后处理帮助中文翻译
Overview概观
A design engineer uses CAD (Computer Aided Design) software to create a part drawing, containing all features and dimensions required to manufacture a part.
设计工程师采用CAD（计算机辅助设计）软件创建一个零件图，包含制造零件所需的所有功能和尺寸。
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) evolved from the need to manufature using numerically controlled machine tool. Once CAD drawing is complete, it can be imported into CAM software for further use. Using various functions withing the CAM software, the programmer selects various lines, circles, surfaces or other entities from the imported CAD drawing and then develops cutting sequences, or tool paths, that simulate actual machinig of those entities.
计算机辅助制造（CAM）从需要使用数控机床来manufature演变。一旦CAD图纸完成后，它可以被导入到CAM软件继续使用。使用各种功能withing的CAM软件，程序员选择不同的直线，圆，表面或从导入CAD图纸等实体，然后开发切割序列或刀具路径，即模拟这些实体的实际machinig。
The most CAM applications, the tool path that is generated for each cutting sequence is placed into a file in a specific order and syntax, almost like a structured language. This file is called a Cutter Location Data (CLDATA) file. It contains various commands, as well as X, Y, Z coordinate values, and in the case of four and five axes machines, will also contain tool vector I, J, K values used to determine the angle of the tool in relation to the part.
大多数CAM应用，即对于每个切割序列生成的刀具路径被放入一个文件中的特定顺序和语法，几乎像一个结构化的语言。此文件被称为刀位数据（CLDATA）文件。它包含各种命令，以及X，Y，Z坐标值，并且在四和五轴机的情况下，也将包含I，J，K的值用来确定在相对于刀具的角刀具矢量部分。Postprocessor reads each statement or command contained withing the CLDATA and postprocesses (translates) each of those statements or commands into CNC machine code. This CNC machine code (G-Codes) is created based on the content of the CLDATA and in combination with the settings in option file.
后置处理器读取每个语句或命令包含withing的CLDATA和后期处理（翻译）每个那些语句或命令到数控机床的代码。本CNC机器代码（G代码）是基于CLDATA的内容，并与在选择文件中的设置的组合创建。
The Delcam PostProcessor application contains the following modules:
The Postprocessor creates programs for NC/CNC machine tool, in the form of tapefiles.
The Editor is used to create or edit the option file, which configures the Postprocessor.
The Console creates output suitable for an NC/CNC machine tool using the commands and parameters specified in the Editor.
The PostComparer enables you to compare the structures of different option files.
Delcam的PostProcessor中应用程序包含以下模块：
后处理创造了NC / CNC机床的程序，在tapefiles的形式。
Editor用于创建或编辑选项文件，它配置了后处理。
控制台使用在编辑器中指定的命令和参数的NC / CNC机床创建合适的输出。
该PostComparer使您能够比较不同选项的文件结构。
Introduction to the Postprocessor
Introduction to the Editor
Console
Introduction to the PostComparer//////compare（比较）简介后处理器
简介编辑
安慰
简介PostComparer
Introduction to the Postprocessor简介后处理器
The Postprocessor is used to generate NC programs for a specific machine controllers from CLDATA files produced by CAM systems.
后处理器用于生成用于从由CAM系统产生的数据文件的特定机器控制器NC程序。
The Postprocessor is universal NC program generator, which uses custom option files. An option file describes all specifics and controls how the CLDATA files will be converted for a particular controller. Use Editor for create or edit option files.
后处理是通用的NC程序生成器，它使用自定义的选项文件。选项文件描述了所有细节和控制CLDATA 文件将如何被转化为特定的控制器。使用编辑器创建或编辑选项文件。
The Postprocessor may work with full range of Delcam CLDATA formats:
后处理器可以用全方位的Delcam的数据格式的工作：
ASCII or Binary CLDATA. For example, a *.cut file generated by PowerMILL.
XML-CLDATA. For example, a *.cxm file containing probe paths that was exported from PowerINSPECT. On the image below you may see main window of Postprocessor. On the left, is located Session Explorer,
that allows you to load option files, to load and postprocess CLDATA files. Result NC programs you may see on the right pane. The bottom window is needed for diplaying errors, warnings and other information about postprocessing.
ASCII或二进制CLDATA。例如，通过PowerMILL的产生*.cut文件。
XML-CLDATA。例如，一个从PowerINSPECT的导出的*.cxm包含文件探针路径。
在下面的图片，你可能会看到后置处理器的主窗口。在左边，位于会话管理器，
这允许您加载选项文件，加载和后处理CLDATA文件。结果NC程序可能会在右窗格中看到的。是需要显示错误，警告和后处理有关的其他信息窗口的底部。
Introduction to the Editor简介编辑
The Editor enables you to create and edit the controller-specific option files used in configuring the Postprocessor to create output suitable for the associated NC/CNC machine tools.
To open the Editor, click the Editor tab.
A set of standard, selectable elements are displayed in the Option File Explorer. When a command is selected in the explorer, its details are as a table in the View pane. For example:
该编辑器可以创建和编辑配置后处理，以创建适合相关的NC / CNC机床的输出使用的特定控制器选项文件。
要打开编辑器，单击编辑器选项卡。
一套标准的，可选择的元素显示在选项文件浏览器。当在浏览器中选择一个命令，其详细情况在视
图窗格中的表。例如：
Each command table represents a program frame. It specifies the NC code that is output to the tapefile when that command is found in the cut file. For more details, refer to Command Interface.
You can use the Preview window at the bottom of the PostProcessor to view the NC code created for the
selected command.
每个命令表代表一个程序框架。它规定了NC代码时，该命令在剪切文件发现，输出到tapefile。有关详细信息，请参阅命令接口。
您可以使用预览窗口在后处理器的底部查看所选命令创建的NC代码。
Introduction to the Editor
The Editor enables you to create and edit the controller-specific option files used in configuring the Postprocessor to create output suitable for the associated NC/CNC machine tools.
To open the Editor, click the Editor tab.
A set of standard, selectable elements are displayed in the Option File Explorer. When a command is selected in the explorer, its details are as a table in the View pane. For example:
该编辑器可以创建和编辑配置后处理，以创建适合相关的NC / CNC机床的输出使用的特定控制器选项文件。
要打开编辑器，单击编辑器选项卡。
一套标准的，可选择的元素显示在选项文件浏览器。当在浏览器中选择一个命令，其详细情况在视图窗格中的表。例如：
Console
The Console module enables you to generate NC programs using a command prompt.
This GUI-less application usually executed by CAM systems in background. On the image below you may see console output in Delcam PowerMILL.
控制台模块，使您可以生成使用命令提示符NC程序。
此图形界面的应用程序通常是由后台CAM系统执行。在下面的图片，你可能会看到Delcam的PowerMILL的控制台输出。
Introduction to the PostComparer
The Delcam PostComparer enables you to compare the structure of selected option files. Use it to view the differences between settings, commands, parameters, formats and so on. In addition, you may merge selected changes/features from one option file to another.
Delcam的PostComparer能比较所选选项文件的结构。用它来查看设置，命令，参数等格式之间的差异。此外，你可以从一个选项文件到另一个选定合并更改/功能。
The Explorer windows display the different sections of the option files to be compared. The differences between the files are highlighted.
The Properties windows display the properties of the selected elements in the Explorer windows.
Parent topic: Overview
在资源管理器窗口显示选项文件的不同部分进行比较。在文件之间的差异突出显示。
在属性窗口中显示在资源管理器窗口选择的元素的属性。
项目管理(全英文)试题 - 有翻译
一、名词解释（5*2=10） PMI, Project Management Institute, 美国项目管理学会 PMP, Project Management Professional, 项目管理专业人员认证 PMBOK, Project Management Body of Knowledge, 项目管理知识体系 PLC, project life cycle, 项目生命周期 RFP, Request for proposal, 需求建议书 WBS, Work Breakdown Structure, 工作分解结构 CPM, Critical path method, 关键路径法 PERT, Project Evaluation and Review Technique, 计划评审技术 AOA, Activity-On-Arrow, 双代号网络图法 AON, Activity-on-node, 单代号网络图 CPI, Cost Performance Index, 成本绩效指数 (挣值(EV)/实际成本(AC)) RAM, Responsibility Assignment Matrix, 职责分配矩阵 P&L, Profit and loss损益 VAT, value-added tax, 加值税、增值税 QA, Quality Assurance, 质量保障 二、填空题（5*2=10）。 1. A project is an endeavour to accomplish a specific objective through a unique set of interrelated tasks and the
七年级下册英语短文带中文翻译(1-12单元)
Unit 1 (sectionB 3a) Dear Student, My name is Bob . I live in Toronto , Canada , and I want a pen pal in China . I think China is a interesting country . I’m 14 years old and my brithday is in November . I can sperk English and a littie Frenth . I have a brother , Paul , and a sister , Sarah . They have pen pals in the United Kingdom and Australia . I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports . My favorite subject in school is P.E . It’s fun . But I don’t like math. It’s too difficult! Can you wtite to me soon? Bob 亲爱的同学， 我的名字叫鲍勃，我住在加拿大的多伦多。我想在中国找个笔友。我认为中国是个非常有趣的国家。我十四岁，我的生日在九月。我能说英语和一点法语。我有一个哥哥 Paul, 和一个姐姐Sarah。他们在英国和澳大利亚有笔友。我喜 欢和我的朋友们看电影和做运动。在学校我最喜欢的科目是体育。它很有趣。但我不喜欢数学。它太难了。你能尽快给我写信吗 Bob 3b PEN PAL WANTED My name is Tom King . I’m 14 years old and I’m from Australia . I sperk English . I have a brother , Sam , and a sister , Lisa . I play soccer on weekengs . It’s my favorite sport . I like music at school . It’s fun! My favorite movte is The Long Weekend . Do you know it ? It’s an action movie . Please write and tell me about yoursrlf. 征集笔友 我的名字是汤姆~金。我14岁,我来自澳大利亚。我讲英语。我有一个哥哥, 萨姆,和一个妹妹,莉莎。我在周末踢足球，那是我最喜欢的运动。我喜欢学校的音乐课。它是有趣的!我最喜欢的电影是《这个长周末》。你知道它吗?它是一部动作片。 请写信给我,告诉我有关你的一些情况。 Unit 2 (sectionB 3a) Welcome to the Garden District Turn left on First Avenue and enjoy the city’s quiet streets and smail parks . Take a walk through the park on Center Avenue . Across from the park is an old hotel . Next to the hotel is a small house with an interesting garden . This is the benginning of the garden tour. 欢迎来到这个花园区 在第一大街左转并享受这个城市的安静街道和小公园。在中心大道上散步穿过这个公园。在公园对面是一个老旅馆。紧靠这个旅馆旁边是一个带着有趣花园的小房子。开始游历这个花园。
翻译(无中文)
翻译 1. In order to learn to be one’s true self, it is necessary to obtain a wide and extensive knowledge of what has been said and done in the world. 2. This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the fear and horror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake prediction may be possible. 3. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist’s timekeeping methods. 4. In Frederick, students’ parents ate buying classroom supplies and offering to pay for groceries and utilities to keep first-year teachers and principals in their jobs. 5. “Rumors about what’s happening to the distinct are moving at lighting speed.” said a student. “We wanted to know the truth, and spread that around instead.” 6. Yet the waves, no matter how big or how violent, affect only the surface of the sea. 7. In the U.S., the figure is much higher than in Great Britain, and people there spend over 10 percent of their income on the installment plan. 8. The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light lamp bulbs-or even to run a small electric motor is almost unbelievable, but several kinds of fish are able to do this. 9. Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. 10. The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t mix as easily as I assumed in high school. 11. When the light reaches the other end, it is first changed into electrical signals, which are in turn converted into sound messages. 12. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. 13.Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make the policies for the nation, large numbers of us must be educated to understand, to support, and when necessary, to judge the work of experts.
SAP系统配置参数详解
SAP系统配置参数详解 SAP 系统参数设置 path: /usr/sap/PRD/SYS/profile profile: PRD_DVEBMGS00_sapapp 如果您想查看所有的参数及当前设定，可使用SA38 执行程序 RSPARAM 修改附加配置 T-CODE:RZ10 进行SAP系统参数的设置,设置后需激活参数并重启SAP实例，配置参数才会生效login/system_client 登录时默认的Client号 login/password_expiration_time 密码有效期 login/fails_to_user_lock 密码输错多少次后锁定 login/failed_user_auto_unlock 用户失效后多长时间解锁 rdisp/mshost 状态栏中显示的系统名称 rdisp/rfc_use_quotas 是否激活配额资源分配,0是关闭,1是启用.以下相关限制必须这个为1时才生效. rdisp/gui_auto_logout 表示如果客户在指定时间内没有进行任何操作，则会自动退出SAP系统。时间为秒 rdisp/max_wprun_time 程序运行的最长时间限制 rdisp/rfc_max_login 最大SAP用户登录数 login/disable_multi_gui_login 限制用户多次登录，该参数可以设置同个client 同个用户ID可以允许同时登录几个,当设为1时,系统将提示用户选择: 'Terminate the Current Sessions' or 'Terminate this Login.' ,以达到保证只允许一个登录. rdisp/tm_max_no 这个参数是限制每个实例最大的用户数,默认是200个. rdisp/rfc_max_own_login 一个程序在一个服务器上允许分配的RFC资源个数,也就是同时能运行多少个.默认值25. rdisp/rfc_min_wait_dia_wp 设置RFC保留的会话设置, rdisp/wp_no_dia 在一个实例中处理的会话数目,如果设置为10,rdisp/rfc_min_wait_dia_wp=3则可用的会话处理是7,3个被保留 rdisp/rfc_max_own_used_wp rdisp/rfc_max_comm_entries rdisp/rfc_max_wait_time rdisp/btctime
英语背诵美文30篇(翻译)
生而为赢（中文翻译） ——新东方英语背诵美文30篇 目录： ·第一篇：Y outh 青春 ·第二篇：Three Days to See(Excerpts)假如给我三天光明（节选） ·第三篇：Companionship of Books 以书为伴（节选） ·第四篇：If I Rest, I Rust 如果我休息，我就会生锈 ·第五篇：Ambition 抱负 ·第六篇：What I have Lived for 我为何而生 ·第七篇：When Love Beckons Y ou 爱的召唤 ·第八篇：The Road to Success 成功之道 ·第九篇：On Meeting the Celebrated 论见名人 ·第十篇：The 50-Percent Theory of Life 生活理论半对半 ·第十一篇What is Y our Recovery Rate? 你的恢复速率是多少？ ·第十二篇：Clear Y our Mental Space 清理心灵的空间 ·第十三篇：Be Happy 快乐 ·第十四篇：The Goodness of life 生命的美好 ·第十五篇：Facing the Enemies Within 直面内在的敌人 ·第十六篇：Abundance is a Life Style 富足的生活方式 ·第十七篇：Human Life a Poem 人生如诗 ·第十八篇：Solitude 独处 ·第十九篇：Giving Life Meaning 给生命以意义 ·第二十篇：Relish the Moment 品位现在 ·第二十一篇：The Love of Beauty 爱美 ·第二十二篇：The Happy Door 快乐之门 ·第二十三篇：Born to Win 生而为赢 ·第二十四篇：W ork and Pleasure 工作和娱乐 ·第二十五篇：Mirror, Mirror--What do I see镜子,镜子,告诉我 ·第二十六篇：On Motes and Beams 微尘与栋梁 ·第二十七篇：An October Sunrise 十月的日出 ·第二十八篇：To Be or Not to Be 生存还是毁灭 ·第二十九篇：Gettysburg Address 葛底斯堡演说 ·第三十篇：First Inaugural Address(Excerpts) 就职演讲（节选） 1．青春-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 青春不是人生的一个阶段，而是一种心境；青春不是指粉红的面颊、鲜艳的嘴唇、富有弹性的膝盖，而是指坚定的意志、丰富的想象、充沛的情感；青春，它是清新的生命之泉。 青春是一种气质，勇敢胜过怯弱，渴求冒险而不贪图安逸。这样的气息60老者常常有，20青年恰恰无。年岁增添，未必使人垂老；理想不再，终于步入暮年。 岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤；热忱抛却，颓废必致灵魂。忧烦、惶恐、自卑，使人心灵扭曲，心灰意冷。 无论60还是16岁，人人心中都怀着对新奇事物的向往，象孩童般对未来充满憧憬，此情永不消退，在生活的游戏中汲取快乐。在你我的内心深处都有一座无线电台，只要它接收到人间和上帝发出的美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号，你就会青春永驻。
(将下列每段英文翻译成中文)
Translation ( Translate each of the following passage into Chinese ) 翻译（将下列每段英文翻译成中文） Chapter 1 Summary 蔡信杰03391004 陈彬03391005 1，Public finance ,also known as public sector economics or public economics, focuses on the taxing and spending activities of government and their influence on the allocation of resources and distribution of income. 财政学，即公共经济学，焦点是税收和政府支出以及它们在分配资源和分配收入上的影响。 2，Public finance economists analyze both actual policies and develop guidelines for government activities . In the latter role, economists are influenced by their attitudes toward the role of government in society. 财政学同时为政府行为分析现有方针和发展知道思路。在未来作用中，经济受到在社会中有利于政府的关注者的影响。 3，In all organic view of society , individuals are valued only by their contribution to the realization of social goals. These goals are determined by the government. 在一种有机的社会观中，个别价值只是由它们对实现政府目标所做出贡献来评价的。而这些目标是由政府来决定的。 4，In a mechanistic view of society ,government is a contrivance erected to further individual goals.If is not clear how the government can reconcile sometimes conflicting individual goals. 在一种机械的社会观中，政府是一个为个别长远目标而树立的设备。而政府是如何调节有时可能有矛盾的个别目标尚不明确。 5，Individual decision making is the focus of much economics and is consistent with the mechanistic view of society adopted in this book .This does not eliminate much controversy over the appropriate role of the government in our economic. 独立地作决定是很多经济学方面的重点，也是和本书中所采用的机械的社会观相一致的，这不会除去很多关于政府应在经济学中适合扮演的角色的争论。 6，The Constitution embodies constraints on federal and state government economic activity. 宪法体现了联盟政府和国家在经济活动中的强制性。 7，The federal government may effectively undertake any expenditures it whishes and may use debt and taxes to finance them .The federal government may not discriminate among states when choosing tax rates and may not place a levy on state exports .The 16th Amendment empowers the federal government to tax personal incomes. 联盟政府可以有效地担任所有它希望的和可以用债和税来扣供的费用。联盟政府在当选择税率时不会对州之间产生歧视，而且不会对州征收出口税。第16次修正法案授权联盟政府对个人收入征税。8，State government are forbidden to levy tariffs on imports ,discriminate against outsides residents, or tax other states’ products. Most states have balanced budget requirement. 国家是被禁止对进口征收关税，禁止歧视外国居民且禁止对他国产品征税。很多州已经平衡了预算需求。 9，All common measures of the size of government-employees, expenditures, revenues, etc.-involve some deficiency. In particular, these items miss the impact of regulatory costs. Nonetheless , there is strong evidence that the impact of the government on the allocation of national resources has increased over time.
加速度传感器参数讲解(AD)
加速度传感器参数讲解（AD）Accelerometer Specifications - Quick Definitions Measurement range is the level of acceleration supported by the sensor’s output signal specifications, typically specified in ±g. This is the greatest amount of acceleration the part can measure and accurately represent as an output. For example, the output of a ±3g accelerometer is linear with acceleration up to ±3g. If it is accelerated at 4g, the output may rail. Note that the breaking point is specified by the Absolute Maximum Acceleration, NOT by the measurement range. A 4g acceleration will not break a ±3g accelerometer. Sensitivity is the ratio of change in acceleration (input) to change in the output signal. This defines the ideal, straight-line relationship between acceleration and output (Figure 1, gray line). Sensitivity is specified at a particular supply voltage and is typically expressed in units of mV/g for analog-output accelerometers, LSB/g, or mg/LSB for digital-output accelerometers. It is usually specified in a range (min, typ, max) or as a typical figure and % deviation. For analog-output sensors, sensitivity is ratiometric to supply voltage; doubling the supply, for example, doubles the sensitivity. Sensitivity change due to Temperature is generally specified as a % change per °C. Temperature effects are caused by a combination of mechanical stresses and circuit temperature coefficients.
英语短文中英文翻译
my friend and I are taking a , we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying,we go and ask him.“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong .oh it stay under the big tree! 今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上，他哭的很伤心。我们走过去问他：“你怎么了”。他告诉我们：“我的狗不见了，你们能帮我找到它吗”。“是的，我们能帮你找到你的狗”然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗，原来是它呆在一棵大树下。 day an old man siselling a big young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it old man goes up to him and says inhis ear,“Don't sa y anything about the elephant before I sell it,then i'll give you some money.”“All right,”says the young the old man slles the elephant,he gives the young man some money and says,“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant?”“I don't find the bad ears,”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old young man answers,“Because I never see an elephant before,and I want to know what it looks like.” 一天，一个老的男人正在卖一头大象。一个年轻的男人走向大象然后开始慢慢看着它（大象），这个老的男人走向他对着他的耳朵说，“不要在我卖出它（大象）之前说关于它（大象）的事，然后我会给你一些钱。”“好的”，这个年轻的男人说。在这个老的男人卖出大象后，他给了年轻的男人一些钱并且说，“现在，你可以告诉我你是怎样知道大象的坏的耳朵了吧？”“我不知道坏的耳朵”，这个年轻的男人说。“然后为什么你慢慢的看着大象？”这个老的男人问。这个年轻的男人回答，“因为我在这之前从来没有见过大象，还有我想知道它（大象）是什么样子的。” 3.An old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it.? Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."? 一位老妇有只猫，这只猫很老，它跑不快了，也咬不了东西，因为它年纪太大了。一天，老猫发现一只老鼠，它跳过去抓这只老鼠，然而，它咬不住这只老鼠。因此，老鼠从它的嘴边溜掉了，因为老猫咬不了它。? 于是，老妇很生气，因为老猫没有把老鼠咬死。她开始打这只猫，猫说：“不要打你的老仆人，我已经为你服务了很多年，而且还愿意为你效劳，但是，我实在太老了，对年纪大的不
amber动力学常用参数说明
amber动力学常用参数说明 个人日记2009-05-08 19:32:18 阅读130 评论1 字号：大中小订阅 IMIN Flag to run minimization =0 No minimization (only do molecular dynamics;default) = 1 Perform minimization (and no molecular dynamics) =5 Read in a trajectory for analysis. NTX Option to read the initial coordinates, velocities and box size from the "inpcrd" file. The options 1-2 must be used when one is starting from minimized or model-built coordinates. If an MD restrt file is used as inpcrd, then options 4-7 may be used. = 1 X is read formatted with no initial velocity information (default) = 2 X is read unformatted with no initial velocity information = 4 X and V are read unformatted. = 5 X and V are read formatted; box information will be read if ntb>0. The velocity information will only be used if irest=1. = 6 X, V and BOX(1..3) are read unformatted; in other respects, this is the same as option "5". =7 Same as option "5"; only included for backward compatibility with earlier versions of Amber. IREST Flag to restart the run. = 0 Noeffect (default) = 1 restart calculation. Requires velocities in coordinate input file, so you also may need to reset NTX if restarting MD. NTRX Format of the Cartesian coordinates for restraint from file "refc". Note: the program expects file "refc" to contain coordinates for all the atoms in the system. A subset for the actual restraints is selected by restraintmask in the control namelist. = 0 Unformatted (binary) form = 1 Formatted (ascii, default) form NTPR Every NTPR steps energy information will be printed in human-readable form to files "mdout" and "mdinfo". "mdinfo" is closed and reopened each time, so it always contains the most recent energy and temperature. Default 50. NTWR Every NTWR steps during dynamics, the "restrt" file will be written, ensuring that recovery from a crash will not be so painful. In any case, restrt is written ev ery NSTLIM steps for both dynamics and minimization calculations. If NTWR<0, a unique copy of the file, restrt_nstep, is written every abs(NTWR) steps. This option is useful if for example one wants to run free energy perturbations from multiple starting points or save a series of restrt files for minimization. Default 500. NTF Force evaluation. Note: If SHAKE is used (see NTC), it is not necessary to calculate forces for the constrained bonds. = 1 complete interaction is calculated (default) = 2 bond interactions involving H-atoms omitted (use with NTC=2) = 3 all the bond interactions are omitted (use with NTC=3) = 4 angle involving H-atoms and all bonds are omitted = 5 all bond and angle interactions are omitted = 6 dihedrals involving H-atoms and all bonds and all angle interactions are omitted
工程项目管理中文翻译资料
工程项目管理 12 成本控制，监视和会计 12.1 成本控制问题 在项目的实施过程中，项目控制的常规程序和记录的保持已成为项目经理和其他参加者在建筑过程中不可缺少的工具。这些工具提供了两个作用，它记录了项目相关的财务往来，同时给项目经理提供项目的进展情况和存在的问题。项目控制的问题在项目的一个老的定义中总是被总结为“结束预算后大部分模糊相关的活动的汇集”。⑴项目控制系统的任务是给这些问题的存在和程度一个公平的提示。 在这章中，我们讨论与项目过程中资源运用、会计、监控相关的问题。在这次讨论中，我们强调会计信息在项目管理中的作用。项目账户的解释在项目完成之前通常不是很直接的。正因为这种账户说明太晚以至于不能影响项目管理，甚至到了项目结束之后，会计结果可能还是不清晰的。因此，为了成本管理的目的，项目经理需要知道要怎样说明会计信息。然而，在考虑管理问题过程中我们需要讨论一些常见的会计体系和条约，尽管我们的目的不是提供一个对会计程序的全面调查。 项目控制目标的局限性应该作为重点。项目控制程序主要是为了辨析实际与项目计划的偏差而不是建议可能的办法来节省成本。这个特征是项目控制变得重要的先进阶段的具体反映。项目成本的节省主要是在项目计划和设计期间，在实际建筑阶段，变动可能会推迟项目进度并代之费用的无节制增加。实际上，项目控制的重点是履行原定计划或说明实际与计划的偏差，而不是成本的重大改善和节省，它只是在建筑计划过程中经常发生变动时的援助行为。 最后，要讨论一下与信息的综合化相关的问题。项目管理的活动和功能事务是紧密相连的，尽管许多情况下技术不能促进项目活动的全面或联合的考虑。
例如，项目进度表和成本账户通常是被分离的，结果项目管理者必须从关于项目的不同报告和他们自己的观察角度来综合一个全面的观点。特别是，经理常常被迫推测因改变进度表而带来的费用增加，而不是获得为进度表的调整而提供的帮助。各种类型信息的交流和综合化可以提供一定数量的有益作用，虽然他在项目控制规程的常理过程中要特别注意。 12.2 项目预算 为了项目的成本控制，建筑计划的伴生的现金流动估计可以为税后的项目监控提供参考依据。为了进度表，可以将各个单独活动的进展和完成重点工程所获得的成就与工程进度相比，以监控项目的进展程度。合同和施工规范为估计和保证建筑所必须的质量提供标准。最终或详细的成本估计为项目期间财政表现的评估提供参考依据。在将费用列为详细成本估计的基础上，可以认为项目是在财政控制下的。特定类别成本的超支提示了可能存在的问题并且对可能遇到的问题提出确切的提示。建筑计划和控制所发生的费用重点在于最终成本估计所包括的类别，这个焦点对一些少量活动或大量重复活动如铺车行道这类工程最为适宜。 为了控制或监测的目的，原始的详细成本估计被特地转换成方案预算，并且在随后被作为管理的指南。详细成本估算中的具体项目成为工作成本因素。项目过程中酸发生的费用被分类别记录在具体成本账户以便于于是成本比较。因此，单独的成本账户一般代表成本控制的基本单元。不可避免地，成本账户也许被分开也许被划入那些与特殊预定活动和特殊成本账户相关的工作元素中。 除了成本数额之外，关于每个工作账户上的材料数量和劳力投入也会被特别保留在方案预算中。通过这个信息可以将实际材料使用率和劳力与预期要求相比较。结果，可以分析出特殊项目上的费用超支或节约的原因，或许是单价的变化，或许是劳动生产率变化或材料消耗的变化。
英语美文(带翻译)
Always will I seek the seed of triumph in every adversity 在困境中寻找成功的希望 1．There is no better school than adversity. Every defeat, every heartbreak, every loss, contains its own seed, its own lesson on how to improve my performance next time. Never again will I contribute to my downfall by refusing to face the truth and learn from my past mistakes. Because I know: gems cannot shine without polish, and I cannot perfect myself without hardship. 2．Now I know that there are no times in life when opportunity, the chance to be and do, gathers so richly about my soul as when it has to suffer cruel adversity. Then everything depends on whether I raise my head or lower it in seeking help. Whenever I am struck down, in the future, by any terrible defeat, I will always inquire of myself, after the first pain has passed how I can turn that adversity into good. What a great opportunity that moment might present… to take the bitter root I am holding and transform it into a fragrant garden of flowers. 3．Always will I seek the seed of triumph in every adversity. 1．逆境是一所最好的学校每一次打击、每一次损失。都蕴含着成功的萌芽。都教会我在下一次有更出色的表现。我再也不会逃避现实，也不会拒绝从以往的错误中获取经验，我不再因此促成自己的失败。因为我我知道，宝玉不经磨砺就不能发光，没有磨练，我也不完善自我。 2．现在我知道，灵魂倍受煎熬的时刻，也正是生命中最多选择与机会的时刻。任何事情的成败取决于我在寻求帮助时是抬起头还是低下头。无论何时，当我被可怕的失败击倒，在最初的阵痛过去之后，我都要想方设法将苦难变成好事。伟大的机遇就在这一刻闪现——这苦涩的根本必将迎来满园芬芳！ 3．我将一直在困境中寻找成功希望。 Hold Fast to Dreams 紧紧抓住梦想 1．We all have dreams. We all want to believe deep down in our souls that we have a special gift, that we can make a difference, that we can touch others in a special way, and that we can make the world a better place. 2．At one time in our lives, we all had a vision for the quality of life that we desire and deserve. Yet, for many of us, those dreams have become so shrouded in the frustrations and routines of daily life that we no longer even make an effort to accomplish them. For far too many, the dream has dissipated and with it, so has the will to shape our destinies. Many have lost that sense of certainty that creates the winner’s edge.