英语语言学名词解释

现代语言学
一 绪论
1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language
2 Phonetics（语音） : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants
3 Phonology（音韵学）” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.
4 Morphology（形态） :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.
5 Syntax（语法） : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”
6 Semantics（语义）: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.
7 Pragmatics（语用学）: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.
8 Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.
9Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.




五 语义学
1 semantics（语义学）: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
2 sense（意义） : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.
3 reference（参考） : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
4 synonymy（同义） : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.
5 polysemy（一词多义） : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.
6 antonymy（反义） : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.
7 homonymy（同形异义） : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
8 hyponymy（上下义） : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
9 componential analysis（成分分析） : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.
10 grammatical meaning（语法意义） : The grammatical meaning of a senten

ce refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.
11 semantic meaning（语义） : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.
12 predication（预测） : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
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六 语用学
1 pragmatics（语用学）: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
2 context（上下文）: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.
3 utterance（表达） meaning（话语意义）: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
4 locutionary act（言内行为）: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.
5 illocutionary act（言外行为）: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something.
6 perlocutionary act（言后行为）: A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.
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