法律英语用词的特别

法律英语用词的特别
法律英语用词的特别

法律英语词语用法区别

英语中原本没有所谓法律英语,但由于有关法律方面的英语有其特殊的用法和规律,慢慢地就像科技英语、商业英语等一样,自成一门学科。法律英语不同于“法言法语”(legal terms),而是跨越英语与法律之间的边缘学科,所以有人将法律英语译为English for the prdession。许多地区,比如上海等地,还为此成立专门的培训机构。由于英汉语言习惯的不同,加上长期以来约定俗成的用法的影响,法律英语中常常出现一些容易混淆或错用的词语,在中英互译中常会发生一些有趣的语言现象。本文就是想以比较轻松的漫谈方式,与读者作一些共同探讨,以引起广大读者对法律英语的兴趣。

China, China\'s 和Chinese作定语时大有区别

这三个词都可以作定语用,译成“中国的”,但其含义却有很大区别。如China law firms 是指“在中国的律师事务所”,未必是中国人开的,它应包括获准在中国设立的“外国律师事务所”(foreign law firms)。若指中国律师开的律师事务所,应用Chinese law firms。在法律文书中,这很有讲究。在WTO法律文件中,如“中国经济的特性”(the special characteristic of China\'s economy);“中国的关税配额制度”(China\'s TRO system);“中国的具体承诺减让表”((China\'s Schedule of Specific Commitments);“中国专利法”(China\'s Patent Law)等用语中,几乎都用China\'s而不用Chinese。但着重“中国人的”意义时,应该用Chinese。如“中方”(Chinese side);“中国人”(Chinese nationals);“中国政府”(Chinese government);“中国执业律师”(Chinese national regis-tered lawyers)。

当然,有些名词前面用China与Chinese都可以。如Chinese vaish(漆);Chinese ink(墨),但绝大多数都有固定搭配,应多查词典,不宜随便更动。如China Sea(中国海);Chinatown(华人区、唐人街);China teas(中国茶);Chinese cabbage(白菜);Chinese lantem(灯笼)等等均不可随便换用。

同一个英语动词却有两个截然相反的词义

同一个英语动词,在法律英语中,有时竟有两种几乎完全相反的含义,例如discharge 是法律英语中常见常用的一个词,它可作“履行”解,也可作“撤销”解,而这两个意思,在中文里几乎是完全相反的。因此翻译或运用它时必须特别当心。

如discharge a contract指“履行合同”,不是“撤销合同”;discharge a bankrupt指“免除破产人的责任”,不是“履行破产人的责任”;discharge a burden of proof指“履行举证责任”,不是“撤销或免除举证责任”;discharge one\'s liabilities指“清偿某人的债务”,而不是“撤销某人的债务”;如说The judge discharged the jury.这是说“法官解除了该陪审员的职务”,而不是“该法官履行了陪审员的职务”。

怎样翻译“他已与妻子离婚了”?

你可能将它译为He has divorced with his wife。如果这样,你就错了。因为作动词用时,divorce为“使离婚”,常用于被动语态,常用的搭配是to be divorced from sb。因此本句应译成He has been divorced from his wife。当然,它也可以用主动语态,译作He has divorced his wife。此时,就不必加from了。切不可按汉语习惯加上with之类的介词。下面一些用法,粗看起来好像不大对头,实际上却都是非常地道的英语:

Did Mr. Hill divorce his wife or did his wife divorce him? 是希尔先生要与妻子离婚还是他

的妻子要与他离婚?

The judge divorced them.法官让他们离婚了。(而不是法官与他们离婚)

The court divorced Mr. and Mrs. Jones. 法庭给琼斯夫妇离了婚。

谁是谁非:ouster, ejection, ejedctment与eviction

这几个词都可以译作“剥夺”、“驱逐”、“撵出”。但所用的场合完全不同,甚至相反。ouster 是指合法占有人的权利被非法剥夺,因此香港人将它译作“横夺”,很有道理。而ejection和ejectment是对非法占有人所取得的非法权利的合理剥夺。

例如,房产所有人将非法占有房产的人从该房产中驱逐出去,这种行为就称为ejection 与ejectment。因此它是收回合法权利的行为,不可随便与ouster换用。

如For removal of illegal occupier from the property,she had to bring an action of ejectment.(为了把非法占有者从房产中驱逐出去,她只好提起收回不动产的诉讼。)中当然应用ejectment。不过,有时很难说这一剥夺或驱逐行为是合法或不合法的。这时一般只能由说话人根据自己的立场来采用了。如The police at the meeting were makiang an ejection to the trouble-makers.(在场警察在驱逐闹事者。)这就表示说话人认为闹事者是不对的。在诸如ouster of franchise(剥夺选举权);ouster of jurisdiction(剥夺裁判权)中,暗示说话者认为该剥夺行为是不正当的;而在ejection of tenant(驱逐租户);action of ejectment(收回不动产之诉)中,却暗示说话者认为这些剥夺行为是正当的。但也有一个比较中性的词,那就是eviction, 它只指房地产主驱逐房客或承租人,收回房地产的行为,并不强调谁是谁非。如There have been a lot of evictions in this district recently.(本区近来已经发生多起驱逐房客的事件。)这表示说话人只想表明有这么一件事,没有表示这究竟是房东的错,还是房客的错。

mortgagor与mortgagee

众所周知,作为名词的后缀,-or 指“施动者”,-ee指“受动者”。也许是施动者往往与权利人联系在一起(如employer, consignor, author), mortgagor常被误认为抵押权人。其实,在抵押关系中,正好相反,mortgagor是抵押人,又称出押人。他是抵押关系中的债务人。mortgagee才是抵押权人,又称受押人,他才是抵押关系中的债权人。这种误译或误解比较多,例如有—本商业英语词典在其foreclosure词条的原文例句中有这么一句例句:The mortgagor applied foreclosure when the mortgagee failed pay the instalments of the loan. 此书的中译者按原文译为“因受押人未能分期偿还贷款,抵押人申请取消抵押品的回赎权。”分期偿还贷款的应是抵押人,怎么变成受押人了? 有权申请取消抵押物回赎权的只能是债权人,即抵押权人,亦即译文所说的受押人。抵押人是债务人,他是无权申请取消回赎权的。显然,原文是把inortgagor与mortgagee两个词用反了。

fraud squad与fraud gang

一般词典把aquad 与gang这两个词都译为小组、小队、一伙人,

但在法律词语中,两者的用法和含义有时完全不同。squad仅指一伙人(group of people),并不包含贬义,如:Olympic squad是“参加奥林匹克的国家代表队”;fraud squad 是“调查欺诈案的公安小组”,而不是“欺诈小组”。the homicide squad是“杀人案件调查队”,而不是“杀人小组”。gang这个词却常常含有贬义,一般指organized group of criminals(犯罪团伙)或group of people who aer typically troublesome (一伙惹是生非的人),如大家知道gang of

four是指“四人帮”,而不是“四人小组”,fraud gang是“骗子团伙”。gang-war是指歹徒帮派之间打群架,不是一般群众的打群架。因此如说Don\'t go around with that gang or you\'ll come no good! 表示说话人认为那伙人不是好人,与这些人混在一起自然没有好下场。

domicile与habitual residence

这两个词语,在表面上没有什么区别。有的词典把这两个词都译成“住所”或“住处”。但在法律上,它们的含义完全不同。domicile是“住所地”。公民的住所地即户籍所在地。法人的住所地为法人的主要营业或办事机构所在地。所以有些比较仔细的词典将domicile译作“户籍”。而是指“经常居住地”,它不一定是一个人的户籍所在地。在法律文书中,对这两个词如果译得不准确,对案件的管辖权就会产生严重影响。如:我国民诉法第22条规定,对公民提起的民事诉讼,由被告住所地法院(the peopel\'s court of the place where dedefendant has his domicile)管辖。被告住所地不一致的,由经常居住地法院(the people\'s court of the place of his habitual residence)管辖。所谓habitual residence,法律也是有规定的。根据最高人民法院司法解释,公民的经常居住地是指公民离开住所地至起诉时已连续居住一年以上的地方。但公民住院就医的地方除外。

bankrupt与insolvent

在词典中,它们的中文对应词都是“破产的”、“无还债能力的”。在法律词语中,它们的用法却有很大区别。或它的名词形式bankruptcy 既可用于公司、企业,也可以用于个人。如:Several local companies have gone bankrupt.(当地几家公司已经破产);The court dechred him bankrupt.(法庭宣告他破产),都是正确的用法。

而insolvent或它的名词形式insolvency在英国通常只能用于公司,不用于个人。如:Their company was in a state of insolvency.(他们的公司处于破产状态)。但在美语中,这种区别似乎已逐渐消失。比如,一个破产的人,可以用an insolvent person。当insolvent作名词用时,指的就是“破产的人”。

“审判”的多变译法

有人说,中文是最灵活的文字,一点不假。如“审判”一词,可以作动词、也可作名词、形容词。作名词时,既可表示一种职务,又可表示一种行为、动作甚至一种程序。如把“审判”译成英语,可没有这么方便。它常因内涵及场合的不同而必须有不同的译法。中英两种文字的这一差别,加上约定俗成的用法,就使“审判”出现许多不同的、有时甚至是不可互换的表达方式。这些各不相同的译法,少说也有十几种。下面用划线标出的都是“审判”一词的一些常见译法:

审判由人民法院负责The people\'s court are responsibie for adjudication

审判对象object of adjudication

国家审判机关state adjudicatory organ

审判权judicial power

审判人员judicial personnel

审判委员会judicial committee -

审判程序court proceedings; trial procedure

审判组织trial organization

审判监督程序procedure for trial supervision

审判过程中during a trial

审判独立independence of trial and decision

缺席审判judgment by default; trial by default

审判案件to try a case;trial of cases

开庭审判to open the court session for trial of the case

公开审判to be heard in public;open trial

与刑事案件一并审判to be heard together with the criminal case

在审判/讯时参加旁听to be present at the hearing

审判不公failure of justice

审判地国state of the forum

审判费用juridical expenses; hitigation costs

delivery order; delivery note 与delivery receipt 的区别

这三个词组在字面上十分相似,但其法律含义几乎相反。delivery order 指货主或其授权代理人签发给货物持有人(比如仓库)指示货物持有入将货物交给指定的当事人的一种书面指示,因此一般译成“交货单”、“出货单”、“提货单”或者“栈单”,它是将货物提走的法律凭据。而delively note与此正好相反,它是将货物送出的法到后,由收货人签署过的送货通知,常用于通常的交接货上,一般译为“交货回单”或“送货回执”。在中文的法律文书中,常有把“交货单”与“交货通知”或“交货回单”等随便混用的,这在英译本中是绝对不允许的,有时一字之差,就会引起严重的法律后果,不可不慎。

切忌望文生义

法律英语中有许多词语是在几百年甚至上千年的历史过程中逐步形成的,形式与含义都比较固定。有许多词语,貌似相同,实有区别。这种内在的区别,完全来自历史上的约定俗成,光从字面上是无法找到原因的。因此翻译时,如无充分把握,必须多查词典,切忌望文生义,随便翻译。如ground lease与pround rent 两个词语,尽管lease与rent都可以译成“租赁”、“租借”,但ground lease 在英国专指the first lease on a freehold building (对完全保有的房地产的首次出租),而ground rent 即通常所说的“地租”。hard money; hard currency; hard cash 看上去像同义词。事实上不然。hard money 在美语中指相对于纸币而言的“硬币”,有时也作“现金”解。hard currency 可不是硬币,也不一定是现金。它是指价值比较稳定的“硬通货”。如美元、欧元、英镑等都是目前世界上的hard currency,但它们不一定是\'hard money。至于hard cash (or hardcash),只指“现金”,非正式用法中,有时也指“硬币”,但决非指“硬通货”。又如Day of Judgment 或Judgment Day 并非指通常所说的“宣判日”,而是指“世界末日”。所以也有写成Day of the Last Judgment 的。它与法院定期宣判的日子毫不相干。“宣判日”该用date of the pronouncement of judgment 或the date to pronounce a judgment 才是。

相同的中文对应词,含义未必相同

法律英语中,光凭中文对应词来翻译,是非常危险的。因为有许多法律词语虽然中文对应词相同,含义却不同,有时相去甚远。例如:free trade area与free trade zone的中文对应词都是“自由贸易区”,但习惯上,flee trade area 指实行自由贸易的一批国家。它们是为了通过降低或取消关税以消除成员国之间的贸易障碍而组成的部分国家联盟。而free

trade zone 却指一个国家内免征关税的贸易区域,范围显然要小得多。legacy与devise 的中文对应词都是“遗赠”。但legacy 一般只指动产的遗赠,不包括不动产。devise 则专指不动产的遗赠。majority 与plurality 的中文对应词都是“多数” 然而majority 指超过半数的多数。plurality 指的是没有超过半数的多数,或称相对多数(relative majority)。比如说He won the election by a clear majority, gaining 70 of the l00 votes cast.(他以明显的多数赢得选举,在所投的100张票中得了70票。)这个句子中的majority 就决不可换成plurality。同样的道理,“压倒多数”,只能译为overwhelming majority,而不可译为overwhelming phwality。因为连半数都没有超过,就算不了“压倒”。deportation order与exclusion order 在法律词典中都被译作“驱逐令”。其实两者含义迥异。前者指将某人驱逐出国的正式命令。而exclusion order却指婚姻诉讼中用以阻止丈夫或妻子进入婚姻住所的法庭命令(court order in matrimonial proceedings which stops a wife or husiband from going into matrimonial home)。又如murder; manslaughter;homicide 这三个字,通常都可译作“杀人”,其实它们有很大区别。murder指“故意杀人”,即“谋杀”。它专指“有预谋的蓄意谋

杀”(premeditated and deliberate murder),在美国称为first degree murder(一级谋杀)。manslaughter 指“过失杀人”或“误杀”,着重于没有预谋的杀人。所以,非自愿的杀人,被称为involuntary manslaughter。甚至,即使是有意的杀人行为:,但显然具有从轻情节的,比如遇到对方挑衅、出于职务上的原因、或者出于正当防卫的杀人,也称voluntary manslaughter,而不用murder这个词。homicide 则泛指所有的杀人,既包括意外的过失杀人,也包括故意杀人。如The homicide rate has doubled in the last ten years.(在过去十年里,杀人犯罪率增加了一倍。)这显然指各种各样的杀人案件。如culpable homieide (刑事杀人),justifiable homicide (正当杀人)等都包括在内。incapital 与in words 都被译成“大写”。可是in capital 是指英文字母的大写,通常尤指英文单词的第一个字母的大写。如北京应写成Beijing。而in words 却指数字的大写,如518 写成five hundred and eighteen。因此total number of containers (in words)是指“集装箱总数须用大写”,不能用一般阿拉伯数目字表示。He signed a cheque for $10,000 in words.(他用大写签发了一张一万美元的支票。)指的是用大写写成一万美元(ten thousand dollars),而不是指支票上的姓名大写。由此可见,一本好的英汉法律词典决不应以只向读者提供中文对应词为满足。

切忌逐字翻译

法律荚语中,有许多词语是长期以来形成的固定用语,有其固定的含义。如果将它拆开来逐字翻译,即使每个字都译得对,也非出错不可。如power of attorney 原意为“授权委托书”,有的人根据词典逐字翻译为“检察官的权力”。to file a brief 不是“将案情摘要归档”,而是指律师“向法院提出辩护” He has plenty of briefs.不是说他有许多摘要,而是说他的律师生意很忙。类似这些例子说明,在英译中时,虽然每个词都译对了,有时却与原意相去甚远。反之,在中译英方面,也不宜对照词典逐字翻译。如foreign一词,虽然在诸如foreign policy(外交政策);foreign affairs(涉外事务);foreign trade(对外贸易)等词语中都有“涉外”的意思,但把“涉外律师事务所”译成foreign law firms 或者foreign lawyer office 就显然不妥。按照WTO法律文件的标准译法,在中国设立的外国律师事务所才称为foreign law firms。而国内的涉外律师事务所应译为foreign affairs lawyer office 或者foreign-related law firms。同样的道理,foreign enterprises 是“外国企业”,而非涉外企业;foreign securities institutions 是“外国证券机构”,而非涉外证券机构;foreign award of arbitration 是“外国仲裁裁决”而非涉外仲裁裁决。

当心多义词的翻译

记得美国总统克林顿因为与白宫实习生莫尼卡发生绯闻事件而受到法律起诉时,报纸上常常出现某某联邦律师出庭指控或传讯总统之类的报道。当时很多人都感到纳闷,美国律师怎么有权出庭指控或传讯一位被认为犯了法的现任总统呢? 这位律师又是受了谁的委托?

难道是美国法律特殊? 后来才弄明白,原来是新闻稿中把attorney一词译错了。attorney 在美语中常指律师、代理人。如attorney at law 专指律师,attorney of record 指记录在案的律师,attorney of the day 指值班律师。也许正由于这一原因,attorney 的另一个重要的意义“检察官”反而被忽视了。原来指控和传讯克林顿的不是什么律师,而是联邦检察官。美国的法律并不例外。在法律英语中这种一词多叉或者貌似相同的词语非常多。它们在不同的场合具有不同的含义,译成中文时,必须十分小心。如executioner 和executor 都是从execute 或execution(执行)这个词转化过来的,但executor 是指“执行员”,而executioner 指的是行刑的“刽子手”。detention house 是“拘留所”,而detention home是“少年感化院”或“少年管教所”。tally man 是“赊销商店店主”,而tally clerk 是远洋货运中的“理货员”。wrong intervention 是指“不正确的干涉”,着重于not morally right (不道德的),而wrongful intervention 指的是“不合法的干涉”,着重于not fair/legal (不公平、不合法的)。后者远比前者严重。尽管evasion, dodge, avoidance, shield, shelter 等词都作“回避”、“规避”等解释,大同小异,但tax evasion 与tax dodge (or tax dodging)都指“偷税”或“漏税”,即“非法逃税”。这是犯罪行为,要负刑事责任。而tax avoidance; tax shelter与tax shield 均指“避税”、“省税”。是指在合法范围内以合法的手段避开可能交纳的税,属于合法行为。如Accountants advise on tax avoidance. (会计师就如何避税提出建议);She was jailed for tax evasion.(她因逃税而入狱。)The system in Netherlands provides a useful tax shelter for some UK companies. (荷兰的税收制度为一些英国公司提供了有效的避税方法。)法律文书中类似这些细微的差别都必须区分清楚,才能保证译文的正确。

法律英语中的一词多义现象

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英语一词多义

一词多义 addict coca addict巧克力控drug addict吸毒者 address 1. This letter is addressed to you.这封信(地址)是写给你的 2. He addressed to me他对我说话 admit 1. admit defeat承认失败 2. admit sb. to membership加入 3. be admitted into the club 被录取 agree w ith 1. I can’t agree with you.同意 2. The climate here can’t agree with me.我不适应这里的气候。 air air his view 发表他的看法 It was aired live to more than a hundred countries around the world. 转播 apply 申请,应用applicant 申请人application申请,应用 arm 1. take up arms 拿起武器2. be armed with …用……武装,装备有 article 1.文章 2. 冠词 3. He examined the articles in the bag.物品 at once I can’t make out what they are talking about. Don’t speak all at once. 同时,一起available 有效的,可得的;可利用的;空闲的 aware be aware of 知道self awareness自我意识 back 1. 背部n. 2. I back you.支持 3 . back the car 倒车 balance 1. 秤n. 2. keep one’s balance保持平衡 3. balance in cash 余额 beat 1. The team beat that one打败,战胜 2.The heart beats fast. 跳动 3 beat the wings 拍打 bill 钞票,账单,法案 board 董事会boarding school 寄宿学校 board a plane乘坐飞机on board a train/ship在火车/轮船上 break 1. ten-minutes’ break休息10分钟lunch break午休时间 2.break a record 打破记录 3.break the news宣布消息 capital 资金;首都;大写 change 1. Do you have small change? 零钱 2.Great changes have taken place.变化 charge free of charge免费charge sb $150 收某人150元 charge sb控告charge a battery给电池充电 Charge!冲锋rechargeable batteries充电电池 in charge (of) 负责,管理in the charge of由……负责,受管理 chest 胸膛a medicine chest 药箱 a picnic chest野餐饭盒 class 1. the middle class中产阶级first class头等,第一流Class One company 1.I enjoy your company.陪伴in the company of him由他陪伴conductor 1. 售票员 2. 指挥 3. 导体 content 1. be content with sth. 满意be content to do 甘愿/乐意做某事 2. the content of the text 内容 course 1. in the course of the class在上课过程中 2.golf course球场 3. ten-course meals一道菜 4.summer course课程 cover 1. cover the distance of 200 miles 走/行驶/飞过……一段路程

法律英语单词

一、律师部分 案件受理费 court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case 案由 cause of action 案子 case 包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件) 被诉人 respondent; defendant 本地律师 local counsel 毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词 defense; pleadings 辩护律师 defense lawyer 辩护要点 point of defense 辩护意见 submission 财产租赁 property tenancy 裁定书 order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定) 裁决书 award(用于仲裁) 裁决书 verdict(用于陪审团) 采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equityinterests 查阅法条 source legal provisions 出差 go on errand; go on a business trip

出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion 出示的证据 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 传票 summons; subpoena 答辩状 answer; reply 代理词 representation 代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization,trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate andincorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration 代写文书 drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述 statement of the parties 第三人 third party 吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation 调解书 mediation 二审案件 case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件 send e-mail 法律顾问legal consultants 法律意见书 legal opinions

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法律英语词汇大全完美 版 文档编制序号:[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith 行为 act 作为 ac 不作为 omission 合法行为 lawful act 违法行为 unlawful act 民事权利权利能力 civil right 绝对权 absolute right 相对权 relative right 优先权 right of priority 先买权 preemption 原权 antecedent right 救济权 right of relief 支配权 right of dominion 请求权 right of claim 物上请求权 right of claim for real thing 形成权 right of formation 撤销权 right of claiming cancellation

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高考英语阅读理解中的一词多义(熟词新义) 一词多义(熟词新义)是语言的普遍现象。在英语中,除了术语以外,单义词是很少的;多数的词都是多义词,而且在名词、动词、形容词、副词中,往往词的使用频率越高,词义就越多,它的生命力就越强。一词多义(熟词新义)给我们学习英语带来很多困难,尤其是在阅读理解中,对准确理解句义形成了很大的障碍。所以,在平常学习英语的过程中,关注这一现象,并尽可能多地掌握理解词汇的诸多意义,显得格外重要。其实,著名的语言学家Chomsky早就说过:Every word is a new word. 他的意思就是说,我们只能在具体的语言环境中(通过上下文)才能准确理解一个词的含义。 请阅读以下例句,看看句中打横线的词在这里怎样准确理解(这些词义均属于高考范围)。 1 The learned professor is writing a report on bird flu. 2 He really let me down, because he was late for a third time that week. 3 A new act was passed by the government, which took effect a week later. 4 They presented a sum of money to the college in memory of their son. 5 If you like, I will keep you company today. 6 “The interest shall be divided into five shares according to the agreement,” he said. 7 Immediately after his wound was dressed, he went to work. 8 Sorry, I never drink spirits. 9. Today is my treat. 10. It is certain that a new drug will be found to treat AIDS in the future. 11 She covered the opening ceremony of Shenzhen Hi-Tech Fair for CCTV. 12 He worked out exactly what his income will have to be during the first six months to cover his costs. 13 I had studied in Beijing Normal University before I taught at this school. 14 The car must go. We can’t afford it any more. 15 During the National Day golden week I went on a package tour. 16 Hi, Tony! Where are you heading now? 17 He was just a nobody before he met her. 18 Kohl happened to notice her while she was struggling in the water. 19 The film was shot in black and white. 20 Do you carry a spare wheel in your car? 21 My father used to make a living by running a small business. 22 She delivered a short speech at the meeting. 23 Have you booked the air ticket for Beijing? 24 Those children were born into well-off families. 25 Don’t address me as Mr. Fox. 26 The director wants to star Jim in his new film. 27 She doesn’t seem to be equal to meeting our demands. 28 The articles found in the car helped the police identify the body. 29 She is very gifted. She is really quick at learning languages. 30 He was sentenced to three years in prison. 31 In this sentence, the word BIG is in capitals. 32 Don’t wake up the baby. He is sound asleep. 33. She died at an advanced age. 34. Please give me a ring first next time you come to Beijing. 35 The Chinese team bagged more than 100 medals at this Asian games. 36 We arrived at the city by coach. 37 Bus No. 111 is air conditioned. 38 He was very rude to the Customs officer. 39 Develop the film quickly, please. 40 Miss Wang handed out the graded papers. 41. A cheer rose from the stands. 42. Don’t invent any excuse. I know why you are so sleepy.

英语常用同义词近义词

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法律英语词汇大全 完美版

法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange

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六级常见单词替换 1. important=crucial,cr itical significant essential vital 2. common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere) 4. difficult=formidable 5. understand=discern 6. all the time--continually, continuously, constantly, perpetually 7. as a result—consequently、 8. before--prior to 9. begin—commence 10. better—superior 11. big--major, significant, substantial 12. have--be equipped with, possess 13. if--in the event of, in case(of) 14. in the end--eventually, finally, ultimately 15. know--be aware of, be conversant with, familiar with 16. less and less--decreasing(ly) 17. more and more –increasingly 18. money--funding, funds, resources 19. more and more—increasingly 20. need--demand, require 21. now--at present, at this juncture, at this moment, currently 22. often--frequent(ly) 23. quick(ly)--rapid(ly),prom pt(ly) 24. right--appropriate, correct, proper reasonable

法律英语专业词汇大全.doc

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英语中常见的同义词集锦

表示“需要”(v)的单词:need, require, involve ,entail 表示“意味着”的单词:mean, involve, entail 表示“宿舍”的单词:dormitory, quarters, lodgings 表示“住宿”的单词:accommodations, (a)lodging 表示“欺骗”(v)的单词:cheat, deceive, trick, fool 表示“渴望”(v)的单词和词组:desire, yearn for/after, long for, thirst for,aspire to do sth, look forward to doing sth, keen on/about doing sth, keen to do sth, keen that, have an urge to do sth(具有做某事的强烈欲望,非常想做某事,形容极度渴望)表示“同情”(v)的词组:sympathize with, yearn for, feel sympathy for 表示“重要的”的单词:important, crucial, vital, essential, integral, indispensable, significant 表示“参加,从事”的词组:take part in, join(in),participate in, involve sb in (主动, 其被动形式为sb be involved in), sb be engaged in=sb be employed in 表示“能力”的单词: ability和 capability(主要用于人)talent(只用于人), competence, capacity(可用于人或物), faculty 表示“想象”(v)的单词和词组:imagine, fancy, fantasy,envisage(英)=envision(美) conceive of 表示“包含(v)”的单词和词组:include, involve, comprehend, inclusive of, embrace, embody, comprise, contain(实际包含的量),encompass 表示“能容纳”的词组:can hold/accommodate 表示“表现,体现”(v)的单词:render, reflect, display, indicate, manifest, embody 表示“导致,引起(v)”的单词和词组:render, entail, lead to, result in, bring about, cause, trigger=prompt(诱发),pose(本义为造成问题或危机) 表示“强大的,强有力的”的单词和词组:powerful, mighty, potent, strong 表示“(感觉等)敏锐的,灵敏的”的单词:keen, acute(首选这两个词)perceptive 表示“提供”的单词和词组:provide/supply sb with sth=provide/supply sth for sb=render/offer sb sth, contribute sth to sth 表示“忙于……,埋头于……”的单词和词组:be buried in, be employed in, be engaged in, sb be immersed in=immerse oneself in 表示“致力于”的词组:devote oneself to =dedicate oneself to, sb be devoted to=sb be dedicated to 表示“表现,体现”(v)的单词:render, reflect, manifest, characterize 表示“显示,表明”(v)的单词:show, suggest, indicate, reflect, reveal,(首选这三个词)emerge 表示“证明”(v)的单词:validate, demonstrate, verify, confirm,prove 表示“证实(v)”的单词:affirm,confirm, prove 表示“说明,阐释(v)”的单词:explain, illustrate, elaborate 表示“持续不断的”的单词:continual,continuous, incessant 表示“(计划,规定等)被实施,生效”的词组有come into effect/force, be implemented, be put into effect/execution, be carried into execution=be put in/into execution 表示“意识到+从句”的词组:know+that从句 realize+that从句 be/become aware of the fact+ that从句 be conscious+that 从句 表示“阻止,阻碍”(v)的单词或词组:prevent/inhibit/hinder sb from doing sth, impede sb to do sth, hamper sb in doing sth

法律英语词汇大全(完美版)

法律渊源source of law 制定法statute 判例法case law; precedent 普通法common law 特别法special law 固有法native law; indigenous law 继受法adopted law 实体法substantial law 程序法procedural law 原则法fundamental law 例外法exception law 司法解释judicial interpretation 习惯法customary law 公序良俗public order and moral 自然法natural law 罗马法Roman Law 私法private law 公法public law 市民法jus civile 万民法jus gentium 民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system 普通法common law 大陆法continental law 罗马法系Roman law system 衡平法equity; law of equity 日尔曼法Germantic law 教会法ecclesiastical law 寺院法canon law 伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law 授权规范authorization norm 禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm 命令性规范commanding norm 民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality 自愿原则principle of free will 公平原则principle of justice 等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith 行为act 作为ac 不作为omission 合法行为lawful act 违法行为unlawful act 民事权利权利能力civil right 绝对权absolute right 相对权relative right 优先权right of priority 先买权preemption 原权antecedent right 救济权right of relief 支配权right of dominion 请求权right of claim 物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权right of formation 撤销权right of claiming cancellation

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