美国总统罗斯福的首次就职演说

美国总统罗斯福的首次就职演说
美国总统罗斯福的首次就职演说

美国总统罗斯福的首次就职演说

1933年 3月 4日

富兰克林·罗斯福就任美国总统之时,美国正在遭受经济危机的沉重打击。他在就职演说中呼吁美国人摆脱恐惧心理,迅速行动起来应付危机,并要求国会授予他广泛的行政权力。

值此我就职之际,同胞们肯定期望我以我国当前情势所要求的坦率和果断来发表演说。现在确实尤其有必要坦白而果敢地谈一谈真情实况,全部的真情实况。我们没有必要去躲闪,不去老老实实地面对我国今天的情况。我们的国家过去经得起考验,今后还会经得起考验,复兴起来,繁荣下去。因此,首先,允许我申明我的坚定信念:我们唯一值得恐惧的就是恐惧本身——会使我们由后退转而前进所需的努力陷于瘫痪的那种无名的、没有道理的、毫无根据的害怕。在我们国家生活中每一个黑暗的时刻,直言不讳、坚强有力的领导都曾经得到人民的谅解和支持,从而保证了胜利。我坚信,在当前的危机时期,你们也会再一次对领导表示支持。

我和你们都要以这样一种精神来面对共同的困难。感谢上帝,这些困难都只是物质方面的。价值贬缩到难以想象的程度;赋税增加了;我们纳税的能力则已降低;各级政府都遇到严重的收入减少;叹交换手段难逃贸易长流冰封,看工业企业尽成枯枝残叶;农场主的产品找不到市场;千万个家庭的多年积蓄毁于一旦。

更重要的是,大批的失业公民面临严峻的生存问题,而艰苦劳动却所得甚微的也不在少数。只有愚蠢的乐天派才能否认眼前的暗淡现实。

但是,我们的困难并不是由于实质上的失败。我们没有遭到什么蝗虫之害。我们的祖先笃信上帝,无所畏惧,因而所向披靡,比起他们的艰险,我们还该说是万幸。大自然的施惠不减,而人的努力更是使其倍增。我们手头并不匮乏,然而丰足却激发不起来慷慨的用度。这首先是因为掌握人类物品交换的统治者们的顽固和无能,他们承认失败而自动退位。贪得无厌的钱商们在舆论的法庭上被宣告有罪,是为人类思想感情上所厌弃的,他们也的确作了努力,但是他们的努力脱不开过时传统的巢臼。面对着信用的失败,他们的建议却仅是借贷更多的钱。他们失去了利润的吸引力,无法再使人民遵从他们的虚伪领导,于是他们就不惜进行敲诈,痛哭流涕地要求恢复对他们的信任。他们没有预见,而缺乏预见就要使人民遭殃。

钱商们从我们文化庙堂的高位逃走了。我们现在可以使那庙堂恢复传统的信念。能够恢复到什么程度,则看我们对于比金钱利润更高贵的价值观念予以运用的情况。

幸福并不建筑在仅仅拥有金钱上;它建筑在有所成就引起的欢乐,创造性工作所激发出的快感。一定不要在疯狂地追求瞬息即逝的利润中再去忘记劳动给我们带来的欢乐和精神上的鼓舞。我们在这些暗淡的日子里所付的代价将是完全值得的,如果我们从中汲取教训,认识到我们不应该听天由命,而应该让命运为我们自己和我们的同胞服务。

认识到把物质财富当作成功的标准是错误的,也就不会再相信担任公职和很高的政治地位之所以可贵仅仅在于官高禄厚;同时也必须终止金融业和商业中的一种作法,它常常使得神圣的委托浑似无情和自私的恶行。难怪信心在减退,因为只有诚实、荣誉感、神圣的责任心、忠贞的维护和无私的作为才能鼓舞信心;没有这一切,信心出就不能存在。

然而复兴并不仅仅要求改变道德观念。祖国要求行动起来,现在就行动起来。

我们的首要任务是给人民工作。我们只要明智而勇敢地承担起来,这项任务并不是不能解决的。部分地可以由政府直接招雇,象战时紧急状况那样,同时通过雇用这些人员来完成急需的工程,从而促进和改组我们自然资源的利用。

与此同时,我们还必须认识到工业中心已经人口过剩,因此应尽力把土地提供给最善于耕种的人,一方面使土地得到更好的利用,一方面在全国范围重新分配人口。为了促成此项工作,要采取具体措施提高农产品价值,从而提高对我们城市产品的购买力。要从实际出发制止对小房产和农场取消偿还抵押所造成的悲剧和日益严重的损失。要坚持由联邦和各州以及各地方政府立即采取行动支持大量削减抵押的要求.要把救济工作统一掌管起来以避免目前的分散、浪费和不均的现象。要把一切形式的交通运输和其他明确属于公用事业的设施置于国家计划和监督之下。总之,可以促成此项工作的方法是很多的,唯有空谈无用。我们必须行动起来,迅速行动起来。

最后,在恢复阶段中,我们需要避免旧秩序弊端重新出现的两项保证:必须严格监督一切银行储蓄、信贷和投资,以制止利用他人存款进行投机的活动;必须提供充分而有偿付能力的货币。

这就是我们的行动路线。我即将向新的国会的特别会议提出实施这些路线的具体措施,我还将要求各州立即提供支援。

通过此项行动纲领,我们将致力于整顿财政,平衡收支。我们的国际贸易关系虽然十分重要,但在时间性和必要性上必须从属于健全国民经济的任务。我主张采取切合实际的政策,分清轻重缓急。我一定竭尽一切努力通过国际经济调整来恢复同世界各地的贸易,但是国内的紧急状况是等待不得贸易上的成就的。

国家复兴的这些具体方法,其基本指导思想并不是狭隘的民族主义。我们首先考虑的是:坚持合众国国内的各种因素和合众国各个部分之间的互相依靠——承认美国拓荒精神的传统的和永远重要的体现。这是复兴的道路。这是直接的道路。这是复兴得以持久的最有力的保证。

在对外政策方面,我认为我国应该奉行睦邻政策——决心尊重自己,从而也尊重邻国的权利——珍视自己的义务,也珍视与所有邻国和全世界各国协议中所规定的神圣义务。

如果我对我国人民的情绪体会得正确,尽管我们过去在不能互相依靠时并不理解,我们现在则已经理解到:我们不能只要有所得。也要有所贡献;我们要前进,我们就必须象一支有训练而忠诚的军队那样,为了共同的纪律而乐意有所牺牲,因为没有这样的纪律就不可能前进,就不可能实现有效的领导。我相信我们愿意并且准备为这样的纪律献出我们的生命和财产,因为,只有实现这样的纪律,才能实现为了更高利益而奋斗的领导。我愿意提供这样的项导,保证使这些更高的目标将作为一种神圣义务对我们大家都有所约束,从而产生只有战时才出现过的共同责任感。

作了这项保证之后,我将无所顾忌地领导起我国人民组成的大军,纪律井然地逐一解决我们的共同问题。

我们有从先辈那里继承下来的政府形式,纪律井然地解决共同问题的行动是完全可能的。我们的宪法是简明扼要的,总是可以根据特殊的需要而在重点和安排上有所改变,而无需动摇其基本形式。正是因为如此,我们的宪政才不愧为现代世界所产生的最稳定持久的政治结构。它经受了领土的极度扩张、辛酸的内战、对外战争和国际关系的考验。

但愿正常的行政和立法分权完全足以应付我们所面对的史无前例的重任。然而,史无前例的要求和迅即行动的需要也可能使我们有必要暂时背离正常分权的公开程序。

我准备根据宪法赋予我的职责提出灾难深重的我国在当前灾难深重的世界中所需要采取的措施。这些措施,以及国会根据其本身经验和明智所决定的措施,我都将竭尽宪法所赋予我的权力迅即予以采纳。

然而,万一国会竟不能接受两类中之任一方式,万一全国紧急状况仍然严重,我也将决不回避职责明确向我提出的抉择。我会要求国会准许我使用应付危机的唯一剩余的手段——

向非常状况开战的广泛行政权力,就象在实际遭受外部敌人入侵时所应授予我的大权。

对于给予我的信任,我愿意拿出时代所要求于我的勇气和坚贞。我决不会有负众望。

我们瞻望前途的艰苦时日,深感国家统一所给予我们的温暖和勇气,明确必须遵循传统的宝贵道德观念,坚信不分老幼克尽其责必能取得圆满成功。我们务使国民生计获得全面和长久的保证。

我们对基本民主的未来并未失去信念。合众国的人民并未气馁。在困难中,他们作为选民提出的要求是直接而有力的行动。他们要求的是有领导的纪律和方向。他们已经选择我来作为实现他们愿望的工具。我也是以这样的精神来担当的。

值此全国奉献之际,我们恳请上帝赐福。祝愿上帝保佑我们全体和每一个人。祝愿上帝指引我前进。

(录自《罗斯福选集》,第1418页。)

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I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the Presidency I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our Nation impels. This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself--nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance. In every dark hour of our national life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory. I am convinced that you will again give that support to leadership in these critical days. 我和你们都要以这样一种精神来面对共同的困难。感谢上帝,这些困难都只是物质方面的。价值贬缩到难以想象的程度;赋税增加了;我们支付能力下降了;各级政府都遇到严重的收入短缺;交换手段在贸易贸易过程中遭到了冻结,工业企业尽成枯枝残叶;农场主的产品找不到市场;千万个家庭的多年积蓄付之东流。

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