段落翻译(原文+译文)
段落翻译(原文+译文）
1. 参与并取胜，这就是奥林匹克精神。他表现于弱者敢于向强者挑战，也表现于强者力争取得更好的成绩。胜而又胜，优而更优，这种理想一直鼓舞着运动员奋力前进。他会尽其所能，争取优胜，永不松懈，永不罢休。有人说竞技者终究逃脱不了失败，即使是最佳运动员也会被更强者所淘汰——这就是竞技运动的规律。然而运动员却从不为这种不可避免的失败而气馁，仍然奋力拼搏争取最佳发挥。并对自己在奥林匹克运动中为争取更好成绩已尽了一份力而心满意足。他会自豪地说他的青春没有虚度。（221字）
【参考译文】
To participate and win — that is the Olympic spirit. It finds expression in the weak daring to defy the strong, and the strong striving for ever better performance. “Ever better”— the ideal is always luring a sportsman forward. He will do everything he can for it, never relax, never give up. It is said that none of the competitors can avoid being defeated — even the best is to be surpassed by someone still stronger. This is rule of sports. However, undaunted by the inevitable failure, the sportsman is always striving to do the best he can and content with the fact that he has done his bit for the “ever better” records in the Olympic Games. He will say proudly that he has not lived his youth in vain.
(陈艳粉供稿）
2. 中国，一个值得自豪的文明古国，大约有5000年悠久和神秘的历史。像世界上其它大多数文明一样，中国历史可以溯源到最初的原始部落，后来逐步融合扩大，直至成为今天伟大的国家。
中国社会的发展经历了五个主要阶段——原始社会，奴隶社会，封建社会，半殖民地半封建社会和社会主义社会。几乎从一开始，伟大朝代的兴衰就贯穿了整个中国历史。1949年10月1日中华人民共和国成立以来，中国已经成为一个社会主义国家，越来越强盛。（198字）
【参考译文】
China, one of the countries that can boast of an ancient civilization, has a long and mysterious history—almost 5,000 years of it! Like most other great civilizations of the world, China can trace her culture back to a blend of small original tribes which have expanded till they become the great country we have today.
Chinese society has progressed through five major stages—Primitive Society, Slave Society, Feudal Society, Semi-feudal and Semi-colonial Society, and Socialist Society. The rise and fall of
the great dynasties forms a thread that runs through Chinese history, almost from the beginning. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1st, 1949, China has become a socialist country and become stronger and stronger.
(陈艳粉供稿）
3.
在指南针发明以前，人们在茫茫大海上航行，只能靠太阳和星星的位置辩认方向，如果遇上阴雨天，就会迷失方向。是中国人发明的指南针帮助人们解决了这个难题。指南针是指示方向的仪器。早在战国时期（The Warring States Period (475BC-221BC)，中国人就发现了磁石（magnet）指示南北的特性，并根据这种特性制成了指示方向的仪器——司南(sinan)。到了宋代，人们制成了罗盘（luopan）。指南针的发明，给航海事业带来了划时代的影响，世界航运史也由此翻开了新的一页。（195字）
【参考译文】
Before the compass was invented, most people identified the direction at sea, only depending upon the position of the sun and stars. If it was cloudy or rainy, people would lose their direction. It was the compass, invented by the Chinese people, that solved this problem. The compass is the instrument used for indicating direction. As early as the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC), the Chinese discovered that a magnet could be applied to indicate the south and north, and a direction-indicating instrument sinan was made on the basis of this feature. In the Song Dynasty, people created a compass called luopan. The invention of the compass has an epoch-making influence on navigation, thereby opening up a new era in the history of international navigation.
(陈娴供稿)
4.
和为贵
中华传统文化底蕴深厚，博大精深。“和”在中国古代历史上被奉为最高价值，是中华文化的精髓。“和为贵”的文化传统，哺育了中华民族宽广博大的胸怀。中华民族，既能像大地承载万物一样，宽厚包容；又能像苍天刚健运行一样，彰显正义。
国强必霸，不适合中国。称霸，既有悖于我们的文化传统，也违背中国人民意志。中国的发展不损害任何人，也不威胁任何人。中国要做和平的大国，学习的大国，合作的大国，
致力于建设一个和谐的世界。（199字）
【参考译文】
The traditional Chinese culture is rich, extensive and profound. Harmony, the supreme value cherished in ancient China, lies at the heart of the Chinese culture, which has nurtured the broad mind of the Chinese nation. The Chinese nation is generous and tolerant, just as Mother Earth cares for all living things and s he is in constant pursuit of justice, just as the eternal movement of the Universe.
The argument that a big power is bound to seek hegemony does not apply to China. Seeking hegemony goes against China’s cultural tradition as well as the will of the Chinese people. China’s development harms no one and threatens no one. We shall be a peace-loving country, a country that is eager to learn from and cooperate with others. We are committed to building a harmonious world.
（陈颖供稿）
5. 儒家思想是中国传统文化的基石。它出现在大约2，500年前的春秋（the Spring and Autumn Period），是建立在夏、商、周朝的传统文化之上，并由孔子创立的完整观念体系（ideological system）。儒家思想博大精深，涵盖了人文，政治，法律，教育，哲学，道德各个领域。儒家文化以人本哲学（humanistic philosophy）为依托，这表现在它对人类个体的尊敬，关注和热爱。总而言之，儒家文化是世界文化遗产的重要组成部分，是东方文化的代表，也是中国文化传统的中流砥柱。（191字）
【参考译文】
Confucianism is the cornerstone of traditional Chinese culture. Founded about 2,500 years ago in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucianism is a complete ideological system created by Confucius, based on the traditional culture of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties. It is extensive and profound, covering the fields of humanity, politics, law, education, philosophy and ethics. Confucian culture rests on humanistic philosophy, which is shown in its respect for, attention to and love for human individuals. In brief, Confucian culture is an important component of world culture heritage, a major representative of oriental culture, and the dominant facet of Chinese cultural tradition.
(李玉萍供稿）
6.
中国制造企业似乎无所不能，小到苹果产品iPad，大到高铁、甚至世界领先的电信设备，生产的商品包罗万象，但却似乎生产不了一个自己的精致小手袋。
没错，从Prada到苹果的全球顶级公司都把外包合约给了中国，但人们却很难找到哪怕是一个以质取胜的中国品牌。不仅奢侈品行业是这样，汽车、智能手机、家用电器等行业也不例外。在中国要想找到高水平的工艺也是个难题，特别是像手表和珠宝这类复杂精巧的物品。
【参考译文】
Chinese companies build iPads, high-speed trains and world-class telecom gear, but they can't seem to make their own fancy handbag.
It's true that global giants from Prada to Apple source goods from China, but it is difficult to name a single Chinese brand that is known for its quality products. That's true not just in luxury, but also in automobiles, smartphones and home appliances. Trying to find quality craftsmanship in China is also a hard job, especially when it comes to complex items such as watches and jewelry.
(卢桂冬供稿）
7.
中国政府历来不会一下子进行重大而大胆的变革，总是以渐进的方式进行带有风险的新尝试。中国逐步推进人民币国际化进程就是一个很好的例子。上海自由贸易区的成立也是如此。它是中国政府进一步改革的试验田。今日的上海已经拥有400多家跨国公司地区总部以及全球几乎所有大型银行的办事机构，在上海进行下一轮经济试验具备一定条件。（153字）
【参考译文】
The Chinese government historically hasn't made big, bold changes all at once, but has taken incremental approaches to new and risky ventures. The step-by-step internationalization of the yuan is a good example. So is Shanghai’s free-trade zone. It is the experimental field of Chinese further reform. Shanghai, with more than 400 regional headquarters for multinationals and offices for nearly all major global banks, is ripe for the next round of economic experiments.
(卢桂冬供稿）
8.
中国正在强化其作为汽车行业最重要市场的形象。中国汽车销售与去年相比增长了13%。业界观察人士预测今年中国汽车总销量将超过2千万辆。
相比之下，预计美国将售出略多于1500万辆汽车。中国市场的重要性在上月的上海车展上可见一斑，业界代表展示了产品设计以满足中国日益增长的豪华车以及大空间车辆的需求。
对顶级汽车需求的上升是中国作为一个经济超级大国崛起的标志。专家们表示，到2015年，SUV（多功能越野车）销量可能会翻番。
【参考译文】
China is strengthening its image as the most important market for the auto industry. Chinese auto sales are up 13 percent from one year ago. Industry observers are predicting total sales of over 20 million vehicles this year.
By comparison, a little more than 15 million vehicles are expected to be sold in the United States. The importance of the Chinese market could be seen last month at the Shanghai auto show, industry representatives there were showing products design to meet China's growing demand for luxury cars, and larger vehicles.
The rising demand for top quality automobiles is a sign of China's rise as an economic superpower. And experts say SUV sales are likely to double by 2015.
（罗灵江供稿）
9. 早在殷商时期，我们华夏祖先便已确立了东、南、西、北、中五个方位。太阳初升的东方代表了冬去春来、万物繁衍昌盛的景象。位于中国东部的泰山一直被视为吉祥之地。古代帝王择泰山登临，供以祭品，祭祀天地，为国家的繁荣祥和而祈祷。据历史记载，西周前已有72位君主登临泰山祭祀。此后，中国历史上第一个皇帝秦始皇，以及汉、唐、宋、清等朝代的皇帝，都亲自登临泰山祭祀。（173字）
【参考译文】
Dating back to Yin and Shang periods (1766B.c.—1122B.C.), our Chinese ancestors established the five directions of north, south, east, west and center. The east, where the sun rises, represents
life’s fertility with the end of winter and coming of spring. Taishan, located in East China, has been regarded as a propitious place. Ancient emperor s prayed for the country’s prosperity and peace by offering sacrifices to Heaven and Earth on Taishan. According to historical records, prior to the Western Zhou Dynasty (1122B.C.—771B.C.), 72 monarchs climbed the mountain to perform sacrifices. They were then followed by Qinshihuang, China’s first emperor, and the emperors of the Han, Tang, Song and Qing Dynasties.
------英语范文背诵精华https://www.360docs.net/doc/6316421898.html,/English/talkingbook/39439/
（钱虹供稿）
10.
中国人饮茶，注重一个"品"字。"品茶"不但是鉴别茶的优劣，也带有神思遐想和领略饮茶情趣之意。在百忙之中泡上一壶浓茶，择雅静之处，自斟自饮，可以消除疲劳、涤烦益思、振奋精神，也可以细啜慢饮，达到美的享受，使精神世界升华到高尚的艺术境界。（117字）
【参考译文】
The Chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on the act of "savoring." "Savoring tea" is not only a way to discern good tea from mediocre tea, but also a means to take delight in their reverie and in tea-drinking itself. Snatching a bit of leisure from a busy schedule to make a kettle of strong tea and securing a serene space to serve and drink tea by yourself can help banish fatigue and frustration, improve your thinking ability and inspire you with enthusiasm. You may imbibe it slowly in small sips to appreciate the subtle allure of tea-drinking, until your spirits soar up and up into a sublime aesthetic realm.
（王津供稿）
11.
The origins of Chinese music can be dated back to distant antiquity. Approximately 3000 years ago, European music was experiencing its first rustlings of life whereas a complete musical theory and sophisticated musical instruments began to appear in China, owing largely to the orthodox ritual music advocated by Confucius. Chinese music is the body of vocal and instrumental music composed and played by Chinese people. For several thousands of years
Chinese Culture was dominated by the teachings of the philosopher Confucius, who conceived of music in the highest sense as a means of calming the passions and of dispelling unrest and lust, rather than as a form of amusement.
中国音乐的起源可以追溯到遥远的古代。大约3000年前，欧洲音乐正在经历其生命的浑沌初开, 而完整的音乐理论的建立和复杂的乐器的发明则开始于中国，这大多归因于孔子倡导的正统的礼乐。中国音乐以声乐和器乐为主体，由国人作曲和演奏。数千年来，中国文化由哲学家孔子的思想占主导，他设想音乐的最高意境是作为舒缓激情和消除浮躁和欲望的手段，而不是作为娱乐的形式。
（王津供稿）
12.
中国最新的载人航天飞船上周四与空间站对接成功，三名宇航员登上天宫一号空间站，那里将是他们下周的居住地。神舟十号对接空间实验将由自动化控制。进入太空实验室之后船员们换上了他们在空间内的蓝色连身衣。他们将在空间实验室中停留12天，宇航员们将进行手动对接练习和进行科学实验，他们还将提供一系列科学讲座，增加在青少年的中国太空计划的普及。
【参考译文】
China's latest manned space capsule docked with an orbiting space station last Thursday, and the three astronauts climbed aboard what will be their home for the next week. Automated controls guided the Shenzhou-10's docking with the space lab. After entering the space lab, the crew exchanged their space gear for blue jumpsuits. During their 12-day stay at the lab, the astronauts will perform a manual docking exercise and conduct scientific experiments. They will also deliver a series of science lectures —part of an outreach to increase the space program's popularity among younger Chinese.
（汪琴供稿）13. 人类到处都在改变着自然界的平衡。他帮助动植物进入新的地区，有时是有意的，有时
是无意的。他正在用新的植物种类，或者用房屋、工厂、炉渣堆或其他的文明产物覆盖大片的土地。他使有些物种大批消亡，却造成有利条件使另外一些物种成倍地增加。总之，人类在五千年内比大自然在五百万年内做了更多的事来改变地球的生态。
【参考译文】
Everywhere man is altering the balance of nature. He is facilitating the spread of plants and animals into new regions, sometimes deliberately, sometimes unconsciously. He is covering huge areas with new kinds of plants, or with houses, factories, slag-heaps(炉渣堆) and other products of his civilization. He exterminates (消灭) some species on a large scale, but favours the multiplication of others. In brief, he has done more in five-thousand-year to alter the biological aspect of the planet than has nature in five million.
（吴小梅供稿）
14. 京剧表演融合了唱、念、作、打等多种艺术表现形式，辅以五彩缤纷的服装道具以及化妆。在京剧中，女性的角色被称做“旦”，男性的角色被称做“生”，小丑被称做“丑”。每个角色都会依照他们的性别、年龄及个性，在脸上画不同的脸谱，这样，观众可以很容易地分清这些演员所扮员的角色是什么样的性格。化妆、服饰、行头—这些都是令人称奇的艺术品。（161字）
【参考译文】
Peking Opera combines stylized acting with singing, dancing, musical dialogues, martial arts, colorful facial make-up and fantastic costumes. Female roles are called “Dan”, male roles are called “Sheng”, and clowns “Chou”. Each role, according to their sex, age and disposition, is characterized by different designs of facial make-up, so the audience can easily tell what kind of character an actor is performing. Facial make-up, costumes and head-dresses are wonderful works of traditional art.
(杨晓萍供稿）
15.
京剧脸谱来源于生活，常常形容人的脸色的变化，比如说：吓得煞白，臊得通红，晒得漆黑，病得脸色蜡黄等等。脸谱就是把这种夸张的说法，再用夸张的手法画在脸上。用来描
写人物的正直、刚烈，常常画红脸，比如关羽。奸险狡诈之人如曹操，常画白脸，而铁面无私的包公形象则用黑脸来代表，等等。(135字）
【参考译文】
Lian Pu, the facial designs of Peking Opera, originated from daily life experience, describing such changes of expression as white for fear, red for shyness, dark for suntan, and sallow for illness. It is the exaggerative display of these expressions painting on the faces of different characters. For instance, red stands for loyal, courageous and upright people, like Guan Yu; white for sinister and cunning people, like Cao Cao; black for just and selfless people, like Bao Gong.
(杨晓萍供稿）
16.每年农历的正月十五日是元宵节。早在东汉时期它就是一个重大的节日。
元宵主要的活动就是看灯。东汉明帝时期，明帝提倡佛教，听说佛教有正月十五日僧人观佛舍利，点灯敬佛的做法，就命令这一天夜晚在皇宫和寺庙里点灯敬佛。以后这种佛教礼仪节日逐渐形成民间盛大的节日。该节经历了由宫廷到民间，由中原到全国的发展过程。（149字）
猜灯谜也是元宵节的一项重要活动，花灯的主人会将谜面写纸上挂在灯笼上，如果有人可以猜中，将纸撕下，就能得到小小的礼物。这项活动最早起源于宋朝，因为谜语能启迪智慧又饶有兴趣，所以流传过程中深受社会各阶层的欢迎。（103字）
【参考译文】
The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month. As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 25), it became a festival with great significance.
This day's important activity is watching lanterns. Throughout the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220), Buddhism flourished in China. Emperor Ming heard that Buddhist monks would watch sarira (remains from the cremation of Buddha's body), and light lanterns to worship Buddha on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month, so he ordered to light lanterns in the imperial palace and temples, to show respect to Buddha on this day. Later, the Buddhist rite developed into a grand festival among common people and its influence expanded from the Central Plains to the whole of China.
"Guessing lantern riddles" is an essential part of the Festival. Lantern owners write riddles on a piece of paper and post them on the lanterns. If visitors have solutions to the riddles, they can pull the paper out and go to the lantern owners to check their answer. If they are right, they will get a little gift. The activity can be dated back to the Song Dynasty (960-1279). As riddle guessing
is interesting and full of wisdom, it has become popular among all social strata.
17.
近代中国经历了一段积贫积弱、任人宰割的历史。落后就要挨打，这是中国人民从屡遭外来侵略的悲惨经历中得出的刻骨铭心的教训。一个国家只有首先自强，才能在世界上自立。一百多年来，中国人民为实现中华民族伟大复兴的目标进行了不懈努力。中华人民共和国成立后，中国人民自力更生、改革开放、与时俱进，在社会主义建设中取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就。（167字）
【参考译文】
China experienced a period of enduring impoverishment and long-standing debility in its modern history and was for a time at the mercy of other countries. Lagging behind leaves one vulnerable to attacks, which is the never-forgotten lesson the Chinese people have learnt from their tragic experience of repeated foreign invasions. A country has to strengthen itself before it can be sure of its place in the world. For over a hundred years, the Chinese people have made unremitting efforts toward the goal of rejuvenating the nation. Since the foundin g of the People’s Republic of China, the Chinese people, through self-reliance, have carried out the national program of reform and opening up and, by keeping pace with the times, have made great achievements in building socialism that have caught the attention of the world.
（张英供稿）
18. 中国是一个有着5000 多年悠久历史的文明古国。长期以来，中国人民以自己的勤劳智慧创造了灿烂的中华文明，为人类文明进步作出了重大贡献。北京就是一座有3000多年悠久历史的文明古城。800多年前北京开始建都。在历史悠久的首都北京，人们就能够生动地感受到中华文明源远流长、博大精深的深厚底蕴，感受到中华民族自强不息、顽强奋进的壮阔历程。（155字）
【参考译文】
China is an ancient civilization with a history of over 5,000 years. The Chinese people have made major contribution to human progress by creating the splendid Chinese civilization with hard work and ingenuity. The city of Beijing, with its long history of over 3,000 years, stands testimony to that effort. Its establishment as the capital city began over 800 years ago. In the
time-honored capital, people can feel vividly the long standing and profound richness of the Chinese civilization, and the grand course of historical development that the Chinese nation has followed with a dauntless and dashing spirit.
（张英供稿）
19. 汉字和书法的意义
汉字这一体系和艺术已经流传了几千年，是中华民族的精神体现和书面反映，蕴含着人类最高的文化艺术理想。古人常说文以载道，这话有些道理，简言之，写字可以陶冶情操，完善人格，借以自省，强体健身。无论对文人雅士还是草根大众来说，这都是他们表现自身能力的最重要形式，也体现了他们的精神需求。（143字）
【参考译文】
The significance of Chinese characters and calligraphy
The system of Chinese characters and their artistic tradition have been flowing for thousands of years. They are the spiritual embodiment and textual manifestation of the essence of the Chinese people, and house the culmination of cultural and artistic ideals possessed by mankind. The ancients often said that writing contains the truth. This statement is true in a way; in short, practicing Chinese calligraphy molds sentiment, completes personality, provides tools for self-reflection, and sustains health. It is the most significant form of expression and spiritual requirement of the abilities of both the literati and the masses.
（张志慧供稿）
20.
中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于配料、香草和调味品之完美融和，不同的口味交融在一起。中国烹饪讲究调和之美，这是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的配料和色彩是外在的东西，而口味却是内在的东西。重内在而不刻意修饰外表，这正是中国饮食文化的最重要的表现。
【参考译文】
The key why Chinese cuisine has the unique glamour lies in its taste. The deliciousness of any dish is created by the perfect blend of ingredients, herbs and condiments---a blend in which all flavors go harmoniously together. The beauty of blend is the essence of Chinese cuisine making. The texture and color of a dish is the external quality that Chinese people are not very meticulous about, and for them, the taste is the internal one, thus, more important quality. This is the most important manifestation of Chinese aesthetic views about food.
（周芬供稿）
第三学期翻译段落：2、4、5、8、14、17、20
第四学期翻译段落：3、6、7、9、10、15、16、18、19
其他段落教师自行安排。
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
高中英语必修2课文及段落翻译
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 高中英语必修2课文及段落翻译 修高中英语必修 2 （人教版） Unit1 Cultural relics 第一 单元文化遗产 IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM 寻找琥珀 Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the country’s best artists about ten years to make. 普鲁士国王腓特烈威廉一世从 未想过他送个普鲁士人民伟大的礼物会有一点如此惊奇的历史。 这个礼物是因为由几吨琥珀制成而命名的琥珀屋。 这些被挑选的琥珀都有着像蜂蜜一样漂亮的黄棕色。 这间屋的设计是当时最流行的奇特的风格。 这同样是一件花了当时最好的艺术家大约十年用黄金和珠宝修饰 制成的宝物。 In fact, the room was not made to be a gift. It was designed for the palace of Frederick I. However, the next King of Prussia, Frederick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, 1/ 2
ASP外文翻译原文
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土木外文翻译原文和译文
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and
英语段落翻译
段落翻译1 苏州是一个具有悠久丝绸文化历史的城市。它有栽桑、养蚕和织造的传统。苏州的丝绸是皇家贡品。早在唐宋时期就在世界范围内享有盛名。苏州市有自然优势，日照充足，雨量充沛，土壤肥沃。这些给蚕茧的高产和丝的高质量提供了合适的环境。它一直是中国丝绸原料的主要产地和集散中心。 Suzhou is a city with a long history of silk culture. It has a tradition of mulberry planting, silk worm raising, silk reeling and weaving. Suzhou’s silk was an imperial tribute and gained a worldwide reputation from as early as the Tang and Song dynasties. Suzhou city also abounds in natural gifts, abundant sunshine, plentiful rainfall and rich soils, which offer a pleasant environment for rich cocoons and high qualities of silk. It has been the main producing area and the center of collecting & distributing silk, raw materials in China. 段落翻译2 舞龙（dragon dance）是中华文化中一种传统的舞蹈表演表形式。传统上来讲，其表演动作象征着龙的历史地位，展示了力量与尊贵。舞龙起源于汉代。人们认为它最初是作为耕作收成文化的一部分；同时也是一种治病的方法起源。舞龙在宋代已十分盛行，成为了一项民间活动，且最常见于各种节日庆典中。舞龙是世界各地唐人街举办春节庆典的一个重头戏。 Dragon dance is a form of traditional dance performance in Chinese culture. The movements in the performance traditionally symbolize historical roles of dragons, demonstrating power and dignity. The dragon dance originated in the Han Dynasty. It is believed to have begun as part of the farming and harvest culture, also with origins as a method of healing and preventing sickness. It was already a popular event during the Song Dynasty when it had become a folk activity and was most often seen in various festival celebrations. The dragon dance is a highlight of Chinese New Year celebrations held worldwide in Chinatowns around the world. 段落翻译3
毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文
文献出处：Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.
本学期课后练习段落翻译参考译文
本学期课后练习段落翻译参考译文 1册7单元 When I was young I used to visit the zoo in my hometown. There what attracted me most was a couple of tigers, especially the male. They were kept in a huge iron cage at first, but later were released from it and moved to a place called Tiger Hill. Twenty years later I revisited the zoo and was relieved to find Tiger Hill was still there, but greatly extended. Moving around now were six tigers, old and young, instead of two! 8单元 This morning I heard an interesting piece of news over my portable radio: a man of 36 and his son of 10 attend the same class competing with each other for high marks. The story goes like this: The man, Li Wei by name, was too idle to learn anything when young. With little education, with no useful skills, he could hardly earn an adequate living wage. His life experience drove home to him the point that he had to acquire knowledge before he was able to accumulate wealth. So Li Wei swore that he would go to school with his son, determined to learn. 2册2单元 With more and more donating coming in, our university will be much better off financially next year. We will thus be able to focus on the most important task that we, educators, must take on : to encourage students to attain their academic goals, to train them to be dependable and responsible individuals, to prepare them for the life ahead, and to guide them in their pursuit of spiritual as well as material satisfaction. 3单元 George, the son of Mr. Johnson, like listening to heavy metal music in the evenings, which made it hard for other residents in the community to fall asleep. Eventually the exhausted neighbors lost their patience and decided on direct interference. They called Mr. Johnson to tell him in a frank manner what they were thinking. Mr. Johnson assured them that he could certainly settle the issue. As soon as he put down the phone he scolded his son, “What has come over you? You should know better than to disturb others for your own amusement.” In the end George traded his CD’s for computer games software from his classmates.
新视野大学英语3课文重点段落背诵及译文
Unit2 Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively. But the ratio is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athletes. This means, Lyle says, that "too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in";. Women of child-bearing age are at greatest risk, since their monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss. Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron. And because women often restrict their diet in an effort to control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food, and are liable to experience a deficiency Unit3 Commitment among parents is a key ingredient in the Hyde mixture. For the student to gain admission, parents also must agree to accept and demonstrate the school's philosophies and outlook. The parents agree in writing to meet monthly in one of 20 regional groups, go to a yearly three-day regional retreat, and spend at least three times a year in workshops, discussion groups and seminars at Bath. Parents of Maine students have an attendance rate of 95% in the many sessions. Joe and Malcolm Gauld both say children tend to do their utmost when they see their parents making similar efforts. The biggest obstacle for many parents, they say, is to realize their own weaknesses. Unit4 The Statue of Liberty In the mid-1870s, French artist Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was working on an enormous project called Liberty Enlightening the World, a monument celebrating US independence and the France-America alliance. At the same time, he was in love with a woman whom he had met in Canada. His mother could not approve of her son's affection for a woman she had never met, but Bartholdi went ahead and married his love in 1876. That same year Bartholdi had assembled the statue's right arm and torch, and displayed them in Philadelphia. It is said that he had used his wife's arm as the model, but felt her face was too beautiful for the statue. He needed someone whose face represented suffering yet strength, someone more severe than beautiful. He chose his mother. Unit6 Although scientists still cannot predict earthquakes, they are learning a great deal about how the large plates in the earth's crust move, the stresses between plates,
英文翻译与英文原文.陈--
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
段落翻译
原文：中餐桌上最神奇、最有特色的用餐工具莫过于筷子。几千年来我们一直视筷子为一种最简单同时也是最有效的用餐工具。关于筷子的用料，其种类各有不同，选择包括竹子、木材、玉石、象牙、塑料、金银等。对于西方人来说，掌握用筷子的方法和技巧在开始时也许难度很大，但是只要有耐心，用心去练，不久便可以熟练地使用筷子享用中餐。；译文：Eating tools on the Chinese dinner table are more magical and distinctive than the chopsticks. For thousands of years we have always regarded chopsticks as one of the simplest and most effective eating tools. Materials about chopsticks, the type is different, choose including bamboo, wood, jade, ivory, plastic, gold and silver, etc. For westerners, master the methods and skills in the beginning with chopsticks may be difficult, but so long as has the patience, practice, soon to enjoy Chinese food can skillfully use chopsticks.。来自@有道词典 原文：中国园林历史悠久，在世界园林历史上都很有名。它同西亚、欧洲园林并称为世界三大园林系统。中国丰富的植物及园林的发展，对世界园林文化、园林设计影响巨大，中国古典园林体现了人与自然和谐关系。中国园林，从地域上可分为南北两大类，即北方皇家园林和南方的私家园林。；译文：Chinese garden has a long history in the history of world gardens are very famous. It with Asia, Europe, garden and called the world three big garden system. China is rich in plant and the development of the landscape, landscape culture, landscape design has had a huge impact on the world, Chinese classical garden embodies the harmonious relationship between human and nature. Chinese gardens, from geographically can be divided into the two broad categories, namely the northern royal garden and private garden in the south.。来自@有道词典原文：丝绸之路的历史可以追溯到公元前2世纪，当时一名中国官员，朝廷的使者张骞沿
全新版大学英语3课文要求背诵段落及翻译
Unit one 12 I suspect not everyone who loves the country would be happy living the way we do. It takes a couple of special qualities. One is a tolerance for solitude. Because we are so busy and on such a tight budget, we don't entertain much. During the growing season there is no time for socializing anyway. Jim and Emily are involved in school activities, but they too spend most of their time at home. 我想，不是所有热爱乡村的人都会乐意过我们这种生活的。这种生活需要一些特殊的素质。其一是耐得住寂寞。由于我们如此忙碌，手头又紧，我们很少请客。在作物生长季节，根本就没工夫参加社交活动。吉米和埃米莉虽然参加学校的各种活动，但他俩大多数时间也呆在家里。 13 The other requirement is energy -- a lot of it. The way to make self-sufficiency work on a small scale is to resist the temptation to buy a tractor and other expensive laborsaving devices. Instead, you do the work yourself. The only machinery we own (not counting the lawn mower) is a little three-horsepower rotary cultivator and a 16-inch chain saw. 另一项要求是体力――相当大的体力。小范围里实现自给自足的途径是抵制诱惑，不去购置拖拉机和其他昂贵的节省劳力的机械。相反，你要自己动手。我们仅有的机器（不包括割草机）是一台3马力的小型旋转式耕耘机以及一架16英寸的链锯。 14 How much longer we'll have enough energy to stay on here is anybody's guess -- perhaps for quite a while, perhaps not. When the time comes, we'll leave with a feeling of sorrow but also with a sense of pride at what we've been able to accomplish. We should make a fair profit on the sale of the place, too. We've invested about $35,000 of our own money in it, and we could just about double that if we sold today. But this is not a good time to sell. Once economic conditions improve, however, demand for farms like ours should be strong again. 没人知道我们还能有精力在这里再呆多久--也许呆很长一阵子，也许不是。到走的时候，我们会怆然离去，但也会为自己所做的一切深感自豪。我们把农场出售也会赚相当大一笔钱。我们自己在农场投入了约35，000美金的资金，要是现在售出的话价格差不多可以翻一倍。不过现在不是出售的好时机。但是一旦经济形势好转，对我们这种农场的需求又会增多。 15 We didn't move here primarily to earn money though. We came because we wanted to improve the quality of our lives. When I watch Emily collecting eggs in the evening, fishing with Jim on the river or enjoying an old-fashioned picnic in the orchard with the entire family, I know we've found just what we were looking for. 但我们主要不是为了赚钱而移居至此的。我们来此居住是因为想提高生活质量。当我看着埃米莉傍晚去收鸡蛋，跟吉米一起在河上钓鱼，或和全家人一起在果园里享用老式的野餐，我知道，我们找到了自己一直在寻求的生活方式。 Unit two 4 Y et this stop was only part of a much larger mission for me. Josiah Henson is but one name on a long list of courageous men and women who together forged the Underground Railroad, a secret web of escape routes and safe houses that they used to liberate slaves from the American South. Between 1820 and 1860, as many as 100,000 slaves traveled the Railroad to freedom. 但此地只是我所承担的繁重使命的一处停留地。乔赛亚·亨森只是一长串无所畏惧的
外文翻译原文
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/6316421898.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-