (名词化形容词)

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. (主语从句)

It is necessary to master a foreign language. (it为形式主语,不定式为真实主语)

2. 谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:

(1) 简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如:

He practices running every morning.

(2) 复合谓语:

由(情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形)构成。例如:

You may keep the book for two weeks.

He has caught a bad cold.

We are having a quick breakfast.

3. 表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, keep, remain, become, get, grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste等)之后。表语须和系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语(系表结构)。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句充当。例如:

My mother is a doctor. (名词)

Is it yours? (代词)

The weather has turned cold. (形容词)

The speech is exciting. (现在分词)

The door is closed. (过去分词)

Three times seven is twenty one. (数词)

His job is to teach English. (不定式)

His hobby is playing football. (动名词)

The machine must be out of order. (介词短语)

Time is up. The class is over. (副词)

The truth is that he has never been abroad. (表语从句)

4. 宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:

They went to see an exhibition yesterday. (名词)

The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. (代词)

How many dictionaries do you have? I have three. (数词)

They helped the old with their housework yesterday. (名词化形容词)

He pretended not to see me. (不定式)

I enjoy listening to popular music. (动名词)

I think (that) he is fit for this job. (宾语从句)

宾语种类:

(1) 双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:

Lend me your dictionary, please. =Lend your dictionary to me, please.

间宾直宾直宾间宾

※可以带双宾语的动词有bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do等。

(2) 复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语),例如:

They elected him their monitor.

宾语宾语补足语

5. 宾语补足语:用以补充说明宾语,并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分,叫做宾语补足语。英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make, let, see, find, name等)或介词(如with)+宾语+宾补。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:

His father named him Dongming. (名词)

They painted their boat white. (形容词)

Let the fresh air in. (副词)

I ask him to go home now. (不定式)

We saw her entering the room. (现在分词)

He found the door locked. (过去分词)

We found everything in the lab in good order. (介词短语)

We will soon make our city what your city is now. (从句)

6. 定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下成分充当:

Guilin is a beautiful city. (形容词)

China is a developing country. (现在分词)

America is a developed country. (过去分词)

There are thirty women teachers in our school. (名词)

His maths is very good. (形容词性物主代词)

I am the last person to leave the classroom. (不定式)

The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. (动名词)

He is reading an article about how to learn German. (介词短语)

7. 状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式充当:

Light travels most quickly. (副词性词组)

He has lived in the city for ten years. (介词短语)

He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. (不定式)

He is in the room making a model plane. (现在分词短语)

Wait a minute. (名词)

Once you begin, you must continue. (状语从句)

状语种类如下:

How about meeting again at six? (时间状语)

Last night he didn’t go to t he dance party because of the rain. (原因状语)

I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. (条件状语从句)

Mr. Smith lived on the third floor. (地点状语)

She put the eggs into the basket with great care. (方式状语)

She came in with a book in her hand. (伴随状语)

In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. (目的状语)

He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. (结果状语从句)

She works very hard though she is old. (让步状语从句)

I am taller than he is. (比较状语从句)

8. 同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列的另一个名词或代词,对前者加以解释或说明的句子成分。它近乎于后置定语,对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,说明前面的词是“谁”、是“什么”等。同位语通常由名词、代词或从句等担当。例如:

Yangtze River, the longest river in China, flows through the center of the city.

(名词)

We all are students. (代词)

The fact that the transport of goods costs too much was not discussed.

(同位语从句)

Passive smoking, the breathing in of the smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, can also cause a health risk.

(动名词)

9. 插入语:插入语是对句子的额外补充说明,是句子主体内容之外的成分,用逗号或者破折号把插入语和主体内容隔开。虽然处于句子内部,但是插入语的存在并不影响句子的结构。如果将插入语去掉,则基本句在结构上仍然是完整的。从语义上看,插入语的作用仅仅在于表明说话人对句子内容所持的态度或指出说话内容的来源、根据或评价。插入语可以是副词、动词短语、介词短语、动词不定式短语,也可以是各类从句。例如:

The box is a little bit heavy. I can manage it, though. (副词)

The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future. (动词短语)

China and India, for example, are friendly neighbours. (介词短语)

It is said that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula.

(动词不定式短语)

Jack, as far as I know, is not as honest as we expected. (从句)

二、英语句子结构

1. 基本句型

(1) 主-系-表

People are clearly more curious about bad news than good ones.

Traditional methods may prove economically valuable in the future.

(2) 主-谓

Often, governments act in an even more harmful way.

This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration into a notoriously fickle world economy.

(3) 主-谓-宾

Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object. Research into United States has shown a relationship between temperature and street riots.

(4) 主-谓-宾-宾

By her hard work she won herself a place in the school team.

In return, we’ll send you a thank-you present, which you can choose from a list of high-quality items.

(5) 主-谓-宾-补

The colder water made the divers worse at simple arithmetic and other mental tasks.

Those skills will make them more valuable employees in the future.

2. 存在句型(there be句型)

There is no such a thing as an unbiased observation.

There is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg’s view.

注:There之后除了使用系动词之外,也可以使用come, emerge, exist, lie, live, occur, stand, be likely to be, happen to be, turn out to be, seem to be, used to be等表示状态或发生的动词。Now, however, there turned out to be more to the story.

In the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible.

3. 比较句型(形容词或副词的比较级+ than)

More food is now produced per head of the world’s population than at any time in history.

It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organization than a declining one.

The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to be.

注:

(1) 可用于修饰形容词或副词比较级的词

much, even, still, yet, far, a lot, a great deal, twice, five times, 20%, a little, a bit, rather……

(2) “最……”的其他表达法

a. 运用比较级表达最高级的概念

Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.

Julia is taller than the other girls in her class.

Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.

b. 其他结构

I have never heard a better voice than yours.

(3) 倍数的表达

A 是B的三倍大。(A比B大两倍。)

A is 3 times bigger than B.

A is 3 times as big as B.

A is 3 times the size of B.

A is bigger than

B by 3 times.

4. 强调句型

(1) It is … who/that …

It is this management mechanism that has allowed the company to prosper.

It was the lack of repair work which was directly responsible for the explosion.

It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention. (剑4,G,TA,R)

(2) 对not…until句型中的时间状语加以强调时,not也同时提前,跟在until前

It wasn’t until the 1950s that the idea of an international treaty was proposed.

(3) do/does/did + 动词原形

这种强调句型只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种,只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调,没有疑问和否定形式。do在句中要重读。

Do be careful next time.

She did tell me about her address, but I forget all about it.

Exercise

I. 确定句子成分并翻译句子

1. Fish features very largely in the diet of these islanders.

2. In fact, a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.

3. Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years.

4. In most parts of the world, the relation between population and resources is already unfavorable and will probably become even more unfavorable in the future.

5. This growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty constitutes a permanent menace to peace.

6. The team’s victory consolidated its chance for winning the championship.

7. His uncle found him a well-paid job in Shanghai.

8. In order to deal with all calls effectively, we offer you a number of options.

9. We will hold you responsible for all the consequences.

10. They placed their children in the custody of their neighbour.

II. 汉译英

1. 互联网是当今世界所有知识和信息的关键。

2. 近年来,政府对报纸的控制已经放松了。(loosen)

3. 所有这些因素或许可以证明巨大的收入是合理。(justify)

4. 大学授予我奖学金。

5. 我们发现他很适合做这项工作。

6. 区域外的必需品进入当地市场变得更加容易。

7. 他的薪水每年增加100美金。

8. 有争议的主要问题涉及到将来条约的期限。

9. 潮湿的空气给他的实验造成了一定的困难。

10. 他所受到的培训使他有资格做一名中文教师。

III.使用强调句型(it is…that/who…)对划线的部分加以强调

1. The divorced women will most often have to look after the children.

2. He discovered Uranus during the latter part of this.

3. The first mobile phone was not made until the following year.

4. Because of this fast-flowing water, this site was a natural place for manufacturing works.

IV. 确定句子主干

1. A great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.

2. Between midnight and dawn, where sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare vision of future world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, not a rich personality, on the whole packed glob.

3. In order to analyze the levels of participation in education and science, three factors could be considered, including the average years of schooling, the number of scientists and technicians per 1000 people, and the total amount of spending on research and development.

4. However much is known about causes and consequences at the molecular level, and in spite of an enormous accumulation of chemical and morphological data on embryos of various kinds, our understanding of how genes control morphogenesis is still far from complete.

5. Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved.

6. The question of whether to divert themselves of stock in companies that do business in South Africa is particularly troublesome for the nation’s 116 private Black colleges because their economic bases are often more fragile than those of most predominant White colleges.

7. When more general supervision and increased participation were provided, the employee’s feeling of responsibility to see that the work got done increased.

8. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wave lengths where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emission radiated from the earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.

9. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1980’s, this view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulation and compulsory education laws, and predicted on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.

英语语法大全 句子成分分析

句子成分分析 在句中起着不同语法作用的成分,叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分有九种: 1、主语(subject)表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”,是谓语的陈述对象; 通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任: The sun rises in the east. 日出东方。(名词) He hated to see any bird killed.他讨厌看到鸟儿被杀。(代词) To see is to believe.眼见为实。(动词不定式) Seeing is believing.眼见为实。(动名词) Where we shall hold the party is not decided yet.我们还没有决定在何处举行晚会。(主语从句) It’s human to want something better.精益求精是人类的特性。(不定式) 2、谓语动词(predicate verb)说明主语的动作或状态,由动词或动词短语担任: We study English.我们学习英语。(动词) The car broke down on the way.车在路上抛锚了。(动词短语) Do be quiet,children.孩子们,务必安静点。(助动词+连系动词) We are having a meeting now.我们现在正在开会。(助动词+实义动词) Soldiers must obey orders.军人必须服从命令。(情态动词+实义动词) 3、表语(predicative)说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份,与连系动词一起构成复合谓语,通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等担任: The next stop is the zoo.下一站是动物园。(名词) The game is yours.你(们)胜了。(代词) I was first! 我第一名!(数词) I feel terrible.我难受的厉害。(形容词) Is your mother in?你妈妈在家吗?(副词) I’m with you.我站在你这一边。(介词短语) Mary’s task is to set the table.玛丽的任务是摆桌子。(动词不定式) Her hobby is growing roses.她的爱好是种植玫瑰。(动名词) The situation is puzzling.形式令人迷惑不解。(现在分词) Do you feel satisfied with the arrangement?你对这安排满意吗?(过去分词) The fact is that they are cross with each other.事实是他们生彼此的气。(表语从句) That’s where you are wrong.这就是你错的地方(表语从句) He is no longer what he was.他已经不是以前的他了。(表语从句) 4、宾语(object)表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容,或用于介词后构成介词短语;通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任: May I have your attention ,please.请大家注意。(名词) I want a little.我要一点。(代词) I need two.我需要两个。(数词) Hope to see you soon.希望能很快见到你。(动词不定式) They risk losing everything.他们冒着失去一切的危险。(动名词) He insisted on seeing her home.他坚持送她回家。(动名词作介词的宾语) I’ll do what I can.我将尽力而为。(从句)

英语语法 句子成分分析

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(Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental) engineering projects (designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower) brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people. (剑7 Test 4 Passage 2) 句子结构分析:这句话的主干是一般过去时engineering projects brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people. 童鞋们,前面那些一大串Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental 都是修饰主语的,后面的designed作后置定语修饰主语,后面跟了三个to do 结构:to control… protect…and provide…。 例2:一般将来时+一般现在时 Through meeting with the staff and satisfied students they develop the expectation that learning will be easy and pleasant and that they will successfully learn several hundred words of the foreign language during the class. (剑7 Test 4 Passage 3) 句子结构分析:Through引导方式状语,句子主干是一般现在时they develop the expectation that…,由and 连接的两个并列that从句,作定语修饰the expectation。两个定语从句都是一般将来时。 2. 现在进行时/过去进行时:进行时态表示现在或过去正在进行的动作。现在进行时的结构为:主语+am/is /are doing+…;过去进行时的结构为:主语+was/were doing+…。举例如下: 例1:现在进行时 We are studying English at present . 例2:过去进行时 I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door. 3. 现在/过去完成时:现在完成时表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成;或者表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。过去完成时表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的:表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。现在完成时的结构为:主语+have/has +done +…;过去完成时的结构为:主语+had +done +…。 例1:现在完成时+一般在现在时 Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given that alternative daytimetrades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favoured bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade. (剑7 Test 4 Passage 1) 句子结构分析:Given that考虑到,作状语,第一个that引导there be宾语从句,第二个that引导主系表结构的从句,主句是现在完成时,natural selection has favoured bats…,第三个that引导定语从句修饰bats。

初中英语语法大全知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词 或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间 接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如: He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:

英语语法-句子成分-详解

英语语法-句子成分-详解 一个英语句子里面分为必须的成分:主语、谓语;可能有的成分:宾语、补语、修饰语(定语、状语、同位语)。 主语和宾语 主语 1)主语一般在句子开头,是句子的“陈述对象”,通常由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、相当于名词的词组或从句、引用充当。如: The students all love their English teacher. 这些学生都喜欢他们的英语老师。 They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。 Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看太多电视对你的眼睛是有害的。 What we need is a good rest. 我们需要的是好好休息一下。 "I love you" is often heared on Valentine's Day.

情人节时,经常听到有人说”我爱你“。 2)形式主语与真实主语 主语是不定式短语、动名词短语或分句时,常会放在句尾,用"it"代替它原来的位置,这个"it"被称为形式主语,放在句尾的原主语为真实主语。如: It's very hard to get to sleep. 入睡很难。(不定式短语为真实主语,it为形式主语) It's a pity that you can't come. 你不能来真是件遗憾的事。(句子为真实主语,it为形式主语) 宾语 1)宾语是行为动作的对象,一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语,充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、名词化的形容词、动名词、动词不定式、介词短语或句子。如:I bought a ticket for Milan. 我买了一张去米兰的车票。 I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。 They decided to close the border. 他们决定封闭边境。

英语语法、句式、简单句子结构(透彻分析)

LESSON ONE 句子的三种模式 导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型,注意词性和词序,以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单,但至关重要。掌握好它们,在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。 ▲主+系动词+表 注:*注意该结构中的名词,它们能被定语修饰。 1 这个人是一个老师。The man is a teacher. 主语系表语主语系表语(名词) 2 他(是)很忙。He is busy. 主语系表语主语系表语(形容词) ▲注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。 3 她(是)在教室里。She is in the classroom.

主语系表语主语系表语(介词短语) ▲定语只修饰名词,不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当,形容词放在所修饰的名词之前,而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后,请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。 介词短语 ---英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness is a station -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5 形容词介词短语 man is a teacher 介词短语形容词

6.教室里。 形容词介词短语 The teacher is handsome. My book is 表语(介词短语)定语(介词短语) She is 介词短语即可以做表语也可以做定语,虽然它们词性相同,但由于词序不同,它们所起到的作用也不同,当在is的后面是表语,跟在名词的后面它就起到定语的作用。 课堂练习 1 1是

初中英语语法——句子成分及其他

句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫作句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。其中主语和谓语是句子的主体,表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语的组成部分,其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。 1)主语表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”,通常用名词、代词、数词,不定式,动名词或从句担任。主语要放在句首,还可用“It”作形式主语(如主语从句) 2)谓语起着说明主语的动作、特征或状态的作用,必须用动词表示。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面要一致,通常在主语之后。 谓语可分为两大类:简单谓语和复合谓语。凡是由一个动词或短语动词构成的谓语,不管什么时态,语态,语气,都是简单谓语。复合谓语一般由两部分构成:一是带不定式的复合结构;一是带表语的复合结构。 3)表语用于说明主语的性质、特征、身份或状态,可以由名词、代词,数词,形容词、副词、介词,介词短语,不定式,动词的—ed形式或动词的—ing形式或从句来担任,表语要放在连系动词之后。4)宾语是及物动词所示动作的对象或介词的对象,由名词、代词、数词,名词化的形容词,名词化的分词,不定式,动名词,从句都可以担任作宾语。宾语要放在谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。 ①某些及物动词之后要求有双宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语),直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人。这一类动词有:bring, give, pass,tell, hand, show, s end, read, leave, teach, find, buy, make, do, get, order, play, sing, pay 等。宾语要放在谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。 ②在需要的情况下,间接宾语也可以位于直接宾语之后,但此时间接宾语之前需要加介词“ to”或“for”。 ③有些及物动词的后面,其宾语还需要有一个补足语,才能表达完整的意思。这样的宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、不定式或介词短语都可以作宾语补足语。 5)状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式,形容词短语。名词短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。 6)定语用于修饰名词或代词。可以担任定语的有形容词、代词、名词、数词、名词所有格、副词、不定式、分词和分词短语、介词短语及从句等等。定语的位置很灵活,凡有名词和代词的地方都可以有定语。 7)同位语是对句子的某一成分作进一步解释,说明,与前面名词在语法上处于同等地位。同位语常常置于被说明的词的后面。可以作同位语的有名词,代词,数词和从句等。 8)句子成分巧划分:主在前,谓在中,宾状后面冲。短语定语主宾后,形、代定语主宾前。间宾直宾紧相依,直、间之间to、for连,宾补位于宾语后,地状常在时状前。 第一讲主语 【语法讲解】 主语的位置通常在句首,一般不省略。它是句子所要说明的人或事物,是谓语动词所表示动作的发出者。例如: 1) The question is difficult. 2) She is difficult to understand. 3) is difficult to remember. 4) To understand his words is difficult. 5) Thinking in such a noise is difficult. 6) That they will leave ahead of time is difficult. 上述的六个例句分别说明了主语的位置、特点及能够担当主语的成分。可以担当主语的有名词(例如1)、代词(例如2)、数词(例如3)、动词不定式(例如4)、动名词(例如5)和主语从句(例如6)。 注:当动词不定式做主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,而用it做形式主语放在谓语动词的前面。例如上述例句4还可以改写为:It is difficult to understand his words.其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式to understand his words.

人教版新目标初中英语语法知识--词类、句子成分和构词法

人教版新目标初中英语语法知识-词类、句子成分和构词法 一)词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词 ( n.) :表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。 如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词 ( pron.) :主要用来代替名词。 如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词 ( adj..) :表示人或事物的性质或特征。 如:good, right, white, orange. 4、数词 ( num.) :表示数目或事物的顺序。 如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词 ( v.) :表示动作或状态。 如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词 ( adv.) :修饰动词、形容词或其他副词, 说明时间、地点、程度等。 如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 6、冠词 ( art. .) :用在名词前 , 帮助说明名词。 如:a, an, the. 7、介词 ( prep.) :表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。

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