四级仔细阅读解题步骤：选词填空

(2007-07-28 09:21:24)

新四级阅读理解中的 Section A 是选词填空 ( banked cloze )，要求从15个选项中选出10个，填入一篇短文。除了部分借鉴了雅思阅读中的摘要填空summary 之外，这种题主要是脱胎于传统的完型填空( multiple-choice

cloze )。

与传统完型填空的比较：

字数：完型填空不低于250个字（尽管样题是210个字），选词填空却不会超过220个字。

题材：相当。无非社会、科普之类。

难度：二者都比另外两篇仔细阅读简单得多，也都是考察考生总体把握全文和根据上下文猜词的能力。但是完型给出的四个选项词性相同，词义接近，考生不必思考词性的问题，只需分辨词义即可，相对简单一些。

而选词填空的15个待选词不仅难于完型的四个选项，而且分成名词、动词、形容词、副词四大类。考生必须先确定词性，再结合短文的逻辑做出选择。这种完型填空的测试学术语称作“集库型完型填空”（banked cloze）, 即一篇留出空白的短文，后面给出一堆提示词和干扰词 ( gapped text with a box containing prompts and distractors )。在我们的四级考试中，提示词 prompts 就是那10个正确选项，干扰词distractors 就是那另外5个错误选项。

对于这种新题型，我们怎么应对呢？下面是解题步骤。

你手上的时间：7分钟 = 25 – 18 （ 18 分钟留给 Section B 的两篇常规阅读，一篇9分钟。也可一篇10分钟。但选词填空题还是要给出7分钟，时间不够去挤底下的综合题）

第一步：通读全文read through (1分钟)

注意这里我没有用略读 skim 这个词。通读全文是用较快速度，一行一行地读，目的是把握至少 90% 的文章内容。而略读是只挑首尾句和连接词，跳着读，只了解 10% 的内容。

和完型不同，选词填空后面的选项词义互不关联，词性也不同，而且还有5个干扰项，切不可先看选项，乱了脑子，自食先入为主的恶果。一定要先了解文章大意，带着文章脉络去找选项。所以，务必先沉着地把文章读一遍，尤其注意 gap 前后的位置，为寻找正确选项打下铺垫。

提醒：就算是通读，也别拿来就把头埋进去傻读。先居高临下，花5秒钟把短文各个自然段的段首扫一遍。比如样题的各段是这样开头的：

Wh en Roberto Feliz came to the USA…

Then Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with him…

Today, he is a ________ doctor, run his own clinic…

Roberto’s story is just one of ________ success stories.

一眼就能看出短文的主要内容：Roberto 这大哥开始不行，随着时间的推移（ When – Then – Today ）后来在别人帮助下成功 ( success stories )了。心里有了底，再读文章就轻松多了。

提醒：Banked cloze 的短文（text）第一句是不允许出题的，它对全文起概括、提示的作用。所以，一定要认真看懂第一句。

第二步：整理选项classify the options (1分钟)

这一步，公认的做法是先标出 15 个选项的词性 ( parts of speech )，名词前写 n, 动词前写 v 等等。目前四级考试只考实词（notional words）中的四种：名词 n 做主语和宾语, 动词 v 做谓语，形容词 adj做定语，副词 adv 做状语。不考代词 pron 和数词 num；也不考虚词 form words（冠词 art, 介词 prep, 连词 conj, 感叹词 interj）。

四种实词中，考的最少的是副词 adv, 不超过两个空。剩下的三种平均每次有三道题。研究样题和真题，我们发现，动词一直是考三个。另外三种词性，有两个的，也有四个的。

标词性时的切入点是后缀 suffix，也就是词尾。大家应该知道，以 ion, age, ness, ty, ship, ace, ance, ancy, ence, ency, dom, itude, um, mony 结尾的大都是名词；以 ize, ise, fy 结尾的大都是动词；以 ive, ent, ant, ful, ous, able, ary, ic, cal, less 结尾的是大都是形容词；以 ly, s, ways, wise 结尾的大都是副词。

这里有两个问题：一，有的词，做名词和做动词都很常见，没有上下文不好判断，比如 display, concern, challenge. 这时两个都要标出来，先标你脑子里第一个出现的词性。

二，以ing, ed 结尾的词既可能是动词，也可能是分词转变而来的形容词，如holding 做动词：She’s holding her mother’s hand. 做形容词：holding company (控股公司)；再如样题中的 acquired 做动词：academic skills he acquired. 做形容词：a newly acquired jacket (新买的夹克)。

这时怎么办？很简单，新四级考试中的 banked cloze 还没有到考到分词作形容词的难度，所以，碰到这种情况，一律看成是动词，包括非谓语动词（2006年6月真题：The rainfall is increased across South America bringing floods to Peru.）

提醒：词性要标在选项的前面，也就是A, B, C… 的前面，齐刷刷的好看。也可标在两组选项的中间空白处，方便对照。

如果你手快且不嫌难看，可以在标完词性之后，把同一词性的词用线连起来，这样答题的时候会找得快一点。

第三步：选词填空fill in the gaps (4分钟)

调动语法知识，先确定单词的词性，再去后面的 list 中找同一词类的选项，挑出正确答案。

动词的确定：动词最容易确定，因为一个句子没有动词就等于没有谓语，是很明显的缺陷。而且动词的关联性、可比性最差，选这个和选那个有天壤之别。

名词的确定：

1．冠词 a, an, the 的后面。样题：a nightmare.

2．介词in, on, from… 的后面。真题：As the trade winds lessen in strength…

3．形容词 (包括指示形容词 demonstrative adjectives 或称限定词determiners，如 this, that, these, those )的后面。真题：This strange phenomenon happens …

形容词的确定：

1．名词的前面。真题：… women are potential customers.

2．副词的后面。真题：… El Nino brought the most destructive weather in modern history.

副词的确定：

1．动词的附近（指前面或后面）。

样题：…students consistently outperform their peers …

真题：…jobs that used to be done primarily by women…

2．形容词的前面。真题：…but they are still not completely sure what leads to it…

3．句子的前面。如：Not surprisingly, the jury found them both guilty.

上面谈的是根据语法确定词性，现在谈谈根据上下文确定词义。默念这句话：“答案就在周围。”如果你留心的话，空白附近的暗示无处不在。

样题举例：

1．When Roberto … he knew only a few words…soon became a _______ … came home in tears….都让他流泪了，肯定是个贬义词（nightmare）。

2．Roberto’s story is just one of _______ success stories. 反向对比：one 对 countless，一对多。

3．…now has dropout rates that are less than half the state average and college ______ rates of more than 90%. 反向对比：dropout 对 acceptance，休学率对入学率。

真题举例：

1．the income …gives them new independence and buying power. For example, women now _____ about half of all cars. 正向并列：buying 同义词暗示purchase. （2006年12月）

2． The hot, humid air over the ocean causes sever _____ thunderstorms. 正向并列：hot, humid 同义词暗示tropical.（2006年6月）

3．…other parts face drought, poor crops and _______. 正向并列：poor crops 同义词暗示 starvation；欠收自然导致饥荒。（2006年6月）

结论：眼尖一点，脑子勤一点。

第四步：回顾检查review（1分钟）：速度要快，只看有题的句子即可。Over.

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Reading comprehension Section A(2019.6 .1) The center of American automobile innovation has in the past decade moved 2,000 miles away. It has 26____ from Detroit to Silicon Valley, where self-driving vehicles are coming to life. In a 27_________ to take production back to Detroit, Michigan lawmakers have introduced 28___________ that could make their state the best place in the country, if not the world, to develop self-driving vehicles and put them on the road. “Michigan's 29__________ in auto research an d development is under attack from several states and countries which desire to 30_______ our leadership in transportation. We can't let that happen,” says Senator Mike Kowall, the lead 31__________ of four bills recently introduced. If all four bills pass as written, they would 32__________ a substantial update of Michigan's 2013 law that allowed the testing of self-driving vehicles in limited conditions. Manufacturers would have nearly total freedom to test their self-driving technology on public roads. They would be allowed to send groups of self-driving cars on cross-state road trips, and even set up on-demand 33__________ of self-driving cars, like the one General Motors and Lyft are building. Lawmakers in Michigan clearly want to make the state ready for the commercial application of self-driving technology. In 34____________, California, home of Silicon Valley, recently proposed far more 35 rules that would require human drivers be ready to take the wheel, and ban commercial use of self-driving technology. Section B(2019.6.2) Just because they can't sing opera or ride a bicycle doesn't mean that animals don't have culture. There's no better example of this than killer whales. As one of the most 26___________ predators (食肉动物), killer whales may not fit the 27_________ of a cultured creature. However, these beasts of the sea do display a vast range of highly 28________ behaviors that appear to be driving their genetic development. The word “culture” comes from the Latin “colere,” which 29___________ means “to cultivate.” In other words, it refers to anything that is 30__________ or learnt, rather than instinctive or natural. Among human populations, culture not only affects the way we live, but also writes itself into our genes, affecting who we are. For instance, having spent many generations hunting the fat marine mammals of the Arctic, the Eskimos of Greenland have developed certain genetic 31________ that help them digest and utilize this fat-rich diet, thereby allowing them to 32_________ in their cold climate.

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There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested inspelling .No school I have taught in has ever _____ spelling or considered it unimportantas a basic skill. There are, however , vastly different ideas about how to teach it , or howmuch _____ it must be given over general language development and writing ability. Theproblem is , how to encourage a child to express himself freely and _____ in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?If spelling become th e only focal point of his teacher’s interest, clearly a __4__child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range,choosing to avoid __5__ language. That’s why teachers often __6__ the early use ofdictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing abouta personal experience ：“ This work is __7__ !There are far too many spelling errors andyour writing is illegible( 难以辨认的).” It may have been a sharP__8__ of the pupil’stechnical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omittedto read the ess ay, which __9__ some beautiful expressions of the child’s deePfeelings.The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centredon the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would havegiven the pupil more __10__ to seek improvement. A)priority B)criticism C)contained D)clearlyE)adventurous F ）discourage G)motivation H)terribleI)ignored J)difficult K)encourage L)expressedM)confidently N)bright O)motive L)expressed Answers: 1. 选I ）。由该句中的has 可知，此处应填动词过去式，且表达的含义应和后面的consider…unimportant 相近，故应排除contained 和expressed而选择ignored 。 2. 选A ）。此处应填名词，但能与后面over 构成固定搭配的名词只有priority ，故排除了criticism 和motivation 。 3. 选M). 由空格前面的and 可知，此处应填副词和freely 并列。从句意来理解，在没有拼写困难的情况下，怎样鼓励学生自由且…… 地表达自己，选项中只有confidently “自信地“符合题意。 4. 选N ）。很明显这里应填形容词，选项中terrible ，difficult 后接事物名词something ，只有adventurous 和bright 可用来形容somebody （child )，再由后面的play safe“不冒险”，可排除adventurous而选择bright。 5. 选E ）。由前一句中的be likely to “ play safe ”和空格前的avoid可以推知，此处所填词的意思应与play safe表达的意思相反，故选项中只有adventurous符合题意。 6. 选K ）。很明显此处应填动词的一般现在时，可选项有encourage和persuade 。由That’s why 知本句与前一句构成因果关系，而前一句说的是学生往往会用他们拼写范围内的词写文章，从而选择避免用那些不会的词，故由此可推知此句应理解为老师鼓励学生用字典，因此排除persuade 而选encourage。 7. 选H ）。此处应填形容词。由空格后面的too many spelling errors和illegible可知，这篇文章是写的很糟，而不是很难理解。故排除difficult而选terrible。 8. 选B ）。此处应填名词。由后半句中 a sad reflection on the teacher可知，前半句是在指责学生，故选项中只有criticism符合题意。 9. 选C ）。此处填动词过去式，本句中由which 引导的从句是对essay的解释，剩余选项中contained 和expressed ，根据句意，文章…… 儿童内心感受的一些好的表达，

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2011年6月大学英语四级真题 Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger adults is a myth, scientists said yesterday. While elderly people __47__ to sleep for fewer hours than they did when they were younger, this has a(n) __48__ effect on their brain's performance and they would benefit from getting more, according to research. Sean Drummond, a. psychiatrist (心理医生) at the University of California, San Diego, said older people are more likely to suffer from broken sleep, while younger people are better at sleeping __49__ straight through the night. More sleep in old age, however, is __50__ with better health, and most older people would feel better and more __51__ if they slept for longer periods, he said. ―The ability to sleep in one chunk (整块时间) overnight goes down as we age but the amount of sleep we need to __52__ well does not change,‖ Dr Drummond told the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in San Diego. ―It's __53__ a myth that older people need less sleep. The more healthy an older adult is, the more they sleep like they did when they were __54__. Our data suggests that older adults would benefit from __55__ to get as much sleep as they did in their 30s. That's __56__ from person to person, but the amount of sleep we had at 35 is probably the same amount as we need at 75.‖ 答案Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in depth) 47 N tend 48 L negative 49 H efficiently 50 B associated 51 A alert 52 J function/ 53 F definitely 54 O younger 55 E continuing56 G different 文章大意：本文主要讲述的是关于老年人睡眠的问题：是否老年人与年轻人相比只需要较少的睡眠时间？ 2010年12月英语四级考试真题 Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 47 . The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 48 activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 49 to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology