倒装句

倒装句用法小结及练习

一般来说，谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语这前。

引起倒装的情况多种多样，倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种：

1．在疑问句中

例1：How are you getting along with your work?

例2：Is this report written in detail?

注：如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不发生倒装。

2．在there be 及其类似结构中

例1：There are forty students in our class.

例2：There seem to be still some elements undiscovered yet.

例3：There stands a bridge across the river.

3．在表示祝愿的句子中

例1：Long live the People’s Republic of China!

例2：May you succeed!

例3：Dog-tired though they were, they continued to march on.

4．在省略if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中

这类句子中有were, had, should等词时，把were, had或should置于句首。

例1：Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.

例2：Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.

5．在so, nor, neither或no more开头的句子中

此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况，也适用于另一句中的主语。例如：

1）This problem is not difficult and neither is that one.

2）Coal is under the ground in some places, and so is oil.

6．在以具有否定意义的副词、连词及词组开头的句子中

这些词和词组通常有：rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no time, in no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody, not only等。例如：

1）Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.

2）Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang.

3）Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.

4）Little did we think his speech had made so deep an impression on his audience.

7．在强调表语时

例1：Worst of all were the humiliations.

例2：Such is the case.

8．在强调宾语时

例1：Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction.

例2：Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.

注：当前置宾语由“not a +名词”或者“not a single +名词”构成时，也会引起倒装。例如：

Alice had a terrible time touring that country. Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel.

9．在强调状语时

（1）当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如：

1）Up went the plane.

2）In came the chairman and the meeting began.

注：如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。例如：

1）Out they rushed!

2）Lower and lower he bent.

(2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，句子须倒装。例如：

1）Round the corner walked a large policeman.

2）Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.

（3）当句首状语由“only +副词”，“only +介词词组”，“only +状语从句”构成时，句子须倒装。例如：

1）Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.

2）Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.

（4）当句首状语为here, there, now, then等时，句子须倒装，主语是代词时，句子不用倒装。例如：1）Here is a ticket for you.

2）Now comes your turn.

3）Here he comes.

（5）以关联词so (…that)开头的句子中，句子须倒装。例如：

1）So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.

2）So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.

3）So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.

注：在该结构中，“so +形容词”是表语的前置；“so +副词”是状语的前置。

10．在直接引语之后

在叙事性书面语中，直接引语后常跟asked Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中，动词常的主语之前，主语是代词时，不用倒装。例如：

1）“What do you mean?” asked Henry.

2）“What do you mean?” he asked.

11. often, many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时

例如：Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance.

12．在as, though引导的让步状语从句中

在as, though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如：

1）Small as the atom is, we can smash it.

2）Big as the workpiece is, it is turned out with

重点，难点归纳

英语句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语在后。如果把谓语或谓语的一部分置于主语之前则称之为倒装。还有一种倒装情况，即句子的主谓顺序没变，但是句中某一成分提前了（通常是宾语、表语和状语）。倒装可分为两类：语法倒装和修辞倒装。

1.语法倒装

（1）疑问句的倒装。

疑问句的倒装属于部分倒装。例如：

Are you going to the classroom?

How long have you worked here?

(2) there be (或there+其他表示状态的动词)结构中的倒装。

此类倒装属于全部倒装。例如：

There is a lake near our university.

There stands a table in the room.

(3) 虚拟语气中的倒装。

虚拟语气中省略if时，主谓部分倒装。例如：

Were I a teacher (=if he should come…), what would you do then?

Had we made adequate preparations (= if we had made…), the party would have been a success.

(4) 让步状语从句中的倒装。

1由as, however (no matter how), though和be 引起的让步状语从句要部分倒装。例如：

Much as he likes physics, he likes mathematics better.

Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the box.

However hard I try, I cannot understand the question.

Close though the union of small particles is, we have found ways of breaking them.

Be the rain ever so heavy, I will go there this evening.

2在than 等引起的比较状语从句中，有时主谓倒装。例如：

The molecules of gases move more freely than do those of liquids and solids.

Copper wire allows a large current than does iron wire.

(5)以so, neither或nor 开头的倒装。

这种倒装表示上文所说的事也适合于另一个人或无，属部分倒装。例如：

“I am impressed by his dancing.” “So am I.”

“I can’t tell English from German.” “Neither can I.”

[注] 如表示对另一方所说的话表示赞成，则不能用倒装。

“He studies hard.” “So he does.”

(6) 句首是某些副词或不及物动词与系动词be连用时的倒装。

这些副词有here, there, now, hence(因此), then, thus, often, so 等，常主谓倒装。例如：

Now comes your turn.

Here is the book you want.

Hence comes the name magnet.

Here he comes.

(7) 表示祝愿的句子中的倒装。例如：

May our country become prosperous and strong!

2. 修辞倒装

(1)表示方位的副词或介词短语放在句首时的倒装。

表示方位的副词如:out, in, down, up, away, on等或有此意义的介词短语放在句首时，主谓全部倒装（表示描述）。例如：

Down came the ceiling.

Into the sky went the plane.

(2)否定词置于句首时的倒装。

含有否定意义的副词或词组用于句首或词组用于句首做状语，要用部分倒装。常见的这类词有：never, hardly, scarcely, not only, little, seldom, not until等，以及含有no 的一些词组如：at no time, by no means, in no case, in no way , on no sccasion, on no consideration,under no circumstances等。另外，具有否定意义的：not…onlybutalso…,neither…nor…,no sooner…than…,hardly(scarcely)…when…位于句首时也要用倒装。例如：

Never before have I seen such a comfortable car.

Hardly had he come back when it began to rain.

At no time will China first use nuclear weapons.

(3)only+ 状语用于句首的倒装。

当only+状语用于句首表示强调时，主谓部分倒装。例如：

Only by practice can we improve our spoken English.

Only if you study hard, can you pass the examination.

(4)强调倒装

如果强调某一句子成分，把该句子成分放在句首，主谓全部倒装。例如：

Next door to us lives an engineer.

Among the students are those who come from the U.S.

(5)so(such)…that结构用于句首时的倒装。例如：

So angry was he that he couldn’t speak.

Such was the force of the earthquake the almost all the buildings in this city were destroyed.

(6)由平衡关系引起的倒装。

当主语较长，谓语很短时，为了使句子平衡把某一成分放在句首，主谓全部倒装。例如：

Gone are my friends from the cotton fields away.

Present at the conference were General Manager, Vice-general Managers and 215directors.

■"倒装"六大命题热点透析

近年来试题对倒装的考查一般结合其它语法现象和习惯句型进行。如虚拟语气中条件从句的倒装；no sooner．．．than，not until等引起的倒装等。

热点之一：含有否定意义的副词放在句首引起的部分倒装

此类副词有：not，never，seldom，hardly，rarely，little等。例如：

Not a single word did he say at the meeting．（在会上，他什么也没说。）

【原题重现】1．The old couple have been married for 40years and never once ____ with each other．（NMET 2003）A．they had quarreled B．they have quarreled

C．have they quarreled D．had they quarreled（key：C）

【简析】本题中关键词是never这一副词，与现在完成时态连用引起部分倒装。

【原题重现】2．Not a single song ____ at yesterday's party．（2001上海）

A．she sang B．sang she C．did she sing D．she did sing （key：C）

【简析】本题是否定副词not与一般过去时态共同形成的部分倒装。

热点之二：含有否定意义的连接词置于句首引起的部分倒装

此类连接词有：not only．．．but also，neither．．．nor．．．，no sooner．．．than，scarcely．．．when，hardly．．．when 等。请看例句：

No sooner had she gone out than the telephone rang．（她一出门电话就响了。）

【原题重现】3．Not only ____ interested in football but ____ beginning to show an interest in it．（2002上海春）A．the teacher himself is；all his students are

B．the teacher himself is ；are all his students

C．is the teacher himself ；are all his students

D．is the teacher himself ；all his students are（key：D）

【简析】包含not only．．．but（also）结构的句子，如果not only置于句首，not only所在句子要形成部分倒装，but （also）后面的句子不要倒装。

热点之三：搞清so（nor ，neither）＋助动词＋主语与so（nor ，neither）＋主语＋助动词之间的区别

前者表示重复前句部分的内容，译为“也是如此”。而后者表示对前句内容的进一步肯定或证实，译为“确实如此”。例如：Lily can't answer the question．Neither can I．（莉莉不能回答这个问题。我也不能。）

Tom was late for school yesterday．So he was．（汤姆昨天上学迟到了。他确实如此。）

【原题重现】4．—David has made great progress recently．

—____，and ____．（1997上海）

A．So he has；so you have B．So he has；so have you

C．So has he；so have you D．So has he；so you have（key：B）

【简析】前半部分意为“他的确如此”，对以上事实进一步肯定；后半部分意为“你也是如此”，属于部分倒装。

热点之四：省略if的虚拟条件句以had ／were ／should开头引起的部分倒装

这是虚拟语气中比较特殊的一种，其实质就是省略if后引起的变化。如：

Had he worked harder，he would have got through the exams．（要是他努力学习的话，他是会通过考试的。）

【原题重现】5．____ for the free tickets，I would not have gone to see the films so often．（1995上海）

A．If it is not B．Were it not

C．Had it not been D．If they were not（key：C）

【简析】在虚拟语气中表达与过去事实相反的假设，主句用would have ＋过去分词，从句用had ＋过去分词，省略If 后就将助动词had提前引起部分倒装。

热点之五：not until置于句首引起后面句子的部分倒装

not until意为“直到……才……”，位于句首时引起后面的主句倒装。如：

Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework．（直到老师来了他才完成作业。）

【原题重现】6．Not until all the fish died in the river ____ how serious the pollution was．（NMET1995）

A．did the villagers realize B．the villagers realize

C．the villagers did realize D．didn't the villagers realize（key：A）

【简析】本题便是not until置于句首引起的部分倒装。

热点之六：only短语置于句首引起的部分倒装

only放在句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，常引起后面句子部分倒装。如：

Only in this way can you learn English well．（只有通过这种方式，你才能把英语学好。）

【原题重现】7．____ can you expect to get a pay rise．（2001春）

A．With hard work B．Although work hard

C．Only with hard work D．Now that he works hard（key：C）

【简析】only位于句首与介词短语构成了部分倒装，其他选项均不能引起倒装。

【原题重现】8．Only in this way ____ to make improvement in the operating system．（2003上海春）

A．you can hope B．you did hope

C．can you hope D．did you hope（key：C）

【简析】本题中only置于句首修饰介词短语，引起句子部分倒装。因为句意表达的是一种条件，所以使用助动词did 不合题意。