学术英语论文(1)
NANCHANG UNIVERSITY
课程名称：学术英语
题目： A Study of Energy Efficient _
Cloud Computing Powered by
_Wireless Energy Transfer ___ 英语班级：理工1615班
专业/年级：物联网工程161班
姓名/学号：(47)
二零一八年六月
A Study of Energy Ef?cient Mobile Cloud Computing
Powered by Wireless Energy Transfer
Abstract
Achieving long battery lives or even self-sustainability has been a long standing challenge for designing mobile devices. This study presents a novel solution that seamlessly integrates two technologies, mobile cloud computing and microwave power transfer(MPT), to enable computation in passive low-complexity devices such as sensors and wearable computing devices. Specifically, considering a single-user system, a base station (BS) either transfers power to or offloads computation from a mobile to the cloud; the mobile uses harvested energy to compute given data either locally or by offloading. A framework for energy efficient computing is proposed that comprises a set of policies for controlling CPU cycles for the mode of local computing, time division between MPT and offloading for the other mode of offloading, and mode selection. Given the CPU-cycle statistics information and channel state information (CSI), the policies aim at maximizing the probability of successfully computing given data, called computing probability, under the energy harvesting and deadline constraints. Furthermore, this study reveals that the two simple solutions to achieve the object to support computation load allocation over multiple channel realizations, which further increases the computing probability. Last, the two kinds of modes suggest that the feasibility of wirelessly powered mobile cloud computing and the gain of its optimal control. And the future aspect to study is simply to be answer.
Key words: wireless power transfer; energy harvesting communications; mobile cloud computing; energy efficient computing
Introduction
Mobile cloud computing (MCC) as an emerging computing paradigm integrates cloud computing and mobile computing to enhance the computation performance of mobile devices. The objective of MCC is to extend powerful computing capability of the resource-rich clouds to the resource-constrained mobile devices (e.g., laptop, tablet and smartphone) so as to reduce computation time, conserve local resources, especially battery, and extend storage capacity. To achieve this objective, MCC needs to transfer resource-intensive computations from mobile devices to clouds, referred to as computation offloading. The core of computation offloading is to decide on which computation tasks should be executed on the mobile device or on the cloud, and how to schedule local and cloud resource to implement task offloading. The explosive growth of Internet of Things (IOT) and mobile communication is leading to the deployment of tens of billions of cloud-based mobile sensors and wearable computing devices in near future (Huang & Chae, 2010). Prolonging their battery lives and enhancing their computing capabilities are two key design challenges. They can be tackled by two promising technologies: microwave power transfer(MPT) for powering the mobiles computation-intensive tasks from the mobiles to the cloud and mobile computation offloading (MCO). Two technologies are seamlessly integrated in the current work to develop a novel design framework for realizing wirelessly powered mobile cloud computing under the criterion of maximizing the probability of successfully computing given data, called computing probability. The framework is feasible since MPT has been proven in various experiments for powering small devices such as sensors or even small-scale airplanes and helicopters. Furthermore, sensors and wearable computing devices targeted in the framework are expected to be connected by the cloud- based IOT in the future, providing a suitable platform for realizing MCO.
Materials
MCO has been an active research area in computer science where research has focused on designing mobile-cloud systems and software architectures, virtual machine migration design in the cloud and code partitioning techniques in the mobiles for reducing the energy consumption and improving the computing performance of mobiles. Nevertheless, implementation of MCO requires data transmission and message passing over wireless channels, incurring transmission power consumption. The existence of such a tradeoff has motivated cross-disciplinary research on jointly designing MCO and adaptive transmission algorithms to maximize the mobile energy savings. A stochastic control algorithm was proposed for adapting the offloaded components of an application to a time-varying wireless channel. Furthermore, multiuser computation offloading in a multi-cell system was explored by Shinohara (2014), where the radio and computational resources were jointly allocated for maximizing the energy savings under the latency constraints.
According to Swan (2012), the threshold-based offloading policy was derived for the system with intermittent connectivity between the mobile and https://www.360docs.net/doc/6b12092612.html,stly, the CPU-cycle frequencies are jointly controlled with MCO given a more skilled and increasingly appropriate
wireless channel. The framework is further developed in the current work to include the new feature of MPT (Kosta et al., 2012). This introduces several new design challenges. Among others, the algorithmic design of local computing and offloading becomes more complex under the energy harvesting constraint due to MPT, which prevents energy consumption from exceeding the amount of harvested energy at every time instant. Another challenge is that MPT and offloading time share the mobile antenna and the time division has to be optimized.
Now the technology is being further developed to power wireless communications. This has resulted in the emergence of an active field called simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). The MPT technology has been developed for point-to-point high power transmission in the past decades (Brown, 1984). Furthermore, existing wireless networks such as cognitive radio and cellular networks have been redesigned to feature MPT. Most prior work on SWIPT aims at optimizing communication techniques to maximize the MPT efficiency and system throughput. In contrast, the current work focuses on optimizing the local computing and offloading under a different design criterion of maximum computing probability (Huang & Lau, 2014).
Methods and Results
Consider a single-user system comprising one multi-antenna base station (BS) using transmit/receive beamforming for transferring power to a single-antenna mobile or relaying offloaded data from the mobile to the cloud. To compute a fixed amount of data, the mobile operates in one of the two available modes:
Local computing and offloading: in the mode of local computing, MPT occurs simultaneously as computing based on the controllable CPU-cycle frequencies. Nevertheless, in the mode of offloading, the given computation duration is adaptively partitioned for separate MPT and offloading since they share the mobile antenna (Shinohara, 2014). Assume that the mobile has the knowledge of statistics information of CPU cycles and channel state information (CSI). The individual modes as well as mode selection are optimized for maximizing the computing probability under the energy harvesting and deadline constraints. For tractability, the metric is transformed into equivalent ones, namely average mobile energy consumption and mobile energy savings, for the modes of local computing and offloading, respectively. Compared with the prior work, the current work integrates MPT with the mobile cloud computing, which introduces new theoretical challenges. In particular, the energy harvesting constraint arising from MPT makes the optimization problem for local computing non-convex. To tackle the challenge, the convex relaxation technique is applied without compromising the optimality of the solution. It is shown in the sequel that the local computing policy is a special case of the current work where the transferred power is sufficiently high by Swan (2012). Furthermore, the case of dynamic channel for mobile cloud computing is explored. Approximation methods are used for deriving the simple and close-to-optimal policies.
Mobile mode selection:The above results are combined to select the mobile mode for maximizing the computing probability. Given feasible computing in both modes, the only one
yielding the larger energy savings is preferred and the selection criterion is derived in terms of thresholds on the BS transmission power as well as the deadline for computing (Huang et al., 2012).
Optimal data allocation for a dynamic channel: Last, the above results are extended to the case of a dynamic channel, modeled as independent and identically distributed. block fading, and non-causal CSI at the mobile (acquired from e.g., channel prediction). The problem of optimizing an individual mobile mode (local computing or offloading) is formulated based on the master-and-slave model using the same metric as the fixed-channel counterpart (Kumar & Liu, 2013).
Conclusion
Wireless and mobile computing technologies provide more possibilities for accessing services conveniently. Mobile devices will be improved in terms of power, CPU, and storage. Mobile cloud computing has emerged as a new paradigm and extension of cloud computing.
By two kinds of available modes, we can purely know of the Energy Ef?cient Mo bile Cloud Computing. Through my study for the Mobile Cloud Computing, we are here exposing two simple solutions to solve this problem. Although my research is pretty basic, it still benefit the process of the development for mobile cloud computing and how to make it energy efficient.We believe that exploring other alternatives, such as introducing a middleware based architecture using an optimizing offloading algorithm, could help better the available frameworks and provide more efficient and more flexible solutions to the MCC users. We know that the kind of technology will play an increasing important role in our daily life in the future. By this study, we better know of the newest development in our science area.
This work can be extended to several interesting directions: First, full-duplex transmission can be implemented in the pro- posed system to support simultaneous MPT and computation offloading to improve the power transfer efficiency. Second, the current work focusing on a single-computing task can be generalized to the scenario of computing a multi-task program, which involves program partitioning and simultaneous local computing and offloading. Last, it is interesting to extend the current design for single-user mobile cloud computing system to the multiuser system that requires joint design of radio and computational resource allocation for mobile cloud computing.
References
Brown, W. (1984). The history of power transmission by radio waves. Technological Sanitation Engineering, 4.
Huang, C. & Chae, H. (2010). “Energy efficient mobile cloud computing powered by wireless energy transfer (extended version)”, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Mobile Cloud Computing, 1.
Huang, D., Wang, P. & Niyato, H. (2012). “A dynamic offloading algorithm for mobile computing”, 2014 IEEE Trans, Wireless Commun, 1991–1995.
Huang, L. & Lau, Z. (2014). “Enabling wireless power transfer in cellular networks for science: Architecture, modeling and deployment”, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Mobile Cloud Computing, 2.
Kosta, S., Aucinas, A. & Hui, H. (2012). Think Air: Dynamic resource allocation and parallel execution in the cloud for mobile code offloading. Journal of Science, 4.
Kumar, K. & Liu, L. (2013). A survey of computation offloading for mobile systems. Journal of Science, 5.
Shinohara, N. (2014). Wireless Power Transfer Via Radio waves. Technological Sanitation Engineering, 4.
Swan, M. (2012). Sensor mania! The Internet of Things, wearable computing, objective metrics, and the quantified self 2.0. Intelligence Science, 5.
学术英语论文
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英语论文写作方法
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英文版通用学术英语论文格式样张
英文版通用学术英语论文格式样张 封面页
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英语学术论文写作实践作业
英语学术论文写作实践作业 作者 系（院）外国语学院 专业英语 年级2xxx级 学号 写作意向 旅游的快速发展以及随着中国融入全球化经济，中国与世界各国的交流不断增多，例如，加入WTO、2008年北京成功举办奥运会及上海世博会等，这些显示了中国在国际舞台上扮演越来越重要的角色。近些年来，越来越多的国家希望了解中国，许多外国朋友纷至沓来。特别是中国旅游风景名胜区，每年接待的外国游客越来越多。为了方便外国友人，我国旅游景区就必须提供英语景点导游词。旅游景点导游词主要指的是旅游景区公开和面对旅游者的告示、指示、提示、警示、标示等文字及图形信息，涉及到食、宿、行、游、娱、购等日常生活的方方面面。在旅游景区内，游客最为集中，与旅游宣传册、地图、宣传单等相比，景点导游词更加引人注目集中，更加直截了当地发挥其信息指示功能。由于旅游景点导游词需要及时满足的是社会公众和旅游者的直接社会、行为和心理需求，也反映了生活在这个社会群体的整体文化素质、道德修养和精神面貌，是一个国家对外交流水平和人文环境的具体体现。因此其翻译质量将会响到游客的旅游线路、兴致、感受及印象，进而间接影响我国旅游业的发展。因此，对旅游景点导游词的特点、翻译策略进行探讨具有一定的现实意义。 资料的初步整理 对于英语景点导游词，许多中外学者都做出自己的研究，提出自己的观点。以下是中外学术界的众多研究和观点。 蔡媛媛（2007）《英语景点导游词的语言特点》一文中指出，英语景点导游词具有相应的功能特点。（1）指示性。指示性景点导游词主要是提供给公众一些信息服务，没有任何限制或强制在内，同时也不强制要求公众采取任何行动，其功能只是指示服务内容。因此，指示性景点导游词也被称为指导性或引导性景点导游词。这也是景点导游词最基本、最主要的功能。例如：One Way （单行线）、Tickets （售票处）、Department Store （百货商场）。（2）提示性。提示性景点导游词提示性景点导游词提醒公众注意某些事情，同时提示性景点导游词也并不针对特殊或个别人群。这类景点导游词应用非常广泛，通过提示性景点导游词可以了解什么该做什么不该做，但是这种提示性景点导游词并不具有强制性，公众可根据实际情况来选择执行或不执行。例如：Caution！Radiation（当心射线）、Watch Your Hand（当心夹手）、Don’t Touch（请勿手扶）。（3）限制性。限制性景点导游词对有关公众提出限制或约束的要求，希望有关公众为了大众的利益遵守一定的规则。多数情况下限制性景点导游词语气较为直接，一目了然，但不会让人感到强硬、粗暴或无理。例如：Athletes Only （运动员专用通道）、Large Vehicles Keep Right （大型车靠右）。（4）强制性。强制性景点导游词对有关公众有较大约束力，要求有关公众必须或不得采取任何行动或严格遵守规则。这类景点导游词的语言直接、强制，没有任何商量的余地。例如：No Parking （禁止停车）。 上面是学者对景点导游词特点的研究，对于翻译，颜莉（2008）《英语景点导游词的文体特点及汉英翻译》一文中说到，在进行景点导游词的汉英翻译前，应先了解英语景点导游词的文体特点，这样才能更加准确地将汉语景点导游词译为地道的英语表达方式。代博君（2010）在《景点导游词的语言特征及翻译策略》一文中指出，景点导游词的翻译应属于实用翻译，也称语用翻译。法国翻译理论家Jean Delisle 将语用翻译界定为：运用语用学知识对语用文
英语教学论文的写作方法与步骤
英语教学论文的写作方法与步骤 1、确定选题 写论文，首先要有选题，这是论文写作成败与否的关键。题目是文章的眼睛，应该让读者一看题目就能洞察出文章的内容范围。感受深则写之顺，驾轻就熟，容易出成果。 （l）选题要新颖 创新是论文的生命线。尽量写别人未总结过的东西，要有创造性、新颖性，做到人无我有、人有我新，以爆“冷门”，增强发表的命中率。 （2）大题目的论文并非不能写，但题目过大，会不着边际，捉襟见肘，往往要说的东西太多，结果是什么也讲不深道不透，两、三千字无法包容其内涵。从小处着眼，把题域缩小一些，使题目变得具体、实在，有利于作者更集中、深入地搜集材料、出示论据，写起来得心应手，做到“小题大作”，从而给读者更多有益的东西。2．构思谋篇 论文写作十分辛苦，是一种复杂的脑力劳动，需要充分准备与精心构思。在写作过程中，必须要做到： （l）博采众长，兼收并蓄。（2）搜集整理资料，作读书笔记卡片。在平时教学和课外阅读中，我们要做有心人，善于观察，将英语教学实践中有益的感受记载下来，利用报刊图书，广阅博览，摘录有关资料、信息，制作成卡片，并分类归档，以备参考选用，做到厚积薄发。（3）草拟构架，自如运筹。撰写英语教学论文时拟定提纲恰似建筑施工之前的图纸设计，因为论文须有严密的逻辑性，支撑论点的大量零散材料应该组织得好，否则文章写起来就可能松散、缺乏力度。提纲通常包括论题、论点、目录、材料排列等。拟定好提纲后，可对资料卡片进行分析，重新排列组合，抽出拟撰写的论文需要的材料，为正式写作铺平道路。3．执笔行文 写英语教学论文不是将搜集到的材料进行简单的堆积，而必须注意融会贯通，把这些原材料有机地结合起来，变为自己的东西，用自己的语言阐明自己的观点。（l）初稿：写初稿时，不看卡片，根据提纲把自己的想法、体会、感受全部写出来，每段表达一个完整的意思，写好主题句。 （2）二稿：写好初稿后，我们即可借助卡片重塑初稿，将撰写初稿时可能遗漏的某些材料安插到文章的合适地方。写二稿时，要检查细节安排是否妥贴，语言是否准确，举例是否信当。 （3）定稿：写英语教学论文最好能“一气呵成”，以免打断思路，但修改时宜作“冷处理”。二稿完成后，可暂时放一段时间，因为随着时间的流逝，作者可能会有新的体验、新的发现。为了确保文章的科学性、客观性、创见性及应用性，应努力做到内容充实、材料丰富、见解新颖、论证精辟、概括恰当、用语贴切、行文流畅、逻辑严密和结构完整。还可以请行家审阅，吸取他人的见解，进而加工润色，以臻完善。 五、教育科学论文撰写的基本要求 1、论点要明确。 教育科学论文表述的是建立在前人研究的基础之上并与前人研究的观点不同的新观点、新结论。因此论文选题一定是作者有浓厚兴趣问题，大家都关注的问题，是当今教育科研的主攻方向，具有学术价值的选题。 2、论据要充分。
学术论文英文题名和英文摘要的写作
学术论文英文题名和英文摘要的写 作 英文题名和英文摘要是学术类和技术类科技期刊论文的重要组成部分,是国际间传播、学术交流与合作的桥梁和媒介,有其特殊的意义和作用。好的英文题名和英文摘要对于增加期刊和论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。为了帮助读者撰写论文英文题名和英文摘要,本文总结了英文题名和英文摘要的基本要求及注意事项,以给读者提供参考和指导。 一、论文题名 1.英文题名撰写的基本要求
题名应简明、具体、确切,能概括文章的主旨,符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则并有助于选择关键词和分类号。中文题名一般不超过20个汉字,必要时可加副题名。题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。英文题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母应大写。 2.英文题名撰写的注意事项 除了以上基本要求,我们在写英文题名时还应注意以下几个问题。 (1)英文题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰,要注意采用正确的单词顺序,形容词应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻。 (2)英文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。英文题名开头第一个字不得用the, and, an和a。 (3)英文题名中的大小写有以下3种
格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第一个词的首字母大写,其余均小写。 (4)中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。 总之,题名的用词十分重要,它直接关系到读者对文章的取舍态度,务必字字斟酌。 二、论文摘要 1.摘要的定义 摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是论文主体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点,简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概括和总结。摘要能让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足,并为科技情报文献检索数据库的
通用学术英语论文
Job and Ability: Chinese College Student s’Interpersonal Communication 求职与能力：中国大学生的人际交往 Students: Ye Ying Rui Course: English for Academic Communication Date: December, 2015 Course Paper Grade 2014
Introduction What is learnt in the university? Besides knowledge, the most major one is the interpersonal communication ability; university students should train various kinds of ability, for instance: People skills, grasp information ability, learning ability etc... Among them the cultivation of interpersonal communication is particularly important, great teacher of the revolution Marx has ever said: People are the total of different social relationships, everybody does not exist in isolation, and he must have the problem: how to make these relations, how to improve life quality, these will involve social ability .As important as interpersonal skills in the job, company think a lot of integrative ability especially social ability when recruit college students. However, according to the survey there are 59% college students have difficulty in interpersonal communication, and hard to get a job. Part One the Study of Chinese College Students’Interpersonal Communication Ability In the recently many companies held a fair in colleges all over the country, some corporate director said that employees' communication ability is the power that more and more crucial for enterprise in market competition to win, so more weight is given to a candidate's emotional intelligence. In the face of recruitment conditions, more and more college students feel the importance of interpersonal skills. With a vocational adaptability of college students, according to a survey, 41.98% of students think interpersonal skills training is helpful education content to find work, significantly more than the professional ability training (14.9%), basic knowledge and skills training (17.5%), and the psychological quality education (17.5%), and other abilities. The answer by choosing a career you feel what is lack of quality particularly, chooses interpersonal skills of up to 34.8%, rankling in the back, respectively is analysis and problem solving skills (28.8%), hands-on skills (25.9%), basic knowledge and skill (4.6%). What’s the most helpful ability when you apply for a job?
学术论文常用英语总结
再也不用愁SCI了，再也不愁论文中的英文怎么写了！！！英语学术论 文常用句型 英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility
knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
英语论文写作答案
[填空题] 1、查阅《西南大学网络教育学院本科毕业论文格式要求》，论文封面上论文题目的字体是，字号是。论文摘要（中文）的字数约在-- 之间，行距倍。论文正文的字数约在-- 之间，正文的字体是，字号是，行间距磅。 2、根据《西南大学网络教育学院本科毕业论文写作细则》，完整的毕业论文通常由论文封面、、、、正文、和部分组成，并按先后顺序排列。 3、在毕业论文写作流程的准备阶段，学生应认真阅读西南大学网络教育学院制定的《毕业论文写作细则》和《》，了解各专业选题，熟知论文写作时间安排。 4、英语专业毕业论文选材的范围大体包括类、类、类、 类和特殊用途英语类。 5、本科毕业论文的质量评估主要针对论文内容、、和四个方面。 6、本科毕业论文的整体格式以及相关的引文、注解和文献格式通常参照三种主流的学术论文格式：Chicago Manual即芝加哥格式；Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association即格式，英语简称格式；Modern Language Association Style即格式，英语简称格式。 7、注释大体分为三种形式：、和尾注。夹注也称段中注、文中注或，即在需要注释的文字后面直接加圆括号，注明所引文字的出处。 8、提纲里的章节标题要标明序号，序号形式一种是数字排序，另一种是。 参考答案： 1、宋体、二号、300-500、单倍、5000-100000、宋体、小四、20磅 2、论文评定表、摘要、目录、参考文献、致谢 3、《论文系统操作指南》 4、文学类、翻译类、语言学类、教学法类 5、论文结构、语言文字、论文格式 6、美国心理学会格式、APA、现代语言学会格式、MLA 7、夹注、脚注、随文注 8、字母和数字交替使用
研究生英语学术论文写作考试大概
Ⅰ. Gone up → increased set up → established Put up with → tolerate looking into → investigating Figure out → determine put into practice → implement Come up with → developed make up → constitute Get rid of → eliminate keep up → maintain Gone down → decrease thinking → considering Ⅱ. Structure of Data Commentary Data commentaries usually has these elements in the following order. 1.location elements and/or summary statements 2.highlighting statements 3.discussions of implications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,or other interesting aspects of the data 可能涉及到排序题，有例如下： ①A computer virus is a program that is specifically and maliciously designed to attack a computer system,destroying data.②As business have become inceasingly dependent on computers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of such viruses has also grown.③Table X shows the most common sources of infection for U.S. businesses.④As can be seen, in a great majority of cases,the entry point of the virus infection can be detected,with e-mail attachments being responsible for nearly 9 out of 10 viruses.⑤This very high percentage is increasingly alarming,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are largely preventable.⑥In consequence,e-mail users should be wary of all attachments,even thoes from a trusted colleague or a known sender.⑦In addition,all computers used for e-mail need to have a current version of a good antivirus progarm whose virus definitions are updated regularly.⑧While it may be possible to lessen the likelihood of downloading an infected file,businesses are still vulnerable to computer virus problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly spreading viruses that cannot be identified by antivvirus software. ①②→Theory and common beliefs. ③→The start ④⑤⑥⑦⑧→Implications Ⅲ.信息性摘要 An informative abstract,as its name implies,summarizes the key points in the RP.It is an overview that briefly state the purpose,methods,results and conclutions with quantitative information. 信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而是要进行深入加工。 比较流行的信息性摘要架构有： ①Objective→Methodology→Results→Conclusions ②Background→Purpose and aim→Methods→Results→Conclusions
英文 学术论文格式
附件1：英文版学术论文格式样张 The Researches on Rs Method for Discrete Membership Functions （空一行） ZHANG Xiaoya, LI Dexiang (题目14号字加黑居中) School of Management, Sichuan University, P.R.China, 610036 (10 号字居中) yuanfengxiangsheng@https://www.360docs.net/doc/6b12092612.html, (10号字加黑) (空一行) Abstract Mizumoto used to advance a fuzzy reasoning method ,Rs,which fits the…… Key words IDSS,Fuzzy reasoning,……(10号字) (空一行) 1 Introduction (一级标题12号字加黑) We know that the approaches of implementation of intelligent decision support systems(IDSS)have become variable……(正文均用10号字) (空一行) 2 An Example According to the definition of Rs,we can construct the fuzzy relation matrix,as shown in table 1 Table 1 A Fuzzy Relation Rs (9号字加黑居中) U2U3 U10.00 0.10 0.40 0.70…… 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 …… 0.20 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 ……(表中用9号字) .….. ………………… (空一行)Figure 1 Functions of……(9号字加黑居中) 3 The Improved Method (空一行) 3.1 Method one (二级标题10号字加黑) ………… 3.1.1 Discussing about method one (三级标题10号字) ………… （空一行） 3.2 Method two………… ………… (空一行) 4 Conclusion (12号字加黑) ………… (空一行) References (12号字加黑居中)
英文学术论文常用替换词
1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons. 2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good. rosy ；adj. 蔷薇色的，玫瑰红色的；美好的；乐观的；涨红脸的 3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive 替换。） Adverse；adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness，副词adversely） 4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many. if not most:即使不是大多数 5. a slice of, quite a few 替换some. a slice of:一片，一份 6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。 harbor v/n庇护；怀有 7. affair, business, matter 替换thing. 8. shared 替换common . 9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits. 10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion. 11. Increasing, growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.） 12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换hardly. 13. beneficial, rewarding 替换helpful. 14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer. 15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very. 16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable. 17. indispensable 替换necessary. 18. sth appeals to sb., sth. exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb. take interest in / sb. be interested in. 19. capture one's attention 替换attract one's attention. 20. facet, dimension, sphere 替换aspect. 21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate, suggest, fear. 22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause. 23. There are several reasons behind sth. 替换…reasons for sth. 24. desire 替换want. 25. pour attention into 替换pay attention to. 26. bear in mind that 替换remember. 27. enjoy, possess 替换have（注意process是过程的意思）。 28. interaction 替换communication. 29. frown on sth 替换be against , disagree with sth. 30. as an example 替换for example, for instance. 31. next to / virtually impossible 替换nearly / almost impossible. 32. regarding / concerning 替换about. 33. crucial /paramount 替换important. 34. 第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）；
标准英语论文的写作要求和方法
英语论文的写作要求和方法 1. 论文的入手和规划 ?论文开始前需要对题目背景，相关知识有一定的了解，参考相关书籍，杂志/期刊，网站等。 ?记好笔记，把阅读收集到的相关信息资料记录下来以供论文需要（包括信息来源的出处，以便以后参考文献的标注）。 ?起草论文的大纲，把所要涉及的点列举出来以清晰自己的写作思路。2. 论文的考察方面 ?是否涉及到所要求的理论知识。 ?文章是否围绕所给的问题展开（是否跑题） ?对论题的分析和理解能力 ?辩证地使用和评估信息和相关理论的能力。 ?独立思考和辩证的能力 ?文章的结构是否清晰和语言的组织是否顺畅 3. 语言的要求和注意事项 文字作为一篇论文的“门面”对信息的传递起到很重要的作用，建议用词要贴切，语法要准确，尽量遵循国外人的表达方式，句法和习惯，避免“中国式”英语，这样才能写出一篇“地道”的英语文章，使老外更清楚容易地明白这篇文章所要表达的意思（注：国外老师如果感觉一篇文章很难理解他们是不会花精力去揣摩作者的意图的，无论这篇文正观点多新颖，论据多充足，结果还是一篇不合格的文章。外国人写文章强调通俗易懂，言简意赅，不推荐使用很多复杂的句子，他们看重的是学生对某个理论和问题的理解程度和思考能力，而不是
非常华丽的文词造句。多阅读相关英语文章，学习模仿类似语句的用词造句来组织自己的语言是一种很有效的方法。 4. 论文的格式要求 字体Times New Roman或者Arial，正文字体12号（小四），大标题加粗14号，小标题加粗12号。小小标题不加粗12号。 段落使用现代写作格式—文字顶头不空格，段落与段落隔一行，倍行距。文章两端对齐。 Essay一般不需要目录和标题，report需要目录和标题，标题的编号按照1. 的方式，目录和封面的编辑参考范文。 论文字数上下不超过规定的10% 5. 文献综述标注方法（Referencing）（使用哈佛大学文献标注法） 参考文献可以是书籍，网站，杂志，期刊，网站，报纸等，academic reference（学术性文献）通常指的是书籍或者电子书籍。 文献综述标记分两类—文章末的完整标记和In-text referencing（文章中的标记） . 先说一下完整标记的方法： 首先先介绍一下欧美人的姓名文化，欧美人名在前姓在后，3个字的名字最后一个字是姓，关于姓名的完整标记法是（姓，名的第一个字母+.），如Thomas Edison – Edison,T. 3个字的名字，如Thomas Alva Edison – Edison, T. A. 不同数量作者的标记：一个作者–Mahoney, D. 两个作者–Mahoney, D. & Cripps, M.多个作者：Robbins, ., Bergmann, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M. 不同来源的文献有不同的标记方法，我们每个都解释一下： （英语人标注日期的方法是日/月/年，美国人是月/日/年我们按照英国时间的方式来标注。1-9 需要用1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th表示） 书籍: