英语国家概况之加拿大简介
A Briefing of Canada
Canada is located in the north of North America.It occupying forty one percent of the continent.Canada is the world's second largest country(9,984,670 k㎡) . It extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean.Canada has a small population ,which is only thirty-three million one hundred and forty-three hundred (2008),and more over 70% people live in near the southern of the United States. The population growth rate is moderate,although the positive growth rate is chiefly due to immigration.
Canada has a liberal immigration policy that goes to great lengths to accept refugees and asylum seekers from around the world.Canada is the multicultural society which results from the diversity of its people.English and French are the two important languages spoken in Canada with diversity of people.Such as the United States of America which has turned into an ethic melting pot,for Canada not only contains a variety of cultures but promotes and preserves them.Many laws are set up to protect the various cultures from becoming extinct.Canada has taken action to stop racism.The Canadian government was the first to manage a campaign commemorating the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.Canada helps the rest of the world unite and experience a variety of different ethnic backgrounds trying to eliminate racism.
The living standard in Canada is very high.The welfare state has developed a wide range of health and social services intended to promote health and well-being.The ownership at home in Canada is in its most unaffordable state since the "housing recession "in 1990.
The constitutional arrangement for education in Canada is a provincial responsibility because there is no Department of Education at the federal level and no integrated national system of education,either.
Canada is a multi-ethnic country.Therefore,it has colorful and interesting wedding customs.Most Canadians are Catholic or Protestant and their wedding practice is similar to other Western Christian countries.But in the northern part of
Canada ,the Eskimo area,"bride theft" of the age-old custom has been popular with Eskimos.
Canadians love sports.The widespread sports are ice hockey,golf baseball,swimming,basketball and tennis.Universities in Canada have self-contained field and facilities,which can provide for not only the professional teams,but also for students.
All above are just the general situation of Canada.Now I want to indicate the relationship between Canada and America.
Canada common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world. They share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.
When Canada was under the British colonial rule, its foreign relations were controlled by the British government.Although the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established in 1909,the foreign policy was still influenced by the United Kingdom.In 2003,the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was separated from the Diplomatic and International Trade Department and functioned as an independent department,which aimed to promote cooperation between Canada and countries.
In order to maintain its development and prosperity ,Canada has taken positive attitude in the international and regional affairs.Canada has contributed a lot to promote North-South dialogue,world peace and stability and to assist the poor.In the Canadian value the world order is ruled by law not by the military force.
Like the United States, Canada is one of the most religiously divers countries in the world.Canada has no official church ,"God "is mentioned in the preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,but no specified.Religious pluralisms an important part of the Canadian worship.
Relations between Canada and the United States have spanned more than two centuries. This includes a shared British colonial heritage, warfare during the 1770s and 1812, and the eventual development of one of the most successful international relationships in the modern world. Each is the other's chief economic partner and
large-scale tourism and migration between the two nations has increased the similarities.
The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter-invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and apart from minor raids has remained peaceful. Canada and the United States of America officially established diplomatic relations in 1927,nevertheless two countries have contracts with each other long before.After its independence,the United States of America once attempted to invade the British North America but was defeated by the British Canadian forces.After that the borders between two countries have remained peaceful despite of minor conflict.After the Second World War,the rise of the United States of America in the world makes the Canadian economic,political and diplomatic focus shift from the United Kingdom to the United States.
Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and through NATO. A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada has generated closer ties, especially after the signing of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994.
The bilateral relationship is extremely important for both countries.Currently Canada and the United States are the primary trade partners for each other.Canada's economy heavily relies on the United States.They have signed more than one hundred and ninety cooperative agreements involving border,military defense, tariff,labour arbitration,education,environmental protection,fishery and forest protection.Canada also carries out multilateral cooperation with the United States under NATO,APEC,and OAS(Organization of America States).
Although two countries have common long-term interests,there are minor conflicts because they are so close to each other.Their repeated trade disputes in fishery and forestry have always existed and Canada's grain export to the United States is charged a dumping duty.The close relationship between Canada and the United States is like brothers.They may quarrel sometimes,but their relationship is too
important to be seriously damaged by disagreement over short-term issues.
Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners,share the world's longest unmilitarized border,and have significant interoperability within the defence sphere. Recent difficulties have included repeated trade disputes, environmental concerns, Canadian concern for the future of oil exports, and issues of illegal immigration and the threat of terrorism.
The foreign policies of the neighbours have been closely aligned since the Cold War and after. Canada has disagreed with American policies regarding the Vietnam War, the status of Cuba, the Iraq War, Missile Defense, and the War on Terrorism. A serious diplomatic debate is whether the Northwest Passage is in international waters or under Canadian jurisdiction.
There are close cultural ties between modern day Canada and the United States, advanced in large part because both nations predominately speak English. There are also historical ties between the respective Francophone populations. Pop culture has depicted and parodied the efforts of both nations to solidify their cultural uniqueness-- primarily by Canada, as its population is roughly one tenth that of the United States'-- to deter international perception that Americans and Canadians are virtually identical. Canada remains Americans' favorite foreign nation according to a recent Gallup poll.Nevertheless there remain Canadian fears of being overwhelmed by its neighbour, which is ten times larger in terms of population and economy. James Tagg reports that Canadian university students have a profound fear that "Canadian culture, and likely Canadian sovereignty, will be overwhelmed."The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994.
From the above,Canada and the United States of America have the long-time friendly relationship.But Canada just like dances with wolves,and must independent rather than depend on America.
References
1,《大陆的分界：美国与加拿大的价值与制度》，西摩.马丁.利普森，鲁特埃奇出版公司，1990年
（Seymour Martin Lipeset,Continental Divide:the Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada ,Routledge,1990）
2，《加拿大社会》，鲁迪.芬威克，美国加拿大研究学会，1989年
(Rudy Fenwick,Canada Society,The Association for Canadian Studies in the United States,1989)
3，《加拿大文化与现代论》，高鉴国，沈阳辽海出版社，1999年
4，《英语国家概况》，隋铭才，高等教育出版社，2009年
5，https://www.360docs.net/doc/6b17453328.html,.
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《英语国家概况》- Chapter 12 Ireland Today
第十二章今日爱尔兰 Ⅰ.政治体制 根据1937年的宪法，爱尔兰是议会制共和国和中央集权国家。理论上而言，此宪法适用于整个爱尔兰岛。北爱尔兰公民也被视为共和国公民，能够竞选南方的职位。爱尔兰共和国由爱尔兰32个郡中的26个郡组成。 1.行政权 国家元首是总统，直接投票选举产生，任期七年。他召集或解散议会；签署和颁布法律；任命法官、首相和其他内阁成员；统率武装部队。此外，他有权提交一些议案给最高法院裁决是否符合宪法，也有权提交一些议案给人民进行全民公决。国家委员会建设和帮助总统履行职责。 宪法第13项条款规定，总统应在众议院提名下任命首相；在众议院事先批准而首相提名下任命其他政府成员。在议会的合法届期内，首相能一直担任其职，直到他自己辞职或是失去众议院多数的支持。宪法赋予众议院任命首相的工作相当正式。每届新众议院提名多数党或多数团体领袖为首相。当多数党领袖要求总统正式任命为首相时，众议院通常要休会。然后多数党领袖又返回众议会提出其政府成员名单，这些名单一起被批准后由总统任命，并由首相分配他们负责的部门。 政府向众议院所负的责任是集体的，它被要求作为一集体权力部门聚会和行动。集体负责制要求政府对公众和众议院以统一战线的面目出现。爱尔兰议会生活的这一特征归功于政党团结和忠诚。从历史上看，政党忠诚一直是著名的公共美德，对领袖强烈的忠诚一直坚持至今。像宗教信仰一样，政治上的变节者受人都视。因其领袖的要求，政党成员总是全体投票一致。除集体负责外，部长们也对其各自部门的工作个人负责。 多年来，与总统职位相比，首相职位的权力在增长。作为政府首脑，首相只对众议院负责。他仅被要求让总统对"国内和国际事务的方针有总体了解"。过去通过与首相的经常会晤总统有"总体了解"。自从20世纪70年代以来，这些会晤日益衡少。 2.立法权 所有立法权都赋予了国家议会。国家议会分为两院：众议院和参议院。据宪法，议会拥有制定法律的独有权力。唯一的例外是有关适用于爱尔兰而由欧洲议会通过的法律。目前众议院有166个议员，称为爱尔兰共和国众议院议员。全国划分为41个选区。1987年，13个选区中每个选区有三个议席，另13 个选区中每个选区有四个议席，其余选区中每个选区中有五个议席。参议院60位议员，11位由首相直接提名；43位由五个候选小组选举产生--文化和教育组，劳动组，工商业组，农业组和行政组；剩下的六位议员则由大学产生。众议院议员和参议院议员的任期为五年。 宪法所规定的参议院的权力通常比众议院的权力要少。在免除总统或法官的职务，宣布和终止国家的紧急状态，开始实施除财政议案外的议案，以及除法令文件等广泛事务上，参议院与众议院的权力互为补充。但在其他一些领域，参议院有优先权或独一无二的权力--要求总统拒绝签署议案直到提交全民公决的请愿书必须获得参议院的多数议员同意(但众议院只需三分之一同意)。个人议案区别于公共政策议案，其目的是为促进个人或地区的特别利益，它必须首先在参议院提出。 3.爱尔兰法律和法院 爱尔兰法律以英国的普通法为基础，随后的立法和1937年的宪法对之加以修改。除那些被爱尔兰议会废除的成文法之外，1921年之前英国议会通过的成文法有法律效力。根据法律，总统根据政府的建议任命法官，只有议会决议能对法官免职。高级法院在所有的法律事务上有充分的原始司法权。它也裁决宪法条款范畴内的任何法律的合法性。通常高级法院由
英语国家概况中文版-Chapter 23 Geography and History
第二十三章加拿大地理和历史 Ⅰ.地理特点 1.面积与所处位置 加拿大是世界上仅次于俄国的第二大国家。它的陆地面积大约为一千万平方公里(精确数字为9，976，186平方公里)。它覆盖了近2/5的北美大陆。从北到南，加拿大的辽阔领土几乎从北极绵延至北纬45°，约3200公里。从东到西，它从大西洋延伸到太平洋，约6400公里。加拿大位于美国以北。但有一部分位于美国缅因州以东，还有一部分位于从布法罗到底特律的最近直线上，这部分的加拿大区域比布法罗和底特律还要靠南。北纬45°线标出了加拿大同美国北部的佛蒙特和纽约的分界线。然而，加拿大的大部分地区位于北纬49°以北。加拿大和美国共有一条6738公里的边界线，这条边界线一百多年来从不设防，每天有成千的旅游者从这里通过。 加拿大拥有如此辽阔的领土，它的人口却只有二千九百万(1994)。加拿大的大部分地区人口稀疏。近89%的国土没有常住人口。北部的许多地区杳无人烟，遍布森林或长年冰冻的北极荒地。大约80%的加拿大人住在临近美国边界的大城市中，其中60%的人口集中在魁北克域和安大略湖的西端之间。多伦多是加拿大最大的城市，有三百四十多万人。蒙特利尔是第二大城市，人口为二百九十多万，第三大城市是温哥华，它有一百二十多万人。大多数加拿大的城市都比这三个城市小得多。 加拿大有四大人口密集区：(1)大西洋沿岸的农业、矿业和渔业城市；(2)坐落在魁北克省和安大略省南部以制造业为主的大城市；(3)平原地区以小麦、养牛和采油业为主的城市； (4)不列颠哥伦比亚省的太平洋沿岸。北纬55°以北的大部分地区主要居住着捕猎者、捕鱼者和采矿者。著名的加拿大骑警是这些孤立的地区的法律和秩序的象征。 2.地形 加拿大有着多种多样的地形。在东部，那些多山的沿海省份在圣劳伦斯湾和大西洋有着一条不规则的海岸线。圣劳伦斯平原和内陆平原是主要的耕作区。它们被一个森林密布的高原分隔开，这一高原始于苏必利尔湖和休伦湖。再向西至太平洋，由北到南是绵延的山脉，其中包括落基山脉，海岸山脉的太平洋沿岸往往有海峡伸入陆地。加拿大的最高峰为洛根峰(6050m)，位于加拿大的西北部的育科恩辖区内。 加拿大有许多湖泊，除了在美国边境上的几个大湖区以外，还有九个长为161公里和三十五个长为80多公里的湖泊。 两个主要的河流系统，是马更些河和圣劳伦斯河。连同其支流在内，圣劳伦斯河域的通航里程为3508公里。流经加拿大地盾和西部落基山脉之间的马更些河，是北美的第二大河。马更些河的主流长1609公里。 3.气候 除萨斯喀彻温省的西南部和阿尔伯达省的东南部以外，加拿大的其他地区降水充足。然而，整个加拿大的气候是多变的。从东部到加拿大大草原地区为潮湿的大陆性气候，在不列颠哥伦比亚省的西南部是与美国的华盛顿和俄勒冈州相似的海洋性气候，再往北的地区位于四季长青的亚北极区针叶林带，最北的地方是极地气候，不长树木的苔原带。苔原带在某种程度上比针叶林带暖和，因其更靠近海洋。 总的说来，加拿大的气候并不那么宜人。大部分地区有着漫长而寒冷的冬季，且到处是很深的积雪。拉布拉多寒流使加拿大东部海岸非常寒冷，而吹过哈得孙湾的冷风使内陆地区变得很冷。但是，加拿大绝不是一个到处都常年积雪的地方。八月上旬，东部地区就像热带地区一样炎热、潮湿，在温哥华岛，人们在圣诞节采摘最后一季的玫瑰，二月底他们可采摘到第一季的水仙花。因为加拿大大部分地区气候寒冷，大多数人都居住在南部边境地区。 4.地理区域
2015年4月英语国家概况自考试卷
2015年4月英语国家概况自考试卷
绝密★考试结束前 全国2015年4月高等教育自学考试 英语国家概况试题 课程代码：00522 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 I．MULTIPLE CHOICE Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B,C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question, Blacken the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding
space on the answer sheet. (50 points,1 point for each) 1. There are three dicisions on the island of Great Britain:Englan,Scotland and Wales. A.social B.cultural C.religious D.political 2. , among the British monarchs,was regarded as “the father of the British navy.” A.Henry Ⅱ B.Henry Ⅷ C.Alfred the Great C.William the Conqueror 3. The Celtic tribes are NOT ancestors of the . A.Irish B.Welsh C.English D.Highland Scots 4. The Romans remained in control of Britain for about years. A.100 B.200 C.300 D.400 5. One particular feafure of the feudal system of
英语国家概况
英语国家概况 Introduction to the English-Speaking Countries 一、基本信息 课程代码：2020129 课程学分：2 面向专业：英语 课程性质：专业基础必修课 课程类型：理论教学课 开课院系：外国语学院英语系 使用教材：主教材：《英语国家概况》（修订第二版），温洪瑞主编，首都经济贸易大学出版社， 2011 参考教材：《英语国家概况学习手册》，王恩铭主编，上海外语教育出版社，2012 《英语国家概况》，谢福之著，外语教学与研究出版社，2007 《英语国家概况》，余志远主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2005 《英语国家社会与文化入门》，朱永涛、王立礼主编，高等教育出版社， 2011 《英国历史重大事件及著名人物》（英汉对照），郝澎编著，海南出版社， 2007 《美国历史重大事件及著名人物》（英汉对照），郝澎编著，海南出版社， 2007 先修课程：《基础英语(1-3)》 二、课程简介 英语国家概况是一门专业知识性课程，其目的通过向英语专业的学生介绍一些主要英语国的地理、历史、政治、经济以及文化风俗等方面的内容，提高其对英语主要国家的社会和人文等方面的认识，培养学生的跨文化交际能力，同时也可以促进加强学生的语言学习。本课程的开设有助于拓宽学生的人文知识面和国际视野，全面提高学生的素质。同时本课程也为相当一部分英语专业的学生毕业后从事涉外工作或跨文化交际工作打下必要的理论基础。 三、选课建议 本课程为英语本科专业必修课，适合对二年级第二学期学生开设；要求学生具有较扎实的语言基本功（4000左右的英语词汇量、较好的英语阅读理解能力）。 四、课程基本要求 通过本课程的学习，学生应当对于世界主要英语国家在地理概况、气候特征、行政区划、历史由来、民族构成、社会变迁、政治制度、教育、宗教、文化等几个方面有初步的了解，并具备就相应主题用英语进行基本交流的语言能力。 五、课程内容 第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（英国） 第一章理解国家名称；知道地理位置和面积、地形；知道河流和湖泊、海岸线、气候； 知道自然资源。 第二章知道人口和人口密度、人口分布、民族和语言；理解宗教；理解英国人的保守
英语国家概况-爱尔兰篇中英翻译
第十一章 Part Two The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国 地理与历史 Geography and History 不列颠群岛由两大岛屿和几百座小岛组成。两大岛屿是大不列颠和爱尔兰岛。爱尔兰也因其乡村绿荫而被称为绿宝石岛。爱尔兰分为两个政治区域：北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国。北爱尔兰是联合王国的一部分。爱尔兰共和国是个独立国家。 The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because ot its rich green countryside. Ireland is divided into two political units. They are Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Northern Island is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland (Eire) is an independent country. I.Geographical Features地理特征 爱尔兰共和国的面积为70，282平方公里。与北爱尔兰接壤的边界为434公里。 The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. 首都是都柏林，The capital is Dublin. 爱尔兰一直被比作盆地，内有海滨高地围起的石灰岩高原。海洋性气候影响全国。 Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highland s. Maritime influences penetrate the land. 最高峰是卡朗图山(1，041米) The highest peaks are Carrantuohill (1,041 m) 爱尔兰最大的河是香农河，它发源于斯利戈湾附近的高原, 香农河为共和国提供了大部分电力。 The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It rises in the plateau near Sligo Bay, The Shannon River provides electric power for much of the Republic. 多样化是低地的主要特征。中部低地是爱尔兰的心脏。山谷的通道和低地走廊通向每一个爱尔兰海岸， Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland. Easy passageways along valley and lowland corridors lead from it to every Irish shore. 因为爱尔兰在冰川时期完全被冰层覆盖，现在所有的动植物种类都是从欧洲其他地方迁徙来的。 As Ireland was completely covered by ice sheets during the lce Age, all extant plants and animals are migrant species from other parts of Europe. 沼泽仍是爱尔兰最重要的地形特征。在所有山脉中随处可见，并覆盖低地的大片地区。
(完整版)英语国家概况复习题及参考答案
《英语国家概况》复习题及参考答案 一Multiple choice ( 30’) ( ) 1 As a result of the Black Death, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of ___ in England. A grain B farm tools C houses D labor ( ) 2 In the late 17th century, two of most famous literary works were Pilgrim’s Progress and _________ . A the Jew of Malta B the School of Archery C Novum Organum D Paradise Lost ( ) 3. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and _____ formed the London Working Men’s Association. A householders B tenants C small shopkeepers D office workers ( ) 4. In the Industrial Revolution, changes occurred earliest and quickest in the industry of ______. A. pottery B hardware C textiles D chemicals ( ) 5. In Britain police officers are not allowed to join ________ or to go on strike. A a choir B a political party C a trade union D a club ( ) 6 The Great Carter of 1215 is also known as _________. A People’s Charter B Magna Carta C King’s Charter D the Declaration of human rights ( ) 7 Henry Ⅱwas the first king of the ________ dynasty. A Malcolm B Plantagenet C Windsor D Tudor ( ) 8. __________ is the most typically English of sports A Cricket B Golf C Tennis D Horse-racing ( ) 9. By the Treaty of ______ of 1842, China ceded _______ to Britain. A Nanjing, Hong Kong B Tianjing, Hong Kong C Nanjing, Macau D Tianjing, Macau ( ) 10. In _______, the name Great Britain came into being. A 1689 B 1702 C 1701 D 1707 ( ) 11. The serious economic crisis in the late 1920s and the beginning of 1930s was first brought about by ___. A the farm failure B the bank failures C the stock market crash D the high unemployment ( ) 12．What are the problems that the U.S. economy has faced from time to time? A Inflation B Depressions C Recessions D all of the above ( ) 13．The real American literature began________. A after the war of Independence B after the Westward Movement C after the Civil War D after the Civil Rights Movement ( ) 14. In 1900, the United States ranked first in the production of ____ . A coal B electricity C oil D wheat ( ) 15. In the United States, if the parents don’t send their children to school at certain age, ________ . A the state government will be responsible for it B they will educate the children themselves C they can save a lot of money D they are breaking the law ( ) 16. The U.S. and China established their diplomatic relations in _____. A 1974 B 1972 C 1978 D 1979 ( ) 17 In his inaugural speech, ______ said that “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” A Woodrow Wilson B Theodore Roosevelt
英语国家概况重点整理
第一周 Questions and answers 1.一、What are those 6 English-speaking countries and it’s capitals? 1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(London伦敦) 2: The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国(Dublin都柏林) 3: The United States of America 美利坚合众国(Washington DC 华盛顿DC) 4: Canada 加拿大(Ottawa渥太华) 5:The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦(Canberra堪培拉) 6:New Zealand (新西兰) (Wellington惠灵顿) 第二周chapter1-2 Questions and answers 2.What is the full name of the United Kingdom? The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 3.What are the other names? Simplified names: UK, United Kingdom。 Geographical name; Britain, Great Britain Historical name: the British Empire; the British Commonwealth; 4.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles? Great Britain and Ireland 5.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom? England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 6.What are their respective capitals（首府）? London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast 7.What’s its nickname? John Bull; sometimes, lion 8.What’s the national anthem（国歌）? God save the Queen/King 9.What’s its national flower? Rose 10.What’s its national flag? Union Jack 11.How many members are there in British Commonwealth in 2007? 53 课后重点练习 P8 一、1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 三、1 2 3 4 5 6 四、1 2 3 4 8 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 五、2 第三周chapter3-5