小功率充电器的设计文献翻译
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文献翻译
小功率充电器的设计
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2010年月6日
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第1页1 引言
为了使手机、电动自行车等所使用的充电器实现自动充电的功能，大都采用各种各样的专用IC充电器集成电路和各种采样电路。本文介绍一种既能省去复杂的IC电路及其外围电路，又能够实现自动充电功能的电路。
2 工作原理
图1充电器的原理图
原理图如图1所示，它由如下元件构成：C1，V1～V4，C2组成滤波整流电路，变压器T为高频变压器，V5，R2，C11组成功率开关管V7的保护电路，NF为供给IC电源的绕组。单端输出IC为UC3842，其8脚输出5 V基准电压，2脚为反相输入，1脚为放大器输出，4脚为振荡电容C9，电阻R7输入端，5脚为接地端，3脚为过流保护端，6脚为调宽单脉冲输出端，7脚为电源输入端。R6、C7组成负反馈，IC启动瞬间
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第2页由R1供给启动电压，电路启动后由NF产生电势经V6，C4，C5整流滤波后供给IC工作电压。R12为过流保护取样电阻，V8，C3组成反激整流滤波输出电路。R13为内负载，V9～V12及R14～R19组成发光管显示电路。V5，V6选用FR107，V8选用FR154，V7选用K792，当V7导通时，整流电压加在变压器T初级绕组Np上的电能变成磁能储存在变压器中，在V7导通结束时，Np绕组中电流达到最大值：Ipmax：Ipmax=(E／Lp)ton式中：E为整流电压；Lp为变压器初级绕组电感；ton为V7导通时间。在V7关闭瞬间，变压器次级绕组放电电流为最大值Ismax，若忽略各种损耗应为：Ismax=nIpmax=n(E／Lp)ton。式中：n为变压器变比，n=Np／Ns，Np，Ns为变压器初、次级绕组匝数。
高频变压器在V7导通期间初级绕组储存能量与V7关闭期间次级绕组释放能量应相等：n(E／Lp)ton=(Uo／Ls)toff，式中：Ls为变压器次级绕组电感；Uo为输出电压；toff为V7关闭时间。
因为Lp=n2Ls，则：(E／nLs)ton=(Uo／Ls)toffEton=nUotoffUo=(ton／ntoff)E，上式说明输出电压Uo与ton成
正比，与匝比n及toff成反比。
变压器在导通期间储存的能量WLp为：WLp=(1/2)LpI2pmax
变压器Lp愈大储能愈多。
变压器储存的能量能否在toff期间释放完，不仅与变压器的工作频率f有关，而且与次级绕组电感量Ls有关，更与负载的大小有关。
储能释放时间常数τ和V7关闭时间toff之间的差异形成变换器三种工作状态，下面分开介绍：
(1)toff=τ这种状态为临界状态。各参数波形如图2所示。
图2中ub为Vp的控制电压波形；up为变压器初级Np电势波形；φ为变压器磁通变化波形；uces为V7集电极电压波形；ip，is为初、次级电流波形。
(2)toff>τ各参数波形如图3所示。
从图3中可以看出磁通φ复位时V7关闭还持续一段时间，ip呈线性上升，is线性下降。
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第3页
图2 t off=的波形图
图3t off>的波形图
变压器储存的能量等于电路输出能量:(1／2)LPIpmax2f=Uo2／RL
Uo2=(1／2)LpIpmax2RLf将Ipmax=(E／Lp)ton代入上式，则式中：RL为电路负载电阻；T=1／f为变压器工作周期。式中E，ton，T，Lp为定值，所以输出电压Uo随负载电阻RL的大小而变化，若忽略整流器件压降，则输出电压最大值应为：Uomax=(1／n)Up=(1／n)EV7
承受的反压应为：Ucc=E+ Up=E+nUo。
（3）toff<τ各参数波形如图4所示。从图4中可以看出磁通φ在toff期间不能复位，ip也不是从0开始线性增加，is下降不到0，这种工作状态输出电压Uo应满足如下关
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第4页系：Etou=(Np/Ns)Uot
Uo=(ton/toff)(Ns/Np)E
上式说明在Lp较大的情况下，Uo只决定于变压器匝数、导通截止脉宽和电源电压E，而与负载电阻RL无关。
图4 t off<的波形图
图5充电特性曲线
上述三种工作状态中，第二种工作状态输出电压Uo随负载电阻大小而变化，我们正好利用这个特点，满足充电器的充电特性。从电路中可知，电路的负载电阻RL实际上是被充电电池的等效内阻，当电池电量放空时，等效内阻RL很小，随着充电量增大，其等效内阻升高，而电路输出电压Uo就是充电电压，其变化是随RL增大而升高，所以有如图5所示的充电特性曲线。从图5可以看出充电电流是随着RL增大而下降。
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第5页IO=UO／RL充电电压UO、充电电流IO都是随RL而变化，RL的变化曲线是电池的充电特性决定的，所以用单端反激电路作成的充电器其充电电压、电流有很好的跟随性当电池充满后，RL也就大到一定限度，充电电压也就进入饱和状态，充电电流自动进入浮充状态。这样便大大简化了自动充电的控制电路。与相同性能的其他充电器电路相比，成本大大降低，可靠性大大提高。
图6磁滞回线图
3 电路设计计算
(1)高频变压器的设计
变压器是变换器的主要部件，其设计内容主要是磁芯选定，绕组匝数和导线直径的选定。
变压器主要参数计算公式：
输出功率PO=UOIO；输入功率PI=PO/Η；占空比D=TON／T；变压器效率为Η=PO ／PI；负载电阻RL=UO/IO。
变压器输入电流最大值IPMAX=2UO2／DΗEMINRL；变压器输入电流有效值IPEFF=DIP；变压器工作频率F的确定：
F高虽然体积、重量可减小，但V7开关损耗增大，F低则变压器体积变大重量加大，综合考虑，一般选F=50 KHZ左右。
当电池充满后，RL也就大到一定限度，充电电压也就进入饱和状态，充电电流自动进入浮充状态。这样便大大简化了自动充电的控制电路。与相同性能的其他充电器电路相比，成本大大降低，可靠性大大提高。
(2)磁芯尺寸选取
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第6页因电路为单端反激电路，所以励磁电流是单方向的，变压器磁芯中产生的磁通只沿着磁滞回线在第一象限上下移动，如图6所示。
变压器初、次级功率关系为：
PS=ΗPTPO=PS-PD
式中：PS为变压器次级输出功率；PD为输出端二极管等损耗功率。若忽略PD，则：PO=ΗPT；SOSC=2POTON／Η△BJKOKC(PO单位为CM4)据式计算SO，SC，选取磁芯尺寸、规格。
(3)绕组匝数的计算
为了满足电路要求，式中E，TON应取最大值，单端反激电路变压器原边绕组兼有电感作用。其电感LP(单位：ΜH)所需量由下式计算：LP=ETON／IP。
式中：TON单位为ΜS。用下式核算NP绕组匝数能否满足电感量要求：LP''=(0．4ΠNP2SC×10-8)／(LΔ+LC／ΜC)式中：ΜC为磁芯材料有效导磁率；LC为磁芯磁路平均长度(CM)；LΔ为磁芯中空气隙长度(单位为CM)。若LP≤LP''，则加大NP，以达到电感量要求。变压器匝比的选取：若不考虑次级整流压降及变压器内损等因素的影响，则N=EP／EO，NS=NNP／D，同理可计算NF=(NS／UO)UP。
(4)导线直径选取计算
若取J=2．5 A／MM2则：
D=0.7
由此计算出各绕组导线直径D(单位为MM)并选取规格值，验算磁芯窗口面积能否绕下各绕组，若绕不下，则重复上述有关设计计算。
(5)验算次级绕组放电常数，ΤS应小于TOFFΤS=LS／RL=(LP''／N2)／RL=LP''／(N2RL)TOFF=T／2，T=1／F，所以TOFF=1／(2F)，TOFF>ΤS为验算原则。若不能满足，则重复上面有关计算。
来源于：开关电源技术开发应用
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第7页附录英文原文
Design of low-power charger
1 Introduction
In order for mobile phones, electric bicycles used by the charger for automatic charging function, mostly using a variety of specific IC charger IC and a variety of sampling circuits. This paper presents a complex IC eliminates the need for both circuit and peripheral circuits, but also be able to automatic recharge function of electricd.
2 works
Schematic shown in Figure 1, which consists of the following component composition:
C1, V1 ~ V4, C2 component filter rectifier, transformer T for the high-frequency transformer, V5, R2, C11-power switch V7 composition of the protection circuit, NF for the supply of IC power supply winding. Single-ended output IC for the UC3842, the 8-pin output of 5 V reference voltage for the inverting input pin 2, a pin for the amplifier output, 4 pin for oscillation capacitor C9, resistor R7 input, 5 feet for the ground side, 3 feet for the
over-current protection side, 6 feet for the single pulse-width-modulated output, 7 pin power input. R6, C7 composed of negative feedback, IC start an instant start from R1 supply voltage, the circuit starts electrical potential generated by the NF after V6, C4,
C5 rectified filtered supply IC operating voltage. Sampling resistor R12 for over-current protection, V8, C3 integral flyback rectifier filter output circuit. R13 as an internal load, V9 ~ V12 and R14 ~ R19 integral LED display circuit. V5, V6 choose FR107, V8 selected FR154, V7 selected K792, when the V7 conduction, the rectifier voltage is added to the transformer T primary winding Np on the energy into magnetic energy stored in the transformer, in turn V7 end, Np windings current reaches its maximum: Ipmax: Ipmax = (E / Lp) ton formula: E for the rectifier voltage; Lp for the transformer primary winding inductance; ton for the V7-time. V7 closed in an instant, transformer sub -
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第8页Winding discharge current maximum Ismax, if it ignores all kinds of losses should be: Ismax = nIpmax = n (E / Lp) ton. Where: n is transformer turns ratio, n = Np / Ns, Np, Ns for the transformer primary and secondary winding turns. Figure 1 Schematic diagram
Figure 1 Schematic diagram
High-frequency transformer in the primary winding during the conduction V7 store energy and V7 release energy during the shutdown of secondary windings should be equal to: n (E / Lp) ton = (Uo / Ls) toff, where: Ls of transformer secondary winding inductance; Uo is the output voltage; toff closing time for the V7.
Because Lp = n2Ls, then: (E / nLs) ton = (Uo / Ls) toffEton = nUotoffUo = (ton / ntoff) E, the type shows the output voltage Uo is proportional with the ton, and inversely proportional to the turns ratio n and the toff.
Transformer stored energy during the conduction WLp as follows:
Greater energy storage transformer Lp more. Transformer stored energy released during toff Can End, not only with the transformer operating frequency f, but also to the secondary
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第9页
winding inductance Ls, but also with the size of the load.
Stored energy release time constant τ and V7 closing time toff the differences between the three modes of operation the formation of converters, the following description separately:
(1) toff = τ in this state as a critical state. The parameters of the waveform shown in Figure1.
Figure2t off=waveform
Figure3t off>waveform
Figure 2 shows the waveform diagram toff = τ; Figure 2, ub for the Vp of the control voltage waveform; up for the transformer primary Np potential waveform; φ for the transformer flux changes in the waveform; uces for V7 collector voltage waveform; ip, is for
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第10页the beginning of , secondary current waveform.
(2) toff>τparameters of the waveform shown in Figure 3.
As can be seen from Figure 3, when the magnetic flux φ reset V7 closure also continue for some time, ip linear increase, is a linear decline.
Figure4t off Figure5charger characteristics curve Transformer stored energy is equal to the circuit output energy. (1 / 2) LPIpmax2f = Uo2/RL Uo2 = (1 / 2) LpIpmax2RLf will Ipmax = (E / Lp) ton substitution on the type, then type in: RL for the circuit load resistance; T = 1 / f for the transformer work cycle. Where E, ton, T, Lp is fixed value, so the output voltage Uo with the size of the load resistor RL changes, if ignored rectifiers drop, then the maximum output voltage should be: Uomax = (1 / n) Up = (1 / n) EV7 withstand back pressure should be: Ucc = E + Up = E + nUo. 黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第11页 (3) toff <τ parameters of the waveform shown in Figure 4. As can be seen from Figure4 the magnetic flux φ can not be reset at the toff period, ip is not a linear increase from 0 to the beginning, is down less than 0, this working condition the output voltage Uo should satisfy the following relationship: On the Lp-type indicate a larger context, Uo is only determined by transformer number of turns, turn-on pulse width and power cut-off voltage E, has nothing to do with the load resistor RL. The above-mentioned three kinds of working state, the second working condition the output voltage Uo with the size of the load resistance changes, we use this feature to meet the charger charging characteristics. We can see from the circuit, the circuit load resistor RL is actually the equivalent resistance by rechargeable batteries, when the battery shorting, the equivalent resistance RL is small, with the charge increase and the equivalent resistance increases , while the circuit output voltage Uo is the charge voltage, the change is increased with the increase of RL, so there are shown in Figure5, the charging characteristic curves. As can be seen from Figure 5, the charge current is decreased with the increase of RL. IO = UO / RL charge voltage UO, the charge current with the RL change IO are, RL curve of the battery charging characteristics of the decision, so with the single-ended flyback circuit made into a charger of its charging voltage and current have a good The following performance when the battery is full, RL also great to a certain limit, also enter the saturation charge voltage, charge current is automatically floating state. This will greatly simplify the automatic charge control circuit. With the same performance as compared to other battery charger circuit, greatly reduce the cost and reliability greatly increased. Figure 6magnetic circuit 黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第12页3 Circuit design and calculation (1) the design of high-frequency transformer Converter transformer is a major component, designed mainly for core selection, winding turns and wire diameter selected. Transformer main parameters of the formula: Output power PO = UOIO; input power PI = PO / Η; duty cycle D = TON / T; transformer effi ciency Η = PO / PI; load resistor RL = UO / IO. Transformer input current maximum IPMAX = 2UO2/DΗEMINRL; transformer input current RMS IPEFF = DIP; transformer operating frequency F, to determine: Paper the design of low-power charger for free papers from the https://www.360docs.net/doc/4c13225986.html, Network F Gao Although the size, weight can be reduced, but the V7 switching loss increases, F low is to increase the weight of transformer size larger, comprehensive consideration, the general election about F = 50 K HZ. When the battery is full, RL also great to a certain limit, also enter the saturation charge voltage, charge current is automatically floating state. This will greatly simplify the automatic charge control circuit. With the same performance as compared to other battery charger circuit, greatly reduce the cost and reliability greatly increased. (2) core size selected Due to the circuit for the single-ended flyback circuit, so the direction of excitation current is a single transformer core magnetic flux generated only along the hysteresis loop moves up and down in the first quadrant, as shown in Figure6. Transformer primary and secondary power relationship: PS = ΗPTPO = PS-PD Where: PS output power for the transformer secondary; PD for the output diode power loss. If ignored PD, then: PO = ΗPT; SOSC = 2POTON / Η △ BJKOKC (PO unit CM4) was calculated SO, SC, select the core size, specifications. 黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第13页 (3) The winding turns of the calculation of In order to meet the circuit requirements, where E, TON shall be taken as the maximum, single-ended flyback circuit transformer primary side winding of the role of both inductors. The inductance LP (Unit: ΜH) the amount required for the calculation by the following formula: LP = ETON / IP. Where: TON unit ΜS. With the following formula accounti ng for NP inductance winding turns can meet requirements: LP''= (0.4ΠNP2SC × 10-8) / (LΔ + LC / ΜC) formula: ΜC the effective permeability for the core material; LC for the The average length of core magnetic circuit (CM); LΔ for the core in the air gap length (in CM). If the LP ≤ LP'', then the increase NP, in order to achieve the inductance requirements. Transformer turns ratio select: It would not be within the secondary rectifier voltage drop, and transformer losses and other factors, then N = EP / EO, NS = NNP / D, By the same token calculate the NF = (NS / UO) UP. (4) The calculation of wire diameter selected If you take J = 2.5 A/MM2: D = 0.7 Thus calculated for each winding wire diameter D (in units of MM) and select the specification value, checking whether the core area around the window, under the winding, if no less than around, then repeated the above-mentioned design calculations. (5) checking secondary winding discharge constant, ΤS should be less than TOFFΤS = LS / RL = (LP''/ N2) / RL = LP''/ (N2RL) TOFF = T / 2, T = 1 / F, so TOFF = 1 / (2F), TOFF> ΤS principles for checking. If it is not satisfied, then repeat the calculation above. From:China Technology Development and Application of Switching Power Supply 笔记本AC电源适配器设计方案[图] 作者：安森美半导体|出处：21IC中国电子网| 2011-05-31 16:16:17 |阅读：1182次 笔记本AC电源适配器设计方案[图],笔记本电脑的应用非常广泛，且市场规模持续快速增长。相应地，笔记本电脑电源适配器的市场也非常可观。用户 笔记本电脑的应用非常广泛，且市场规模持续快速增长。相应地，笔记本电脑电源适配器的市场也非常可观。用户往往要求高性能、小尺寸或低重量的笔记本，同时价格适宜。对于电源适配器设计人员而言，就要选择适合的控制器，用于开发高能效、集成丰富保护特性、尺寸小巧的适配器。 有利的是，安森美半导体推出了新的NCP1250/NCP1251固定频率6引脚脉宽调制(PWM)反激控制器，极佳地满足设计人员的需求，使他们能够开发高性能、高功率密度的电源转换器，用于笔记本/上网本电源适配器，并可用于DVD或机顶盒(STB)的低功率开放式电源等应用。 笔记本电脑电源适配器要求 从大多数用户的使用情况来看，笔记本电脑有相当的时间内会处在轻载或待机条件下。与提高25%、50%、75%或100%负载条件下的能效相比，降低极低负载条件甚至是待机条件下的能耗及提升能效更具挑战性。这就要求电源控制器具备极佳的轻载或待机能耗性能。 此外，用于笔记本的AC-DC适配器也要求具备以下几种保护特性： ．短路保护(SCP)：必须能够承受输出持续短路而不会损坏。当故障消失时，适配器必 须能够从保护模式下恢复，并重新提供额定功率。 ．过压保护(OVP)：在环路被破坏的情况下，如光耦合器损坏或TL431分压网络受到影响，适配器必须立即停止工作，并在用户重新启动适配器前保持在此状态。 ．过温保护(OTP)：如果适配器的温度超过某个温度值，适配器就存在损坏的风险。为了避免出现这种情况，就需要使用热传感器来持续监测温度，并在温度超过设计人员设定的限制值的情况下，适配器就持续关闭。当用户重新启动电源且温度下降时，适配器复位。 ．过功率保护(OPP)：对某些电源而言，重要的是在最坏条件下——如负载消耗的电流过大，最大输出电流保持在受控状态，而不会实际出现短路。 NCP1250/1关键特性及功能解析 NCP1250/1是采用极小的6引脚TSOP封装的固定频率PWM控制器。除了尺寸极小，还提供即便是其它更高端控制器可能都不具备的众多优势。在最简单的应用(5个功能引脚)中，NCP1250/1非常合适于设计紧凑、保护功能减至最少的离线电源。由于还有第6个多功能引 基于单片机的无线充电器设计 学生： 学生学号： 院（系）：电气信息工程学院 年级专业：电子信息工程 指导教师： 助理指导教师： 二〇一五年五月 摘要 随着用电设备对供电质量、可靠性、方便性、安全性、特殊场合、特殊地理环境等要求的不断提高，接触式的电能传输方式对于满足实际需要越来越显得捉襟见肘了。与此同时，无线电能传输系统，摆脱了线路的限制，实现电器和电源的完全分离，具有无线传输电能、设备体积小、传输效率高、便于携带和集成等优点。 本课题设计介绍了一种运用新型的能量传输利用电磁波感应原理和有关的交流感应技术，采用STC12C5A60S2低功耗单片机作为无线传能充电器的监测控制核心,实现电流控制和电压控制功能，电能充满后给出充满提示且自动停止充电。基于STC12C5A60S2单片机控制发射端和接收端产生的相应交流信号来进行充电的智能无线充电器。 利用设计通过对系统的硬件部分和软件部分的设计实现无线能量传输，在距离发射线圈的指定围对小型用电器如手机、MP3等直接充电。硬件部分包括高效直流稳压模块、驱动模块、显示模块、控制模块等的设计；软件部分主要根据系统的设计思想设计出了主程序和子程序流程图，并通过C语言实现相应的编程要求。通过理论分析和仿真证明，建立谐振耦合无线电能传输系统模型以及谐振耦合无线电能传输系统模型,通过计算得出了系统中电路参数与输出功率的关系。设计并制作谐振耦合无线电能装置,使用LCD1602设计显示,实时充电电压显示。 关键词无线电能传输,谐振耦合,无线充电器, LCD1602,STC12C5A60S2单片机 ABSTRACT This paper introduced the use of a power transmission technology, wireless power supply technology model, using the principle of electromagnetic induction and the induction technology,intelligent wireless charger for charging the AC signal based on the STC12C5A60S2 single-chip microcomputer to control the transmitting end and the environment and other requirements continue to increase, the power transmission mode of contact to meet the actual needs become more and more difficult. At the same time, wireless power transmission system, get rid of the limit line, completely separate electrical and power, with the wireless transmission of electrical energy, the equipment has the advantages of small volume, high transmission efficiency, easy to carry and integration. In the rapid development of science and technology in 21 Century, the prospects for the development of intelligent wireless charger . The design through the design of the hardware part and the software part of the system to achieve the wireless energy transmission, within the specified range of the transmitting coil in small appliances such as mobile phone, MP3 and other direct charge. The hardware part includes efficient DC power module, drive module, display module, control module and so on; the software part is mainly based on the design thought of the system design of the main program and the subprogram flow chart, and through the C language to achieve the corresponding programming requirements. relationship between the circuit parameters and the output power of the system. The design and fabrication of resonant coupling wireless device, using the LCD1602 design draw progress bar shows charging, charging voltage, charging time display. Key words radio transmission, resonant coupling, wireless charger ,LCD1602 STC12C5A60S2 外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative. 引言 §1.1 无线充电技术的背景 随着智能手机、数码相机以及平板电脑等移动电子产品在人们生活中的广泛应用，内置锂电池续航短问题日益凸显，在这种情况下，无线充电技术应运而生。有研究指出，全球无线充电技术将于2017年形成一个70亿美元的市场。 据了解，无线充电技术来源于日本。日本富士通公司2010年9月宣布其研究出了新的无线充电技术，可实现在距离充电器几米远的地方进行无线充电。而所谓的无线充电技术，即不用通过电源线和电缆等一切外接设备，就可给电子设备充电。其原理是利用磁共振在充电器与设备之间的空气中传输电荷，线圈和电容器则在充电器与设备之间形成共振，实现电能高效传输的技术。 综观目前的电子市场，锂电池等电子产品用电池在技术上迟迟没有取得新的突破，导致电池根本满足不了用户的用电需求。而目前出现的移动电源充电器在给电子产品充电时也需要数据线。而且移动电源容量有限，并不能从根本上解决用户移动用电的需求。无线充电技术的出现，或可解决移动电子产品的充电难题。据了解，目前在北美，大批通过近距离无线充电技术解决智能手机充电难题的创业公司开始出现。而随着无线充电网点的完善，无线充电技术有望得到更广泛的应用[1]。 §1.2 无线充电技术的先驱 根据报道和网络检索，世界上各个国家已经投入到这个领域的研究当中[2]。 Palm︱美国 Palm公司是美国老牌智能手机厂商，它最早将无线充电应用在手机上。它推出的充电设备“触摸石”，就可以利用电磁感应原理无线为手机充电。 海尔︱中国 海尔推出的概念性“无尾电视”，不需要电源线、信号线和网线。海尔称该产品采用了与麻省理工学院合作的无线电力传输技术。 Powermat︱美国 目前 Powermat 推出的充电板有桌面式和便携式等多种，主要由底座和无线接收器组成，售价在100美元左右。 劲量︱美国 at89c52单片机简介 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 A T89C52 Single-chip microprocessor introduction Selection of Single-chip microprocessor 1. Development of Single-chip microprocessor The main component part of Single-chip microprocessor as a result of by such centralize to be living to obtain on the chip，In immediate future middle processor CPU。Storage RAM immediately﹑memoy read ROM﹑Interrupt system、Timer /'s counter along with I/O's rim electric circuit awaits the main microcomputer section，The lumping is living on the chip。Although the Single-chip microprocessor r is only a chip，Yet through makes up and the meritorous service be able to on sees，It had haveed the calculating machine system property，calling it for this reason act as Single-chip microprocessor r minisize calculating machine SCMS and abbreviate the Single-chip microprocessor。 1976Year the Inter corporation put out 8 MCS－48Set Single-chip microprocessor computer，After being living more than 20 years time in development that obtain continuously and wide-ranging application。1980Year that corporation put out high performance MCS －51Set Single-chip microprocessor。This type of Single-chip microprocessor meritorous service capacity、The addressing range wholly than early phase lift somewhat，Use also comparatively far more at the moment。1982Year that corporation put out the taller 16 Single-chip microprocessor MCS of performance once MCS-51系列单片机 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have, such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same.8051 daily representatives-51 serial one-chip computers. A one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: (1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositing not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. (3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8K B ), is used to preserve the 编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 （原文） 院（系）：应用科技学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名：邓瑜 学号：0501120501 指导教师单位：应用科技学院 姓名：黄小能 职称： 2009年 5 月20 日 The Injection Molding The Introduction of Molds The mold is at the core of a plastic manufacturing process because its cavity gives a part its shape. This makes the mold at least as critical-and many cases more so-for the quality of the end product as, for example, the plasticiting unit or other components of the processing equipment. Mold Material Depending on the processing parameters for the various processing methods as well as the length of the production run, the number of finished products to be produced, molds for plastics processing must satisfy a great variety of requirements. It is therefore not surprising that molds can be made from a very broad spectrum of materials, including-from a technical standpoint-such exotic materials as paper matched and plaster. However, because most processes require high pressures, often combined with high temperatures, metals still represent by far the most important material group, with steel being the predominant metal. It is interesting in this regard that, in many cases, the selection of the mold material is not only a question of material properties and an optimum price-to-performance ratio but also that the methods used to produce the mold, and thus the entire design, can be influenced. A typical example can be seen in the choice between cast metal molds, with their very different cooling systems, compared to machined molds. In addition, the production technique can also have an effect; for instance, it is often reported that, for the sake of simplicity, a prototype mold is frequently machined from solid stock with the aid of the latest technology such as computer-aided (CAD) and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). In contrast to the previously used methods based on the use of patterns, the use of CAD and CAM often represents the more economical solution today, not only because this production capability is available pin-house but also because with any other technique an order would have to be placed with an outside supplier. Overall, although high-grade materials are often used, as a rule standard materials are used in mold making. New, state-of-the art (high-performance) materials, such as ceramics, for instance, are almost completely absent. This may be related to the fact that their desirable characteristics, such as constant properties up to very high temperatures, are not required on molds, whereas their negative characteristics, e. g. low tensile strength and poor thermal conductivity, have a clearly related to ceramics, such as sintered material, is found in mild making only to a limited degree. This refers less to the modern materials and components XXXXXX有限公司 充电机设计规范 编制: 校对: 审核: 批准: XXXXXX有限公司发布 前言 1、范围 2、规范性引用文件 3、术语与定义 4、主要参数确定 5、环境条件 6、外观要求 7、一般要求 8、整机特性要求 9、测试方法 10、检验规则 11、标志、包装、运输和贮存条件 编制本规范的目的是规范本公司新能源汽车充电机的设计工作。 1 范围 本规范规定了新能源汽车用充电机所需的基本原则和要求，对新能源汽车用充电机设计起指导作用。 本设计规范适用于各种结构形式的新能源汽车充电机的设计，确保充电机的通用性、可靠性、高效性。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件中条款通过本规范的引用而成为本规范的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单（不包括勘误的内容）或修订版均不适用于本标准，然而，鼓励根据本标准达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。凡是不注明日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本规范。 QC/T 413-2002 汽车电气设备基本技术条件 GB 19596-2004 电动汽车术语 GB/T 17626.2-2006 电磁兼容试验和测量技术静电放电抗扰度试验 GB/T 17619-1998 机动车电子电器组件的电磁辐射抗扰性限值和测量方法 ISO 7637-2-2004 道路车辆.传导和耦合引起的电干扰.第2部分:仅沿电源线瞬间电导 GB/T 18487.1-2015 电动车辆传导充电系统第1部分：通用要求 GB/T 18487.2-2001 电动车辆传导充电系统电动车辆与交流/直流电源的连接要求 GB/T 18487.3-2001 电动车辆传导充电系统电动车辆与交流/直流充电机（站） GB/T 18387-2008 电动车辆的电磁场辐射强度的限值和测量方法，宽带9kHz～30MHz GB/T 18384.1-2015 电动汽车安全要求第1部分：车载可充电储能系统（REESS） GB/T 18384.2-2015 电动汽车安全要求第2部分操作安全和故障防护 中文资料原文 单片机 单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。 单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40多部单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和，甚至比人类的数量还要多。 单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机，和计算机相比，单片机只缺少了I/O设备。概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。 （ 本科毕业设计外文文献翻译 学校代码： 10128 学 号： 题 目：Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程专业（建筑工程方向） 班 级：土木08-（5）班 指导教师： (副教授) Shear wall structural design of high-level framework Wu Jicheng Abstract: In this paper the basic concepts of manpower from the frame shear wall structure, analysis of the structural design of the content of the frame shear wall, including the seismic wall shear span ratio design, and a concrete structure in the most commonly used frame shear wall structure the design of points to note. Keywords: concrete; frame shear wall structure; high-rise buildings The wall is a modern high-rise buildings is an important building content, the size of the frame shear wall must comply with building regulations. The principle is that the larger size but the thickness must be smaller geometric features should be presented to the plate, the force is close to cylindrical. The wall shear wall structure is a flat component. Its exposure to the force along the plane level of the role of shear and moment, must also take into account the vertical pressure. Operate under the combined action of bending moments and axial force and shear force by the cantilever deep beam under the action of the force level to look into the bottom mounted on the basis of. Shear wall is divided into a whole wall and the associated shear wall in the actual project, a whole wall for example, such as general housing construction in the gable or fish bone structure film walls and small openings wall. Coupled Shear walls are connected by the coupling beam shear wall. But because the ` 三江学院 本科生毕业设计（论文） 题目小功率无线充电器设计 电气与自动化工程学院（系）电气工程及其自动化专业学生姓名学号 指导教师职称 % 指导教师工作单位电气与自动化工程学院 起讫日期 摘要 无线充电器是指采用电磁感应原理来充电的器材，原理很像变压器。这个系统有两个端口，一个是发射端，一个是接受端，发射端和接受端都是由线圈构成，发射端线圈和电路相连可以发射电磁波，接收端接收电磁波后连接到内部电路产生直流电压。因为这种技术还没有完全成熟很多厂商都在研究这个技术，他们对这种技术都有自己的叫法，例如无线充电、感应电力、不接触充电、无接点充电都是指这种的技术，供电与受电端交互作用就是电磁感应，所以无线充电技术是广义的词没有绝对的参数设定。无线充电技术有很多好处，例如非常方便，通用，安全，很多电气设备都可以使用一种充电基站，相信在将来，所有的设备都会用无线充电。这给人们带来的意义和影响非常重大。这篇文章讲解一种以电磁感应原理为基础在运用一些无线充电控制芯片实现电能传输的无线充电器装置。对电磁感应原理，系统电路和控制芯片进行了重要分析。 关键词：电磁感应；无线充电技术；无线充电控制芯片 ABSTRACT Wireless charger is the principle of electromagnetic induction to charge the equipment, principles like transformers. This system has two ports, one transmitter and one receiving end , the transmitting end and the receiving end is constituted by a coil , the transmitter coil and the circuit connected to the electromagnetic wave can be transmitted , the receiving side receives an electromagnetic wave generating circuit connected to a DC voltage to the internal . Because this technology is not yet fully mature , many manufacturers are looking at this technology, they have their own name for this technology , such as wireless charging , inductive electricity, do not touch the charge , non-contact charging all refer to this technology, interaction with the receiving end power is electromagnetic induction , the wireless charging technology is a broad term there is no absolute parameters. Wireless charging technology has many advantages , such as very convenient , universal , safe, many electrical devices can use a rechargeable base , I believe that in the future, all devices will use wireless charging . This gave rise to a very substantial significance and impact . This article explains a kind of electromagnetic induction principle is based on the use of some wireless charging control chip wireless power transmission device charger . On the principle of electromagnetic induction , circuits and control systems important chip analysis . Key words: Electromagnetic induction principle; Wireless charging technology; Wireless charging control chip； 无线充电系统设计原理与实作 作者：富达通科技ART 到了2011年初，无线充电技术经过数年的推广 与演进后开始受到各界瞩目。无线充电是指具有电池的装置透过无线感应的方式取得电力而进行充电，其方便性可以让消费者愿意支付额外的费用购买无线充电相关产品；因为有商机才会有厂商愿意投入相关产品开发，目前可以知道非常多知名品牌厂商已经将无线充电这个功能列入新一代的产品的规格之一。由于这产技术相当新颖且各厂商有自己对技术的表述，所以无线充电、感应式电力、非接触充电、无接点充电都是泛指相同的技术，距离1mm 到数公尺都是一样是无线，供电端与受电端交互作用就称感应，所以无线充电是广义的名词没有一定的规格。 原理简单,实作困难 无线充电的方法在实验阶段有开发出很多方法，但目前唯一有机会量产商品化为线圈感应式。线圈感应式的原理很简单，是百年前就被发现物理现象，但过去长久以来这样的线圈感应只运用在绕线式的变压器中。早期就有人发现将绕线式的变压器的将“E”型铁心绕线后对向紧贴后接上市电就可以感应传电，但距离略为分开后感应效果就消失，这是因为在市电60Hz 下，电磁波传递会随着距离增加能量快速衰退。在现今的应用中，由于装置本身需要有外壳包装，发射端加上接收端的外壳厚度至少从3mm 起算，早期电动牙刷产品开发时就发现当距离拉开后需要将线圈上的操作频率提高才能让电力能传送的更远；在电磁波中有一个特性，就是频率越高的电磁波可以传送比较长的距离后能量衰减较低。后来RFID 应用开始发展，主要就规划的三个频段LF 低频(125~135KHz)、HF 高频(13.56MHz)、UHF 超高频(860~960MHz)可以使用，而这些频段也造就了目前无线电力系统在设计之初频率采用的参考点。早在10年前电动牙刷的无线充电就已经上市，当时的传送功率小、充电时间长，在现在的智能手持装置的耗电状况来看，当时的充电能量不敷使用所以10年来还无法实用化。但这几年来发展出新的技术可用较高的“共振”接收效率运作方式，由于这个技术较新所以各界的说法很多，但都是有一个很重要的特性，就是接收线圈上都会有配置电容来构成一个具有频率特性的接收天线，在特定的频率下可以得到较大的功率移转。这部份就跟早期的电磁感应不同，当距离拉开后依然就可以得到良好的电力传送效果。共振的原理非常简单，就跟钢琴调音师一样放不同水量的玻璃杯，在精准的调音下可以将某个玻璃杯透过共振将其振碎；但其它的文章都没有提到，若是没有经过专业钢琴调音师训练的一般人，可能永远也调不出可以让玻璃杯振碎的频率！这就是原理简单、实作困难。 基于单片机的无线充电器设计 学生姓名： 学生学号： 院（系）：电气信息工程学院 年级专业：电子信息工程 指导教师： 助理指导教师： 二〇一五年五月 毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明 原创性声明 本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。 作者签名：日期： 指导教师签名：日期： 使用授权说明 本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。 作者签名：日期： 学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名：日期：年月日 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 涉密论文按学校规定处理。 作者签名：日期：年月日 导师签名：日期：年月日笔记本AC电源适配器设计方案
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