2018年12月四级真题(一)解析

Part I Writing(30 minutes)

The Challenges of Living in a Big City

【1】With the development of economy and urbanization, the number of cities is constantly increasing in China.【2】While big cities are attracting more and more people, they also bring many challenges,such as traffic jam and pollution,just to name a few.【3】The first problem that really bothers me is the traffic congestion in the rush hour. I hate waiting for buses and being , I have to get up very early if I have an appointment in the morning.【4】Next is that the large population in a big city makes it【5】so crowded that you can't find a peaceful place unless staying at home. The supermarkets are always crowded, so are the cinemas and parks. parks.【6】Another consequence for such a large population is that it intensifies the inadequacy of quality medical and educational resources, thus decreasing residents' sense of happiness.

【7】As a result, although I am frequently asked whether I like to live in a big city or not, my answer is always no, definitely not, How about you

话题词汇: unsatisfactory不满意的leisure娱乐opportunity机会

fast pace快节奏

pressure压力

lifestyle生活方式

environment环境

urban城市的

health健康

Part III Reading Comprehension

Section A

【词性分析】:

名词: A) ability能力;才能; E) control控制;管制;F) damage伤害;损害; M) sources来源;根源;O) vehicles交通工具,车辆动词:B) associated与…相关;联系;E) control管理;控制;克制;F) damage损害;对……有不良影响G) described描绘,描述; H equals相当于;比得上;) innovated创新,革新;L) relates相联系;把…系起来;M) sources来自……;找出…的来源;N) undermine逐渐削弱

形容词:D) constant持续不断的;始终如一的

副词:C) consciously有意识地,自觉地; 1) exclusively仅仅,唯独;K) regularly经常;定期地

Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26-damage occurring in the developing world.

The figures include a number of costs 27-associated with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225

1.die v. 死亡，熄灭; 凋零n.骰子

2.trillion[trljn]n. 万亿; 兆adj.万亿的

3.welfare [welfe(r)] n. 福利; 幸福; 繁荣; 安宁

4.alone [ln] adj. 单独的; 独一无二的; 独自的adv. 单独地; 独自地; 孤独地; 只，只有;

The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes 28-sources like home heating and cooking, has remaine d 29-constant over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.

5.source [srs] n. 根源，本源; 源头，水源; 原因v. 来源; 起源; 寻求来源

6.remain [rmen]n.剩余物，残骸; 残余; 遗迹; 遗体v.留下; 保持;依然; 搁置; 剩余，剩下; 逗留

7.constant [knstnt] adj. 不断的，持续的; 永恒的，始终如一的; 坚定; 忠实的n.常量; 不变的事物

The weather is a constant topic of conversation in Britain. 在英国，天气是交谈中永恒的话题。

8.despite [dspat] prep. 不管; 尽管（自己）不愿意; 不在乎; n. 侮辱; 憎恨; 怨恨; 轻蔑的拒绝或不承认例句：Despite his lack of experience, he got the job.

Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation（健康指标与评估研究所所长）Chris Murray 30-described it as an“urgent call to action”action. One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individual s have little 31-control ,”he said.

9.institute [nsttju:t] vt. 建立; 制定; 开始; 着手n. 协会; 学会; 学院; （教育、专业等）机构

例句：He thought of trying for a position in a research institute. 他想方设法在一个研究机关找个工作.

10.metric[metrk] adj. 米制的，公制的health metrics 健康指标

11.evaluate [vljuet]v. 评价，估价

12.urgent[:dnt] adj. 急迫的; 催促的; 强求的; 极力主张的

例句：There is an urgent need for food and water

13.premature[premt(r)] adj. 过早的; 提前的; 早产的; 草率的

A fire caused the premature closing of the exhibition. 火灾迫使展览会提前结束.

abortion

The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income 32-equals nearly, 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low- and middle-income countries live in places where they 33-regularly expensive dangerous levers of outdoor air pollution.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/681536127.html,bor['leb(r)]n.劳动;劳工;v. 努力争取(for); 苦干adj. 劳工的，工会的

a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel( [di:zl] 柴油) 35-vehicles have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.

petrol [petrl] = gasoline [gsli:n]

splash petrol

Food-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress

食物即药物运动正在取得进展

A) Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles(aisle [al]n.过道，通道; 侧廊) of Ralphs market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau(丹尼尔·那多), wander ing(wander [wnd(r)]vt.漫步,游荡,闲逛;（道路或河流）蜿蜒曲折; （人的思想等）走神，胡思乱想) the cereal( [sril]n.谷物; 荞麦食品adj. 谷物的) aisle with Allison Scott（艾莉森·斯科特）, giving her some idea on how to feed kids who persistently(adv.坚持地; 固执地) avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning”he asks her.“The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare; you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”

B) Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician( [fzn]n.医生，内科医生) who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center(玛丽&迪克·艾伦糖尿病中心), part of the St. Joseph Hoag Healthalliance([lans]n.（国家、政党等的）结盟，同盟)（圣约瑟夫·霍格健康联盟）. The center's ‘Shop with Your Doc’

C) Nadeau notices the pre-made(预先配制,现成的) macaroni([mkrni]通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in Scott's shopping cart( [kɑ:t]手推车) and suggests she switch to whole grain(谷物，粮食) macaroni and real cheese. “So I'd

might take, just to have her kids reject( [rdekt]vt.拒绝; 抛弃，扔掉; 排斥; 吐出或呕吐;) it. “I’m not sure they’d eat it. They just won't eat it.”

D) Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “ And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse([rv:s] v.（使）反转; （使）颠倒; 掉换;撤消) that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.

E)Nadeau is part of a small revolution([revlu:n] n.革命;彻底改变) developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it's making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely( [slli]adv.唯一地;仅仅;独一无二地) on medications(药物). By prescribing nutritional( [nj'trnl]adj.营养的;滋养的) changes or launching programs such as 'Shop with Your Doc’ , they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. “There’s no question people can take things a long way toward(可以取得很大进步) reversing diabetes, reversing high blood

F) In the big picture（从大局来看）, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of St. Joseph Hoag Health,medical institution s（institution[nsttju:n]n.（大学、银行等规模大的）机构; 惯例，制度）across the state are starting to make a philosophical（[flsfkl] adj.哲学上的）switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes（[ek]n.回声，共鸣）the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program（[θerpju:tk][pntri] 治疗性食物储藏室项目）at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital（扎克伯格旧金山综合医院）, which completed its pilot phase [fez] （试验阶段）and is about to expand on an ongoing（[ng]不断变化的）basis to five clinic（[klnk] n.诊所，门诊部）sites throughout（[θru:at] prep.（表示时间）自始至终; 在…期间; 遍及…地域; 遍及…场所adv. 处处; 始终; 在所有方面）the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive（[ntensv]adj.加强的，强烈的）training in how to cook it. “We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food, ”says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital's medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives （健康食品倡议initiative[ntv]n.倡议adj.自发的）. "We want people to understand what they’re eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”

G)In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine（洛马·琳达大学医学院）is offering specialized training for its resident physicians（住院医师）in Lifestyle Medicine--that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially（[sbstnli] adv.本质上，实质上; 大体上; 充分地; 相当多地）from dietary（['datr] adj.饮食的例如：dietary supplement膳食补充品）changes. Nonetheless （adv.虽然如此）, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation's high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke（[strk]中风）are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol（[klestrl] 胆固醇）and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.

H）“It's a different paradigm( [prdam]范式) of how to treat disease, ”says Dr. Brenda Rea（布伦达·雷）, who helps run the family and preventive（[prventv] n. 预防; 防止adj.预防的）medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patients' nutritional habits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard（[kbd]n.橱柜; 衣柜; 食物柜; 壁橱）and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.

I) Many people don't know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform（[trnsf:m]vt.改变;改观;变换）a patient's life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patients family. “What people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease”.

J) Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation( [nflmen]炎症), for example, or make the body inhospitable（inhospitable [nhsptbl] adj.不好客的，不友好的; 不适于居住的）to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet--particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.

K) “As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says Nguyen. “In the

36.More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.

37.There is a special program that assign s doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.

assign[san]vt. 分派，指定，选派（某人）；分配(某物); 归于，归属; [法律] 把（财产，权利、利息）从一人转让给另一人

The two large rooms have been assigned to us.=we have been assigned two large rooms.

Assign sth to sb =assign sb sth

They’ve assigned their best man to the job.

Assignment (分配)任务；工作

38.There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.

recover [rkv(r)] vt. 恢复; 重新获得; 找回；恢复健康（体力、能力等）

recover from从…收回[取回]; 恢复，痊愈

例句：She returned to her family home to recover from an illness.

39.A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.

40.Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.

41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribe s food for treatment but teaches patients how to

cook it.

prescribe [prskrab] vt. 指定，规定; 指定，规定;开处方

41.Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.

42.Diabetes([dabi:ti:z] 糖尿病) patients are advised to eat more plant-based(植物性) food.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/681536127.html,ing food as medicine is no novel( [nvl]adj.新奇的;异常的) idea, but the movement is making headway(n. 前进; 进展) these days.

' high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.

result from 产生于…,由…引起例句：Many hair problems result from what you eat.

result in引起，导致，以…为结局例句：Excessive dosage of this drug can result in injury to the liver.

Passage one

California has been facing a drought( [drat]n.干旱（时期），旱季; 旱灾) for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump( [pmp]用抽水机汲水;用泵（或泵样器官等）输送;) freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution([dstrbju:n]n.分配，分布) system. The problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand. New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling（drill [drl]n钻头; 军事训练; v. 钻（孔）; 打（眼）; 操练）of wells could only reach depths of 1, 000 feet, but due to new pumping（pump[pmp] n.泵; 打气筒; v. 用抽水机汲水; 给…打气; 用泵）practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted ( [ekstrkt]v.抽取). The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers( [kwf(r)]地下蓄水层) below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought.

It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1, 000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep is the gradual settling down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant( [veknt]adj.空闲的; 空缺的; 空虚的) space left is compacted([kmpkt] v. 压紧; 把…弄紧密，把…弄结实; 使（文体）简洁adj. 紧凑的; 简洁的，) by the weight of the earth above.

Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating( [di:slnen]脱盐) the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible([fi:zbl] adj. 可行的; 可用的; 可实行的), but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.

One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo( [ndg]vt.经历，经验; 遭受) desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study of groundwater from over 950 drilling logs has just been published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2, 700 billion cubic( [kju:bk]adj.立方体的) meters of freshwater.

46. How could California's drought（[drat]n.旱季; 干旱）crisis be solved according to some researchers

A) By building more reserves of groundwater.

B) By drawing water from the depths of the earth.

C) By developing more advanced drilling devices. drill[drl]n. 操练; 钻头; 军事演习v钻（孔）; 打（眼）; 操练

D) By upgrading its water distribution system.

upgrade[pgred]vt. 提升; 使（机器、计算机系统等）升级; 提高（设施、服务等的）档次; 提高（飞机乘客、旅馆住客等）的待遇

downgrade[dangred] v. 使降低; 使降职; 贬低; 低估

advance[dvɑ:ns]adj. 预先的;vt.（使）前进; 将…提前

衰老。

47. What can be inferred about extracting（[ks'trkt]n.萃取，抽取）water from deep aquifers（[kwf(r)]n.地下蓄水层）

A) It was deemed vital to solving the water problem.

deem[di:m]vt. 认为，视为; 主张(正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考)

We deem it necessary to make this clear to you.

这件事我们认为有必要跟你们说清楚.

B) It was not considered worth the expense.

C) It may not provide quality freshwater.

D)It is bound to gain support from the local people.

bound[band] n. 界限; 跃起; （球等的）反跳;

v.弹跳; 限制; 接壤;给…划界，限制;

adj. 用带子绑住的; 有义务的; 装订的

48. What is mentioned as a consequence of extracting water from deep underground

A) The sinking of land surface. sink [sk]v. 淹没; 下落;使下沉; 使下垂n.水池; 洗涤槽; 污水坑

C)The damage to aquifers.

B)The harm to the ecosystem.

D)The change of the climate.

49. What does the author say about deep wells

A) They run without any need for repair s.

B)They are entirely free from pollutants. entirely[ntali] adv. 完全地; 完整地; 全部地; 彻底地

pollutant[plu:tnt] n. 污染物pollute

ultimate[ltmt]adj. 最后的; 极限的; 首要的; 最大的n. 终极; 顶点; 基本原理; 基本事实

intimate[ntmt] adj. 亲密的，亲近的n. 至交; 密友;

The ultimate aim is to expand the network further.

This hotel is the ultimate in luxury.

C) They are the ultimate solution to droughts.

50. What may happen when deep aquifers are used as water sources

A) People's health may improve with cleaner water.

B) People's water bills may be lowered considerably.

considerate considerable

C) The cost may go up due to desalination.

D) They may be exhausted sooner or later. exhaust [gz:st]vt. 用尽，耗尽; 使精疲力尽; 排出; 彻底探讨

Passage Two

The Alpha Go program's victory is an example of how smart computers have become.

But can artificial intelligence (AI) machines act ethically([eθkl] adj.伦理学的; 道德的), meaning can they be honest and fair

One example of AI is driverless cars. They are already on California roads, so it is not too soon to ask whether we can program(v.为…制定计划; 设计安排活动; 编排) a machine to act ethically. As driverless cars improve, they will save lives. They will make fewer mistakes than human drivers do. Sometimes, however, they will face a choice between lives. Should the cars be programmed to avoid hitting a child running across the road, even if that will put their passengers at risk What about making a sudden turn to avoid a dog What if the only risk is damage the to the car itself, not to the passengers

Perhaps there will be lessons to learn from driverless cars, but they are not super-intelligent ethics to a machine even more intelligent than we are will be the bigger challenge.

About the same time as Alpha Go's triumph, Microsoft’s‘chatbot’ took a bad turn. The software, named Taylor, was designed to answer messages from people aged 18-24. Taylor was supposed to be able to learn from the messages she received. She was designed to slowly improve her ability to handle conversations, but some people were teaching Taylor racist ideas(种族主义思想). When she started saying nice things about Hitler, Microsoft turned her off and deleted her ugliest messages.

AlphaGo’s victory and Taylor’s defeat happened at about the same time. This should be a warning to us. It is one thing to use AI within a game with clear rules and clear goals. It is something very different to use AI in the real world. The unpredictability(不可预测性，不可预知性) of the real world may bring to the surface a troubling software problem.

Eric Schmidt is one of the bosses of Google, which owns AlphaGo. He thinks AI will be positive for humans. He said people will be the winner, whatever the outcome. Advances in AI will make human beings smarter, more able and “just better human beings”.

51. What does the author want to show with the example of AlphaGo's victory

A) Computers will prevail([prvel]vi. 流行，盛行; 获胜，占优势; 说服，劝说) over human beings.

C) Computers are man's potential rivals( [ravl]n.对手; 竞争者vt.与…竞争; 比得上某人adj.竞争的).

D) Computers can become highly intelligent.

52. What does the author mean by AI machines acting ethically(ethical[eθkl] adj. 伦理学的; 道德的)

A) They are capable of predicting possible risks.

B)They weigh( [we]vt.称…的重量; 权衡，考虑) the gains and losses before reaching a decision.

C) They make sensible(sensible[snsbl]adj.明智的; 合乎情理的) decisions when facing moral(adj.道德的，道义上的; 精神上的) dilemmas( [dlem]n.窘境，困境).

D)They sacrifice( [skrfas]n.牺牲; 献祭vt.牺牲，把…奉献给…) everything to save human lives.

53. What is said to be the bigger challenge facing humans in the AI age

A) How to make super-intelligent AI machines share human feelings.

B)How to ensure that super-Intelligent AI machines act ethically.

C) How to prevent( [prvent]vt.预防; 阻碍preventable;preventative) AI machines doing harm to humans.

D) How to avoid being over-dependent on AI machines.

54. What do we learn about Microsoft’s‘chatbot’ Taylor

A) She could not distinguish( [dstgw]v. 区分，辨别，分清) good from bad.

B) She could turn herself off when necessary.

C) She was not made to handle novel situations.

D) She was good at performing routine([ru:ti:n]n.常规; 例行程序adj.例行的; 常规的) tasks.

55. What does Eric Schmidt think of artificial intelligence(人工智能)

A) It will be far superior( [su:pri(r)] adj.（级别、地位）较高的) to human being.

B)It will keep improving as time goes by.

C) It will prove to be an asset( [set]n.资产,财产;有价值的人或物) to human beings.

D) It will be here to stay whatever the outcome(n.结果;成果;出路).

36.More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.

factory [fktri]&[fktri] n. 工厂，制造厂

A building or group of buildings where goods are made

翻译：a car factory factory worker

同义词：factory, mill, plant, workshop，manufactory 这些名词都有"工厂"之意。

factory 最普通用词，可泛指任何制造产品的地方。

mill [ml] 原义指粮食加工厂，现多指轻工业类的工厂。

如：a cotton/paper/textile/woollen mill 棉纺厂；造纸厂；纺织厂；毛纺厂

cotton [ktn] n. 棉; 棉线; 棉织物; cotton candy

textile[tekstal] n. 纺织品，织物

woollen['wln] adj. 羊毛制的; 毛织的wool [wl]n. 羊毛;

plant 多指电力或机械制造方面的工厂。

Workshop 作坊；工场；车间如：a car repair workshop

37.There is a special program that assign s doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores. program[prgrm]n. 程序; 节目，节目单; 计划，安排=arrangement

38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.

39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.

40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.

41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.

42. Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.

43. Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.

食物即药物运动正在取得进展

A)每个月总有几次,你可以在加利福尼亚州亨廷顿海滩的拉尔夫市场的过道里发现一位医生,他身穿白大褂,帮助人们了解食物。这位医生是丹尼尔·纳多,最近有一天,他与艾利森·斯科特在谷物货

架边徘徊,让她知道如何喂养那些执意不肯吃任何健康食物的孩子们。“你有没有想过早上尝试新

鲜的果汁”他问道。“冷藏的橘子和苹果会便宜一点儿,水果对大脑真的有好处。(39)准备果汁挺快、挺简单的你可以在前一天晚上把冷藏的水果拿出来,第二天早上把它做好。”

B)(37)斯科特很高兴从身为附近的玛丽&迪克·艾伦糖尿病中心的项目主任的医生那里得到食物方面的建议。该中心是圣约瑟夫·霍格健康联盟的一部分。该中心的“和你的医生一起购物”项目把医生派到食品杂货店,与任何报名申请这项服务的患者以及周围碰巧遇到问题的其他任何购物者

会面

C)纳多注意到斯科特的购物车里放了几盒现成的干酪酱通心粉,于是建议她换成全谷物通心粉和真正的奶酪。(42)“所以,这是要我自己做吗”她问道。一想到这可能需要多长时间,结果孩子们却拒绝食用,她的热情就消失了。“我不确定他们会吃。他们就是不会吃。”

D)纳多说糖和加工食品是导致儿童糖尿病发病率上升的主要因素。“(36)在美国,我们超过50%的食品都是加工食品,”纳多告诉她。“我们只有5%的食物是以植物为基础的食物。我认为我们应该努力改变这一点”斯科特同意为孩子们尝试做更多的果汁,并制作真正的通心粉和奶酪。医生得了分,糖尿病得了零分。