语言学-期末复习资料-整理版
Chapter one Introduction
一、定义
1.语言学Linguistics
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2.普通语言学General Linguistics
The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.
3.语言language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design Features
It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性
Productivity多产性
Duality双重性
Displacement移位性
Cultural transmission文化传递
⑴arbitrariness
There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions
⑵Productivity
Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.
⑶Duality
Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.
⑷Displacement
Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
⑸Cultural transmission
Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.
5.语言能力Competence
Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
6.语言运用performance
Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics
The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period
of time.
8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics
The study of a given language at a given time.
9.语言langue
The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
10.言语parole
The realization of langue in actual use.
11.规定性Prescriptive
It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.
12.描述性Descriptive
A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.
二、知识点
is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.
语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。
2.几种观点和现象的提出者：
⑴瑞士语言学家 Saussure Saussure:Langue和parole的区别
⑵ linguist 美国语言学家
in1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance
⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家
Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.
⑷ Linguist Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett
提出了语言的识别特征design features
word ’language’ preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.
Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。
order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.
is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判断题
drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。
三、问答题
are major branches of linguistics what does each study
Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the s ounds that occur in the world’s languages.
Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.
Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal stru cture of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.
Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.
Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.
do we say language is arbitrary
Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.
The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.
A typical example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’.
3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar
Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。
traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on’ high’ written language. 传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。
modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic why
Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.
现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。
enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings
Speech enjoys for the following reasons:
⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.
⑵A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing.
⑶speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.
is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study
Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
distinction between langue and parole
⑴langue is abstract, relatively stable ⑵parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation.
1/ What is linguistics
什么是语言学
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.
2/ The scope of linguistics
语言学的研究范畴
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学)
The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）
The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系学）
The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学）
The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax （句法学）
The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）
The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）
The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社会语言学）
The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理语言学）
The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （应用语言学） But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language.
Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人类语言学）neurological linguistics, （神经语言学） mathematical linguistics, （数字语言学）and computational linguistics. （计算机语言学）
3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics
语言学研究中的几对基本概念
Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写
If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.
Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not.
Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.
Speech and writing 口头语与书面语
Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.
Langue and parole 语言和言语
The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.
Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用
Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.
He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.
Chapter Two Phonology
一、定义
1.宽式音标Broad transcription
The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.
2.窄式音标Narrow transcription
The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.
3.清音Voiceless
When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds.
4.浊音Voicing
Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 5.元音Vowel
The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels.
6.辅音Consonants
The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at
some point of the vocal tract are called consonants.
7.音位Phoneme
The basic unit in phonology, it’s a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
8.音位变体Allophones
Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.
9.音素phone
A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, it’s a speech sound we use when speaking a language.
10.最小对立对Minimal pair
When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
11.超切分特征Suprasegmental
The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone.
12.互补分布complementary distribution P35
Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.
13.语言的语音媒介Phonic medium of language
The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language.
在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。
14.爆破音stops
When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive.
they are[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]
二、知识点
resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form.
2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing.
组成
⑴Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学longest established, mostly developed
⑵Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学
⑶Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学
/Organs of Speech
Pharyngeal cavity–咽腔
Oral ...–口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal …–鼻腔
tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other, the extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French.
《语言学纲要》考研复习资料全
语言学纲要》练习题参考答案 导言部分 （一）名词解释 1 ?语言：语言是一个音义结合的符号系统，是人类独有的、最重要的交际工具，同时也是思维工具。 2 ?语言学：语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展 及其在社会生活中的运用以及语言研究成果的应用问题，等等。分理论语言学和应用语言 学两个领域。 3 ?语文学：人类最早的语言研究是从解释古代文献开始的，是为了研究哲学、历史和文学 而研究语言的。我们把这种依附于其他学科存在的语言研究成为语文学。 4?小学”：在中国古代，小学先从教授字的形（六书）、音、义开始，就把研究文字、训诂、音韵方面的学问统称为小学。小学一直是经学的一部分，包括音韵学、训诂学、文字学三个分支学科。5?理论语言学：普通语言学的一个部分，与应用语言学相对。主要以语言系统的描写、语言运用机制、语言能力以及语言发展的历史为主要的研究对象。 （二）填空 1 ?古印度、古代中国、古希腊具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2?文言是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为文言文。 3 ?文字学、音韵学、训诂学是我国传统的语文学。 4 ?研究语言的结构，主要是研究语音、词汇、语法三个部分。 5 ?运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为编码、发送、传递、接收、解码五个阶段。 第一章语言的社会功能
一、名词解释 1. 语言的两个有限 任何一种语言都是一个音义结合的符号系统，其中作为基本符号的语素和词在数量上是有 限的，把语素或词组合起来构成词组或句子的规则也是有限的。语言的这两个有限性是区 别言语活动的基本特征。 2. 言语活动的两个无限 言语活动是以语言为工具展开的交际或思维活动，其中作为这个活动的最基本的单位一- 句子，在理论上可以是无限长的，在数量上可以是是无限多的。 3. 大脑左右半球分工 人类大脑左右半球分工不同，左脑主管语言、逻辑、书写及右侧肢体运动，而右脑主管色彩、空间感、节奏和左侧肢体运动。大脑两半球分工是人类特有的，但出生婴儿大脑两半球没有分工。 4. 非语言交际工具或副语言交际工具 人们在运用语言进行交际的时候，不但动嘴，而且脸部的表情、手的动作、乃至整个躯体的姿态等非语言的东西也都参加进来。我们这些非语言的交际工具称为副语言交际工具。副语言交际工具的使用范围非常有限，只能起辅助性的交际作用，以补充语言交际的某些 不足。 5. 辅助性交际工具 指的文字、旗语、电报代码等在语言的基础上产生的交际工具。这些交际工具若离开语言 就不能独立存在。其特点是：都有特殊的服务领域，使用的范围相当狭窄。
语言学概论期末考试范围
语言学概论期末复习 1. diachronic linguistics Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present. 2. arbitrariness Language is arbitrary for the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between the linguistic signs and their meanings is a matter of convention, and conventions differ radically across languages. 3. langue According to Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic systems shared by all the members of a speech community. It can be thought of as the generalized rules of the language that members of a speech community seem to abide by. 4. competence Chomsky defines competence as the abstract ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language. According to him, anyone who knows a language has internalized a set of rules about the sequences permitted in his language. This internalized set of rules is termed as a person's competence. 5. morpheme The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The “morpheme' is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which can not be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning. 6. Morphology Morphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation. So it refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed 7. Semantic triangle According to Ogden and Richard's semantic triangle, there is no direct link between language and the world, or between the symbol ( the linguistic elements, the word, the sentence) and referent ( the object in the world of experience). The link is via thought or reference, the concepts of our minds. 8. Lingua franca Lingua franca is the general term for a language that serves as a means of communication between different groups of speakers. 9. componential analysis Componential analysis is a way to analyze lexical meaning, and it defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components. 10. Cooperative Principle Cooperative Principle (CP) was proposed by Paul Grice, under which there are four maxims: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the
语言学复习资料 精整版
1、历史比较语言学：是运用历史和比较两种方法，发现几种语言在历史演变中的对应规律从而确定语言的亲属关系，构拟产生这些亲属语言的原始母语。 2、组合关系：语言符号与符号之间组成的言语链条关系叫组合关系。组合关系是一种现实的、有顺序的、可数的横向关系。 3、聚合关系：在链条某一环节上能够互相替换的，具有相同作用的符号聚积成类的关系叫聚合关系。聚合关系是一种联想的、无顺序、不易精确数出来的纵向关系。 4、语言的融合：一种语言战胜另一种语言或一种语言被另一种语言吞噬的现象，叫做语言的融合。 5、语言的层级性：语言系统是一套层级装置，底层是一套音位装置，上层分为语素、词、句子三层。 6、音素：音素是人类语言在一次发音中从音质角度切分出来的最小的语音单位。 7、音位：音位是具体语言在一类发音中从能否区别词或语素的角度划分或归并出来的最小的语音形式。 8、国际音标：国际音标是国际语音协会于1888年公布的一套记音符号。大部分符号采用拉丁字母，少数用希腊字母，还有的采用大小写、正反写、合体写或添加符号与改变符号等方法。国际音标可分为宽式音标和严式音标两种。它的优点是形体简便，记音准确、灵活、完备。 9、音位变体：可归并为同一个音位的各个音素，我们称之为音位变体。 10、非音质音位：利用音高、音长、音强这些非音质要素形成的音位叫非音质音位。 11、语义：指语音形式表现出来的语言和言语的全部内容，它包括语言意义和言语意义两大类。 12、义素：义素是对某个义位的语义特征进行分析后得到的最小的语义单位。 13、语义场:语义场就是归属于一个总称之下的在意义上紧密联系的一组词的义位的聚合体。 14、语境：语言环境简称语境，指人们用语言进行交际时的具体环境。 15、词：词是语言中可以独立运用的最小音义结合单位。 16、语素：语素是语言中不能独立运用的最小的音义结合单位。 17、词缀：词缀指附着在词根之上的语素，它对词义的构成起附加作用。 18、复合词：复合词由两个或两个以上的词根复合构成。例：汉语中的“火车”、“心疼”，英语中的“black-board(黑板)”、“rail-way(铁路)”。 19、重叠词：是由相同的词根相叠构成。如：看看、试试、多多等。 20、语法：语法是音义结合的各结构单位之间的组织规则的汇集，它包括词的构词、构形的规则和组词成句的规则。 21、词组：词组是实词与实词的有机组合。词组在句子中具有相当于词的作用，但它是比词大的语法单位。 22、语法范畴：是把同一性质的语法意义进一步综合概括所形成的语法意义的类别，如词形范畴与词类范畴等。 23、语法手段：对语法形式再概括所得出的类别就是语法手段，也叫语法方式，一般包括内部屈折法、附加法、重叠法、异根法、重音法、词序、虚词、语调、冠词、前置词和后置词、助动词等。 24、直接成分分析法：指从句法结构的外部形式，特别是隐形形式入手，对句子的直接组成成分进行分析的方法。由于句子的直接成分与句子的层次性一致，所以也叫层次分析法。 25、意音文字：一部分字符是义符，一部分字符是音符的文字是意音文字。 26、字符：字符也就是文字符号，是文字的最基本的单位，也就是直接跟某种语言单位相联系的符号。
语言学期末考试
1. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as _____linguistics. D A. applied B. diachronic C. comparative D. synchronic 2. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a __C__ formula "S→NP VP". A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical 3. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A A. [p] B.[m] C.[b] D.[t] 4. The words ―make‖ and ―bus‖ are called _____D____because they can occur unattached. A. derivational morphemes B .inflectional morphemes C. bound morphemes D. free morphemes 5. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are____B______. A. gradable antonymy B. relational (converse) antonymy C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms 6. The semantic components of the word ―man‖ can be expressed as ____C___. A.＋animate,＋human,＋male,－adult; B.＋animate,＋human,－male,－adult; C.＋animate,＋human,＋male,＋adult D.—animate,＋human,－male,－adult 7. What kind of function does the sentence ―How do you do?‖ have? B A. Directive B. Phatic C. Informative D. Evocative 8. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as_______A____. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words 9. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?______A_. A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 10. The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called __C? A. morphology B. sociolinguistics C. pragmatics D. psycholinguistics 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.
语言学整理
语言学模拟题（干明版） 一、填空题 1.语言是人类社会的（最重要的交际工具），而且也是思维的（最有效的工具）。 2.语言符号具有（任意性）和（线条性）特点。 3.语言的底层是一套（音位），上层是符号和符号的（序列），可以分为若干级，第一级是（语素），第二级是（词）， 第三级是由词构成的句子。 4.语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是（组合关系） 和（聚合关系）。 5.（组合）关系是指构成线性序列的语言成分之间的结构关系，（聚合）关系是指在线性序列的同一位置上不同结 构单位的替换规则。 6.从物理属性角度看，语音具有（音高）、（音重）、（音长）、（音质）四个要素，汉语的声调，就是由于（音高）的 变化形成的。 7.人类发音器官分（动力）、（发音体）、（共鸣器）三大部分，（共鸣器）部分主要作用是调节气流，许多不同的音 素，就是这一部分的变化形成的。 8.音素可分（元音）和（辅音）两大类，其区别的根本点是发音时气流在口腔中是否（受阻碍）。 9.元音的音质是由（舌位高低）、（舌位前后）、（嘴唇圆展）三个方面决定的，例如[A]是（舌位低）（舌面中）（不 圆唇）。 10.辅音的发音特征是由（发音部位）（发音方法）决定的。例如[p]是（双唇）（清）（塞）（不送气）。 11.具体语言中具有区别词的语音形式的作用的最小语音单位就是（音位）。 12.音位变体可分（条件变体）、（自由变体）两类，例如汉语某些方言中，声母“l”可以无条件地换成“n”，这两 个音位就是（自由变体）。 13.汉语音节可分（声母）（韵母）（声调）三部分，其中（韵母）又可分（韵头）、韵腹和（韵尾）。 14.汉语i和y 的区别是（圆唇与否）不同，其它两个方面都相同。 15.人们在说话时，常常把[toufu]（豆腐）说成[touf]，这种音变现象叫做（脱落）。 16.语法的（组合规则）和（聚合规则）构成一种语言的语法规则。 17.我们可以根据语素在词中的不同作用把它们分为三类，例如happinesses中，es是（词尾），ness是（后缀）， happi是（词根）。 18.合成词“发指”的结构方式是（陈述式）。 19.“西瓜大”和“大西瓜”的（词序）不同，结果语法意义也不一样。 20.词的组合有五种基本方式，例如“研究问题”是（述宾结构），“跑得很快”是（述补结构），“火速准备”是（偏 正结构），“我们努力”是（主谓结构）。 21.孤立语的主要特点是缺乏（词形变化）；屈折语的主要特点是有丰富的（词形变化）。 22.基本词汇具有（普遍性）、（稳固性）、（能产性）三个特点。 23.（一般性）、（模糊性）、(全民性)是词义概括性的三个重要的表现形式。 24.多义词有多项意义，最初的那项意义叫（本义），离开上下文人们就能知道的那项意义叫（中心意）。例如“老” 有“年纪大”、“经常”、“过去的”等意义，“年纪大”是（本义），其余的是（派生意）。 25.派生义的产生方式主要有（隐喻）和（换喻）两种。 26.反义词可分（相对反义词）和（绝对反义词）两类。例如“老年”与“少年”是（相对反义词）。 27.文字突出的作用是打破了有声语言的（时间）、（空间）的局限性，扩大了有声语言的使用范围。 28.文字包括（字形）、（字音）、（字义）三个方面，这三方面在文字中缺一不可。 29.在文字产生以前，人类使用（实物记事）和（图画记事）帮助记忆。 30.各种不同体系的意音文字都包含（表意字）、（表音字）和（形声字）三种不同类型的字形。 31.人类造字的方法主要有（表意）和（表音）两种。 32.（渐变性）和（不平衡性）是语言发展的两大特点。 33.语言的发展中，（词汇）的变化速度最快，（语音）次之，而（语法）的演变最为缓慢。 34.在一个多民族的国家中，各民族之间往往还需要一个共同的交际工具，这就是所谓的（国家共同语），我国的（普 通话）就是这样的一种共同语。
《语言学概论》期末试卷-语言学概论期末考试
《语言学概论》期末试卷 1.( 单选题 ) 下列关于“语言”的说法 ,不正确的一项是 (D )(本题 2.0 分) A、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的 B、语言是一个符号系统 C、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征 D、 语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变 2.( 单选题 ) 下列元音音素都是后元音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[u, ε] B、[α, Λ] C、[α,y] D、[o, a] 3.( 单选题 ) 下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[k, 1] B、[p, k] C、[p, n] D、[t, v] 4.( 单选题 ) 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是
( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、音位 B、音素 C、音节 D、音渡 5.( 单选题 ) 汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别为[uo]和[te],而在实际语流中 ,“我的”发音是 [uo de],这是语流音变中的( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、顺同化现象 B、逆同化现象 C、弱化现象 D、异化现象 6.( 单选题 ) 语音的本质属性是 (C )(本题 2.0 分) A、物理属性 B、生理属性 C、社会属性 D、心理属性 7. ( 单选题) 英语“ students”中的“ -s”是 ( C)(本题 2.0 分)
A、虚词语素 B、词根语素 C、构形语素 D、构词语素 8. ( 单选题) 从词的构造方式看, 下列各项中属于复合词的是( D)(本题 2.0 分) A、木头 B、念头 C、苦头 D、山头 9.( 单选题 ) 划分词类的最本质的标准是 (A )(本题 2.0 分) A、分布标准 B、意义标准 C、形态标准 D、逻辑标准 10.( 单选题 ) 下面词组中 ,结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是( D)(本题 2.0 分) A、年轻漂亮/朴素大方 B、我们大家/首都北京
语言学概论期末考试题
语言学概论 一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分} 1．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的辅助性交际工具。 B．语言就是说话，说话就是语言。 C．语言是一种特殊的社会现象。 D．语言具有地方色彩，说明语言不具有社会性。 2．下列说法只有是错误的。 A．汉语的声调是由音高变化形成的。 B．语言中的轻重音是由音重变化形成的。 C．音位具有区别词形的作用。 I)．音素具有区别词形的作用。 3．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．“老”可以同“新、旧、少、嫩”等构成反义词。 B．“大”和“小”是绝对对立的反义词。 C．“红”与“黑”这对反义词具有非此即彼的关系。 D．反义词“冷”和“热”具有相对性。 4．下列说法只有____正确。 A．意译词如“激光”、“电话”都是借词。 B．仿译词如“机关枪”、“铁路”都是借词。 C．“尼姑”、“和尚”、“玻璃”是借词。 D．“爱神”、“北极熊”、“超人”都是借词。 5．下列词义的变化，属于词义的缩小。 A．“meat”原指菜肴，现在指荤菜。 B．“走”本义是跑，现在指步行。 C．“江”原指长江，今泛指江河。 D．“book”原指一种树木，今指成本的著作。 1．C 2．D 3．D 4．C 5．A 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4.下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 I)．语法的聚合规则存在”ji【j头沿吉中 5．单纯阋就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 【！．词缀
语言学复习资料
下定义 1.(P3)Sociolinguistics(社会语言学): The studies of all the social aspects of language and its relation with society is called sociolinguistics. 2.(P7)Language（语言）: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 3.(P8)Arbitrariness（任意性）: This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 4.(P2)Phonetics（语音学）：Phonetic refers to the study of sounds used in linguistic communication. 5.(P16)Voicing（浊音化）: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds. 6.(P26)Assimilation rule（同化规则）: The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. 7.(P29)Intonation（语调）: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. 8.(P42)Syntax（句法）: Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 9.(P42)Category（范畴）: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 10.(P48)Complementizers（补语化成分）:Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed complementizers. 11.(P53)Head movement（中心语移动）: The movement of a word from the head position in one phrase into the head position in another is known as head movement. 12.(P64-65)Linguistic context（语言语境）: The linguistic context is concerned with the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word. 13.(P66)Reference（所指）: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.
语言学期末复习资料整理版
Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period
英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案
英语语言学期末考试试卷 第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt. D. and the details are acquired by instinct 4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. allophone C. phoneme D. sound 5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. free D. word-forming 6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. A. obligatory B. optional C. selectional D. arbitrary 7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________. A. Grice B. Plato C. Saussure D. Ogden and Richards 8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A. utterance B. reference C. predication D. morpheme 10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A. a perlocutionary act B. a locutionary act
《语言学纲要》(叶蜚声版)复习资料
《语言学纲要》（叶蜚声、徐通锵版）复习资料 一、语言学纲要期末复习要注意的几个问题 复习语言学概论课程，总的要求是：弄清楚基本概念的准确含义，抓住重点，全面复习。“语言学概论”是语言学方面的一门基础课，重点讲授语言学的基本概念、基础知识和基本理论，是我们今后进一步学习本科阶段的其它语言类课程和撰写语言方向毕业论文的理论基础，在整个专业中具有非常重要的地位。现在这门课的学习即将结束，要进行复习考试，弄清楚基本概念的准确含义自然是一个最基本的要求；这一点做到了，基础知识和基本理论的掌握也就不会有什么大的障碍。复习的时候应抓住重点，就是要根据我们的考核说明规定的重点进行复习；但“抓住重点”不是“只学重点”，而是要通过重点问题的复习达到全面复习的目的，不要自己从主观愿望出发来划定复习范围。复习的总要求可以从以下几个方面来理解： 第一，吃透内容要点 复习不但要掌握比较重大的要点，弄清楚各个章节的框架结构，对各个重点内容的要点也要非常熟悉，每个要点要求都能展开阐述，比如基本词汇的特点，什么是全民常用，什么是稳固，什么是有构词能力，这些特点相互之间是怎样影响的，都必须能结合实例说出个所以然来。如果复习不全面不细致，理解问题不深入透彻，遇到这样的问题恐怕就只能是干巴巴的条款了，那样是很难取得优异成绩的，也不符合本课程掌握基础知识、基本概念、基本理论的“三基”的要求。 第二，掌握常用的名词概念 专门就名词概念提出复习要求，这是因为两个方面的原因：一方面，名词概念是一门学科体系的重要组成部分，是学科知识的基础部分，学科体系在很大程度上是通过一系列的名词概念串连起来的。另一方面，期末试题名词解释题目还是一个考核重点，而且还占有非常重的分量。不但如此，而且在填空、选择、问答题里都要涉及重要的名词概念，至于占试题主要内容的分析题，更是离不开名词概念，否则就无从下手分析。例如：合成词、词与词的组合方式、词组的层次分析等，都涉及到名词概念。 名词概念分两个层次要求：一个层次是对名词概念要求理解其内涵，能结合问题进行分析、解释，能举例说明；一个层次名词概念主要是一些涉及到下位概念的名词，要求理解其内涵，能结合语言实际进行类别分析辨认。我们在中央电大编辑部发行的《期末复习指导》中列出了一些重点名词，复习可参考这部分内容，我们今天也重点介绍一下。 第三，弄清基本理论知识并能灵活地加以运用。 本课程是一门理论性很强的课程，因此，复习首先要注意把基本理论吃透。所谓吃透，就是能理解其内容，能灵活运用理论来分析问题，而不是死记硬背。当然，我们强调灵活运用，不是反对有关的记忆，一些基本知识，课程内容的框架，还是应该搞清楚，这样才能做到成竹在胸，所以复习时对所学的知识还要进行必要的梳理，比如像国际音标和元音辅音的发音特点，就必须强化记忆。 第四，加强实践练习。 本课程理论性比较强，内容比较抽象，理解、把握起来也有一定难度。要真正吃透理论
《语言学概论》期末B卷 答案解析
丽水学院 —学年第一学期期终考试试卷答案（B卷）课程语言学概论使用班级 班级：学号：姓名： 一、填空题（本大题共14空格，每空格1分，共14分） 1．在中国，早期的语言研究主要是围绕着汉字的字义、字音、字形进行的，产生了训诂学、音韵学、文字学三个分支，统称为“小学”。 2．被尊称为“19世纪的亚里土多德”的德国哲学家和数学家弗雷格于1892年提出预设的概念，他的理论被公认为人工智能的理论基础。 3．每个元音的音质是由舌位前后、舌位高低、圆唇与否3个方面的因素决定的。 4.语言的变异可以分为地域变异、社会变异和功能变异等3类。 5．言语行为理论的创始人是英国道德哲学家奥斯汀，他认为，语句有命题意义和施为意义两层意义。 二、判断是非题：对的写“√”，错的写“×”（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） （√）1．语言是一种符号系统。 （√）2．肺是人类发音的动力站，声带是发音体。 （×）3．元音发音时，声带不一定振动，辅音发音时，声带一定要振动。（√）4．超音质音位又叫“超音段音位”或“非音质音位”。 （×）5．在现代汉语普通话中，[b]和[p]是两个音位。 （√）6．福建“沙县县”简称为“沙县”体现了语言的经济机制。
（×）7．词序和虚词是俄语最重要的语法手段。 （√）8．语法手段中的“零形式”也表示语法意义。 （√）9．就其实质而言，语法规则表现的就是组合关系或聚合关系。（×）10．湖南江永的“女书”体现了语言的性别变异。 三、选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） （②）1．语言符号的符号是： ①声音②文字③它所代表的事物④发音器官（④）2．我国青海五屯话是一种： ①皮钦语②洋泾浜③新美拉尼西亚语④克里奥尔语（③）3．合作原则理论的最早提出者是： ①奥斯汀②利奇③格赖斯④莫里斯（④）4．英语的man→men采用的语法手段是： ①异根式②重音③词缀④内部屈折（③）5．关于元音和辅音的区别，正确的描述是： ①元音发音时间短暂，辅音发音时间较长。 ②辅音发音响亮，元音发音不响亮。 ③发辅音气流受阻，发元音气流不受阻。 ④发元音和辅音发音器官的各个部位均衡紧张。 （④）6．俄语、汉语、日语3种语言所属的语法结构类型按次序是：①粘着语-屈折语-孤立语②屈折语-粘着语-孤立语 ③孤立语-屈折语-粘着语④屈折语-孤立语-粘着语（③）7．与“春光明媚”结构相同的组合是： ①阳光的温暖②马上开始
《语言学概论》期末试卷
语言学概论》期末试卷 1. (单选题） 下 列关于“语言”的说法,不正确的一项是（D ）（本题2.0 分） A 、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的B 、 语言是一个符号系统 C 、 语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征D 、 语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变 2. (单选题） 下 卜列兀音音素都是后兀音的一组是（B）本题2.0分） A 、[u, ￡] B 、 [a , A ] C 、 [a ,y] D 、[o, a] 3. (单选题） 下 F列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是（B）（本题2.0分） A 、[k, 1] B 、[p, k] C 、[p, n] D 、[t, v] 4. （单选题）从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是
(A)(本题2.0分) A 、音位 B 、 曰素 C 、 音节 D 、 音渡 5.(单选题）汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别 为［uo］和［te］,而在实际语流中，“我的”发音是［uo de］,这是语流音变中的（A）本题2.0分） A 、顺同化现象 B 、 逆同化现象 C 、 弱化现象 D 、 异化现象 6.(单选题）语音的本质属性是（C ）本题2.0分） A 、物理属性 B 、 生理属性 C 、 社会属性 D 、 心理属性 7.（单选题）英语“students”中的“-s”是（C）本题2.0分）
A 、虚词语素 B 、 词根语素 C 、 构形语素 D 、 构词语素 8.(单选题）从词的构造方式看，下列各项中属于复合词的是（D）本题2.0分） A 、木头 B 、 念头 C 、 苦头 D 、 山头 9.(单选题）划分词类的最本质的标准是（A ）（本题2.0分） A 、分布标准 B 、 意义标准 C 、 形态标准 D 、 逻辑标准 10.（单选题）下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不冋的一组是（D）本题2.0分） A 、年轻漂亮/朴素大方 B 、我们大家/首都北京 C、铁路民航/工人农民 D、贯彻执行/讨论研究