外研版八年级上册英语语法总结.pdf

外研版八年级上册英语语法总结.pdf
外研版八年级上册英语语法总结.pdf

外研版,八年级,上册,英语,语法,总结,外研版,外研版英语八年级上册知识点总结

Module1:How to learn English

一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在进行时

1.一般现在时

(1)定义:

一般现在时表示经常或习惯性的动作或一般性事实。

(2)用法:

①表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如:The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。②表经常反复性发生的动作。如:I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。③表示客观现实。如:The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

④表示平日的喜好。I like bananas. We don’t like vegetables.

(3)构成:

①be动词:主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:I am a boy.我是一个男孩。

②行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We study English.我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it等)时,动词词尾有所变化。

第三人称单数动词词尾的变化有几种形式:

①一般情况加-s reads, says, takes

②sh、ch、s、x、o结尾的加-es teaches, washes, goes, misses, mixes

③以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i再加-es studies, cries, carries 如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。

Miss Gu teaches us English. 顾老师教我们英语。

(4)句式变化:①be动词的变化。

否定句:主句+be+not+其它。如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。一般疑问:Be+主语+其它。

如:-Are you a student? -Yes,I am. / No,I’m not. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句。如:Where is my bike? ②行为动词的变化。

否定句:主语+don’t(doesn’t)+动词原形(+其它)。如:I don’t like bread. 当主语为第三人称单数时,要用doesn’t构成否定句。如:He doesn’t often play...一般疑问句:Do( Does )+主语+动词原形+其它。如:- Do you often play football? - Yes,I do. / No,I don’t.当主语为第三人称单数时,要用does构成一般疑问句。

如:- Does she go to work by bike?

- Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.

特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。

如:How does your father go to work?

(5)标志:

频度副词:与every day(每天),always(总是),usually(通常),often(经常)sometimes (有时),seldom(几乎不),never(从不)等时间状语连用。

2.一般过去时

(1)定义

一般过去时用来表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态以及过去习惯性、反复性的动

作。

(2)构成

①Be动词的一般过去时在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词, am 、is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were

②实义动词的一般过去时肯定句要使用动词的过去式,否定句和疑问句要借助助动词do 和 does 的过去式 did.

动词过去式的规则变化:

①一般情况下,在动词原形后面加-ed。look→looked

②以不发音e结尾的动词,在词尾直接加-d。live→lived

③以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词,先将y 改为i ,再加–ed。study→studied try→tried fly→flied

⑤以重读闭音节(即辅音+元音+辅音)结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要先双写这

个辅音字母后,再加–ed。stop→stopped plan→planned prefer→preferred

不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。

(3)句式变化

①be动词的变化

肯定句:主语 + be(was , were) + 其它.

否定句:主语 + be(was , were) + not + 其它. (wasn’t/weren’t)

一般疑问句:Be(was , were) + 主语 + 其它?

特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+ be(was,were) + 主语 + 其它

②行为动词的变化

肯定句:主语 + 动词(过去式)+ 其它

否定句:主语+didn’t +动词(原形)+其它【did not = didn’t】

一般疑问句:Did + 主语+ 动词(原形)+ 其它【do , does的过去时均为did】?

特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它

(4)判断方法

①标志

yesterday , the day before yesterday (前天), last + 时间 , 时间 + ago , just now ,

in 1990(在1990年),at the age of,When i was 8...,this morning ,that day , in those days 等。

②根据语境和语义判断

Eg:She went to the cinema once a month when she was in Beijing.

She got up early, fetched water, cleaned the room and then went out for a walk. 她早早起床,提水,打扫房间然后出去散步。

3.一般将来时

(1)定义:

表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态或将来某段时间内经常的动作或状态

(2)构成:

①will(will可用于所有人称,shall只用于第一人称I和we)+动词原形

②be going to+动词原形

(3)句式变化:

①will do:

肯定句:主 + will do

否定句:主+ won’t do

一般疑问句:will + 主 + do

特殊疑问句:what/when/where/which + will + 主 + do

②be going to do:

肯定句:主 + be going to + do

否定句:主+be not going to + do

一般疑问句:be + 主 + going to + do

特殊疑问句:what/when等 + be +主+ going to + do

(4)标志词:

tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/ye ar…, in two years,in the future, soon, from now on, this evening/year…, three days later 等吗

(5)用现在进行时be doing表示将来时:go, come, leave, arrive,fly等表示位置转移的动词

如: Uncle Wang is coming王叔叔就要来了。

4.现在进行时

(1)定义:现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作,也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或

现阶段正在进行的动作。

(2)构成:am/is/ are+ v-ing

动词加ing的变化规则:

①一般情况下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking

②以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing,如:make-making, taste-tasting

③如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing,如:run-running, stop-stopping sit-sitting get-getting forget-forgetting begin-beginning

④以ie结尾的动词,改ie为y加ing ,如:die--dying死亡lie--lying

躺 tie--tying系

(3)句式变化:

1.否定句:主语+ be not+doing+其它

2. 一般疑问句:把be动词提前:Be+主语+doing+其它

3. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+be+主语+doing Eg.:what are you doing?

(4)标志

①表示说话时正在进行的动作常和now,right now连用,有时用一个动词如look(看)、listen (听)来表示(现在)这一时间概念。如:Look!A train is coming. Listen!He is playing the piano.

②表示现阶段正在进行着的动作但不一定是说话时正在进行。常和at present(目前)、this week(本周)、these days(这几天)等时间状语连用。What lesson are you studying this week?(说话时并不在学)

③现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作即是说可以用来代替将

来时,但此时,一般要与表示将来的时间状语连用,而且仅限于少量动词。如:go(去)、come (来)、leave(离开)、arrive(到达)、return(返回)、sleep(睡觉)…Are you going to Tianjing tomorrow?How many of you are Coming to the party next week?④be going to+动词原形这一句型表示即将发生的事或打算(准备)做的事,我们把它归在将来时里了。

she isn't going to speak at the meeting.注意:如果没有表示将来时间的状语,此类句子就可能指现在或现阶段的动作。Where are you going next week?用现在进行时表示将来时,因为有next week这一时间状语。Where are you going?

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at large(=at liberty, free)在逃,逍遥法外 at large(=in general)一般来说,大体上 at large(=at full length; with details)详细地 accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about)指控,控告 allow for (=take into consideration, take into account)考虑到,估计到。 amount to (=to be equal to)总计,等于。 answer for (undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for)对…负责。 abide by(=be faithful to ; obey)忠于;遵守 comply with (=act in accordance with a demand, order, rule etc.)遵守,依从 apply to sb. for sth. 为…向…申请 ; apply for申请; apply to 适用。 apply to 与…有关;适用 arise from(=be caused by)由…引起。 arrive on 到达; arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出,作出; arrive in 到达某地(大地方);

be ashamed of (=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth. done)以… 为羞耻 assure sb. of sth. (=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.)向…保证,使…确信。 attach(to)(=to fix, fasten; join)缚,系,结 attend to (=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意,照 顾;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after)侍候,照料 in accordance with (=in agreement with)依照,根据 on one’s o wn account 1)为了某人的缘故,为了某人自己的利益 2) (=at one’s own risk)自行负责 3)(=by oneself)依靠自己 on account赊账; on account of 因为; on no account不论什么原因也 不;of …account有…。.重要性。 take…into account(=consider)把。..考虑进去 account for (=give an explanation or reason for)解释,说明。 on account of (=because of)由于,因为。来源: be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于。 be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of)了解; (=to have met socially )熟悉

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