罗斯-公司理财-英文练习题-附带答案-第九章
CHAPTER 9
Risk Analysis, Real Options, and Capital Budgeting
Multiple Choice Questions:
I. DEFINITIONS
SCENARIO ANALYSIS
b 1. An analysis of what happens to the estimate of the net present value when you examine a number of
different likely situations is called _____ analysis.
a. forecasting
b. scenario
c. sensitivity
d. simulation
e. break-even
Difficulty level: Easy
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
c 2. An analysis of what happens to the estimate of net present value when only one variable is change
d is
called _____ analysis.
a. forecasting
b. scenario
c. sensitivity
d. simulation
e. break-even
Difficulty level: Easy
SIMULATION ANALYSIS
d 3. An analysis which combines scenario analysis with sensitivity analysis is called _____ analysis.
a. forecasting
b. scenario
c. sensitivity
d. simulation
e. break-even
Difficulty level: Easy
BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS
e 4. An analysis o
f the relationship between the sales volume and various measures of profitability is
called _____ analysis.
a. forecasting
b. scenario
c. sensitivity
d. simulation
e. break-even
Difficulty level: Easy
VARIABLE COSTS
a 5. Variable costs:
a. change in direct relationship to the quantity of output produced.
b. are constant in the short-run regardless of the quantity of output produced.
c. reflect the change in a variable when one more unit of output is produce
d.
d. are subtracted from fixed costs to compute the contribution margin.
e. form the basis that is used to determine the degree of operating leverage employed by a firm.
Difficulty level: Easy
FIXED COSTS
b 6. Fixed costs:
a. change as the quantity of output produced changes.
b. are constant over the short-run regardless of the quantity of output produced.
c. reflect the change in a variable when one more unit of output is produce
d.
d. are subtracted from sales to compute the contribution margin.
e. can be ignored in scenario analysis since they are constant over the life of a project.
Difficulty level: Easy
ACCOUNTING BREAK-EVEN
c 7. The sales level that results in a project’s net income exactly equaling zero is calle
d th
e _____ break-
even.
a. operational
b. leveraged
c. accounting
d. cash
e. present value
Difficulty level: Easy
PRESENT VALUE BREAK-EVEN
e 8. The sales level that results in a project’s net present value exactly equaling zero is called the _____
break-even.
a. operational
b. leveraged
c. accounting
d. cash
e. present value
Difficulty level: Easy
II. CONCEPTS
SCENARIO ANALYSIS
b 9. Conducting scenario analysis helps managers see the:
a. impact of an individual variable on the outcome of a project.
b. potential range of outcomes from a proposed project.
c. changes in long-term debt over the course of a proposed project.
d. possible range of market prices for their stock over the life of a project.
e. allocation distribution of funds for capital projects under conditions of hard rationing.
Difficulty level: Easy
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
b 10. Sensitivity analysis helps you determine the:
a. range of possible outcomes given possible ranges for every variable.
b. degree to which the net present value reacts to changes in a single variable.
c. net present value given the best and the worst possible situations.
d. degree to which a project is reliant upon the fixed costs.
e. level of variable costs in relation to the fixed costs of a project.
Difficulty level: Easy
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
c 11. As the degree of sensitivity of a project to a single variable rises, the:
a. lower the forecasting risk of the project.
b. smaller the range of possible outcomes given a pre-defined range of values for the
input.
c. more attention management should place on accurately forecasting the future value of
that variable.
d. lower the maximum potential value of the project.
e. lower the maximum potential loss of the project.
Difficulty level: Medium
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
c 12. Sensitivity analysis is conducte
d by:
a. holding all variables at their base level and changing the required rate of return
assigned to a project.
b. changing the value of two variables to determine their interdependency.
c. changing the value of a single variable and computing the resulting change in the
current value of a project.
d. assigning either the best or the worst possible value to each variable and comparing the
results to those achieved by the base case.
e. managers after a project has been implemented to determine how each variable relates
to the level of output realized.
Difficulty level: Medium
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
d 13. To ascertain whether th
e accuracy o
f the variable cost estimate for a project will have
much effect on the final outcome of the project, you should probably conduct _____
analysis.
a. leverage
b. scenario
c. break-even
d. sensitivity
e. cash flow
Difficulty level: Easy
SIMULATION
d 14. Simulation analysis is based on assigning a _____ and analyzing th
e results.
a. narrow range of values to a single variable
b. narrow range of values to multiple variables simultaneously
c. wide range of values to a single variable
d. wide range of values to multiple variables simultaneously
e. single value to each of the variables
Difficulty level: Medium
SIMULATION
e 15. The type o
f analysis that is most dependent upon the use of a computer is _____
analysis.
a. scenario
b. break-even
c. sensitivity
d. degree of operating leverage
e. simulation
Difficulty level: Easy
VARIABLE COSTS
d 16. Which on
e o
f the followin
g is most likely a variable cost?
a. office rent
b. property taxes
c. property insurance
d. direct labor costs
e. management salaries
Difficulty level: Easy
VARIABLE COSTS
a 17. Which of the following statements concerning variable costs is (are) correct?
I. Variable costs minus fixed costs equal marginal costs.
II. Variable costs are equal to zero when production is equal to zero.
III. An increase in variable costs increases the operating cash flow.
a. II only
b. III only
c. I and III only
d. II and III only
e. I and II only
Difficulty level: Medium
VARIABLE COSTS
a 18. All else constant, as the variable cost per unit increases, the:
a. contribution margin decreases.
b. sensitivity to fixed costs decreases.
c. degree of operating leverage decreases.
d. operating cash flow increases.
e. net profit increases.
Difficulty level: Medium
FIXED COSTS
c 19. Fixe
d costs:
I. are variable over long periods of time.
II. must be paid even if production is halted.
III. are generally affected by the amount of fixed assets owned by a firm.
IV. per unit remain constant over a given range of production output.
a. I and III only
b. II and IV only
c. I, II, and III only
d. I, II, and IV only
e. I, II, III, and IV
Difficulty level: Medium
CONTRIBUTION MARGIN
c 20. The contribution margin must increase as:
a. both the sales price and variable cost per unit increase.
b. the fixed cost per unit declines.
c. the gap between the sales price and the variable cost per unit widens.
d. sales price per unit declines.
e. the sales price minus the fixed cost per unit increases.
Difficulty level: Medium
ACCOUNTING BREAK-EVEN
a 21. Which of the following statements are correct concerning the accounting break-even
point?
I. The net income is equal to zero at the accounting break-even point.
II. The net present value is equal to zero at the accounting break-even point.
III. The quantity sold at the accounting break-even point is equal to the total fixed costs plus depreciation divided by the contribution margin.
IV. The quantity sold at the accounting break-even point is equal to the total fixed costs divided by the contribution margin.
a. I and III only
b. I and IV only
c. II and III only
d. II and IV only
e. I, II, and IV only
Difficulty level: Medium
ACCOUNTING BREAK-EVEN
b 22. All else constant, the accounting break-even level of sales will decrease when the:
a. fixed costs increase.
b. depreciation expense decreases.
c. contribution margin decreases.
d. variable costs per unit increas
e.
e. selling price per unit decreases.
Difficulty level: Medium
PRESENT VALUE BREAK-EVEN
d 23. Th
e point where a project produces a rate o
f return equal to the required return is
known as the:
a. point of zero operating leverage.
b. internal break-even point.
c. accounting break-even point.
d. present value break-even point.
e. internal break-even point.
Difficulty level: Easy
PRESENT VALUE BREAK-EVEN
b 24. Which of the following statements are correct concerning the present value break-even
point of a project?
I. The present value of the cash inflows equals the amount of the initial investment.
II. The payback period of the project is equal to the life of the project.
III. The operating cash flow is at a level that produces a net present value of zero.
IV. The project never pays back on a discounted basis.
a. I and II only
b. I and III only
c. II and IV only
d. III and IV only
e. I, III, and IV only
Difficulty level: Medium
INVESTMENT TIMING DECISION
b 25. The investment timing decision relates to:
a. how long the cash flows last once a project is implemented.
b. the decision as to when a project should be started.
c. how frequently the cash flows of a project occur.
d. how frequently the interest on the debt incurred to finance a project is compounded.
e. the decision to either finance a project over time or pay out the initial cost in cash.
Difficulty level: Medium
OPTION TO WAIT
e 26. The timing option that gives the option to wait:
I. may be of minimal value if the project relates to a rapidly changing technology.
II. is partially dependent upon the discount rate applied to the project being evaluated.
III. is defined as the situation where operations are shut down for a period of time.
IV. has a value equal to the net present value of the project if it is started today versus the net present value if it is started at some later date.
a. I and III only
b. II and IV only
c. I and II only
d. II, III, and IV only
e. I, II, and IV only
Difficulty level: Challenge
OPTION TO EXPAND
b 27. Last month you introduced a new product to the market. Consumer demand has been
overwhelming and appears that strong demand will exist over the long-term. Given this
situation, management should consider the option to:
a. suspend.
b. expand.
c. abandon.
d. contract.
e. withdraw.
Difficulty level: Easy
OPTION TO EXPAND
c 28. Including the option to expan
d in your project analysis will tend to:
a. extend the duration of a project but not affect the project’s net present value.
b. increase the cash flows of a project but decrease the project’s net present value.
c. increase the net present value of a project.
d. decrease the net present value of a project.
e. have no effect on either a project’s cash flows or its net present value.
Difficulty level: Medium
SENSITIVITY AND SENARIO ANALYSIS
d 29. Theoretically, th
e NPV is the most appropriate method to determine the acceptability o
f a project. A
false sense of security can be overwhelm the decision-maker when the procedure is applied properly
and the positive NPV results are accepted blindly. Sensitivity and scenario analysis aid in the
process by
a. changing the underlying assumptions on which the decision is based.
b. highlights the areas where more and better data are needed.
c. providing a picture of how an event can affect the calculations.
d. All of the abov
e.
e. None of the above.
Difficulty level: Medium
DECSION TREE
a 30. In order to make a decision with a decision tree
a. one starts farthest out in time to make the first decision.
b. one must begin at time 0.
c. any path can be taken to get to the en
d.
d. any path can be taken to get back to the beginning.
e. None of the above.
Difficulty level: Medium
DECISION TREE
c 31. In a decision tree, the NPV to make the yes/no decision is dependent on
a. only the cash flows from successful path.
b. on the path where the probabilities add up to one.
c. all cash flows and probabilities.
d. only the cash flows and probabilities of the successful path.
e. None of the above.
Difficulty level: Medium
DECISION TREE
e 32. In a decision tree, caution should be used in analysis because
a. early stage decisions are probably riskier and should not likely use the same discount rate.
b. if a negative NPV is actually occurring, management should opt out of the project and minimize their
loss.
c. decision trees are only used for planning, not actually daily management.
d. Both A and C.
e. Both A and B.
Difficulty level: Medium
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
d 33. Sensitivity analysis evaluates th
e NPV with respect to
a. changes in the underlying assumptions.
b. one variable changing while holding the others constant.
c. different economic conditions.
d. All of the abov
e.
e. None of the above.
Difficulty level: Medium
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
d 34. Sensitivity analysis provides information on
a. whether the NPV should be trusted, it may provide a false sense of security if all NPVs are positive.
b. the need for additional information as it tests each variable in isolation.
c. the degree of difficulty in changing multiple variables together.
d. Both A and B.
e. Both A and C.
Difficulty level: Medium
FIXED COSTS
b 35. Fixed production costs are
a. directly related to labor costs.
b. measured as cost per unit of time.
c. measured as cost per unit of output.
d. dependent on the amount of goods or services produced.
e. None of the above.
Difficulty level: Medium
VARIABLE COSTS
d 36. Variabl
e costs
a. change as the quantity of output changes.
b. are zero when production is zero.
c. are exemplified by direct labor and raw materials.
d. All of the abov
e.
e. None of the above.
Difficulty level: Easy
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
b 37. An investigation of the degree to which NPV depends on assumptions made about any singular
critical variable is called a(n)
a. operating analysis.
b. sensitivity analysis.
c. marginal benefit analysis.
d. decision tree analysis.
e. None of the above.
Difficulty level: Easy
SENSITIVITY AND SCENARIOS ANALYSIS
b 38. Scenario analysis is different than sensitivity analysis
a. as no economic forecasts are changed.
b. as several variables are changed together.
c. because scenario analysis deals with actual data versus sensitivity analysis which deals with a
forecast.
d. because it is short and simpl
e.
e. because it is 'by the seat of the pants' technique.
Difficulty level: Medium
EQUIVALENT ANNUAL COST
c 39. In the present-value break-even the EAC is use
d to
a. determine the opportunity cost of investment.
b. allocate depreciation over the life of the project.
c. allocate the initial investment at its opportunity cost over the life of the project.
d. determine the contribution margin to fixed costs.
e. None of the above.
Difficulty level: Medium
BREAK-EVEN
b 40. The present value break-even point is superior to the accounting break-even point because
a. present value break-even is more complicated to calculate.
b. present value break-even covers the economic opportunity costs of the investment.
c. present value break-even is the same as sensitivity analysis.
d. present value break-even covers the fixed costs of production, which the accounting break-even does
not.
e. present value break-even covers the variable costs of production, which the accounting break-even
does not.
Difficulty level: Easy
ABANDONMENT
d 41. Th
e potential decision to abandon a project has option value because
a. abandonment can occur at any future point in time.
b. a project may be worth more dead than alive.
c. management is not locked into a negative outcome.
d. All of the abov
e.
e. None of the above.
Difficulty level: Easy
TYPES OF BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS
d 42. Which of th
e following are types o
f break-even analysis?
a. present value break-even
b. accounting profit break-even
c. market value break-even
d. Both A and B.
e. Both A and C.
Difficulty level: Easy
公司理财罗斯第九版课后习题答案
罗斯《公司理财》第9版精要版英文原书课后部分章节答案详细? 1 / 17 CH5 11，13，18，19，20 11. To find the PV of a lump sum, we use: PV = FV / (1 + r) t PV = $1,000,000 / (1.10) 80 = $488.19 13. To answer this question, we can use either the FV or the PV formula. Both will give the same answer since they are the inverse of each other. We will use the FV formula, that is: FV = PV(1 + r) t Solving for r, we get: r = (FV / PV) 1 / t –1 r = ($1,260,000 / $150) 1/11 2 – 1 = .0840 or 8.40% To find the FV of the first prize, we use: FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $1,260,000(1.0840) 3 3 = $18,056,409.9 4 18. To find the FV of a lump sum, we use: FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $4,000(1.11) 4 5 = $438,120.97 FV = $4,000(1.11) 35 = $154,299.40 Better start early! 19. We need to find the FV of a lump sum. However, the money will only be invested for six years, so the number of periods is six. FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $20,000(1.084) 6 = $32,449.33 20. To answer this question, we can use either the FV or the PV formula. Both will give the same answer since they are the inverse of each other. We will use the FV formula, that is: FV = PV(1 + r) t Solving for t, we get: t = ln(FV / PV) / ln(1 + r) t = ln($75,000 / $10,000) / ln(1.11) = 19.31 So, the money must be invested for 19.31 years. However, you will not receive the money for another two years. From now, you’ll wait: 2 years + 19.31 years = 21.31 years CH6 16，24，27，42，58 16. For this problem, we simply need to find the FV of a lump sum using the equation: FV = PV(1 + r) t 2 / 1 7 It is important to note that compounding occurs semiannually. To account for this, we will divide the interest rate by two (the number of compounding periods in a year), and multiply the number of periods by two. Doing so, we get: FV = $2,100[1 + (.084/2)] 34 = $8,505.93 24. This problem requires us to find the FVA. The equation to find the FVA is: FV A = C{[(1 + r) t – 1] / r} FV A = $300[{[1 + (.10/12) ] 360 – 1} / (.10/12)] = $678,146.3 8 27. The cash flows are annual and the compounding period is quarterly, so we need to calculate the EAR to make the interest rate comparable with the timing of the cash flows. Using the equation for the EAR, we get: EAR = [1 + (APR / m)] m – 1 EAR = [1 + (.11/4)] 4 – 1 = .1146 or 11.46% And now we use the EAR to find the PV of each cash flow as a lump sum and add them together: PV = $725 / 1.1146 + $980 / 1.1146 2 + $1,360 / 1.1146 4 = $2,320.36 42. The amount of principal paid on the loan is the PV of the monthly payments you make. So, the present value of the $1,150 monthly payments is: PVA = $1,150[(1 – {1 / [1 + (.0635/12)]} 360 ) / (.0635/12)] = $184,817.42 The monthly payments of $1,150 will amount to a principal payment of $184,817.42. The amount of principal you will still owe is: $240,000 – 184,817.42 = $55,182.58 This remaining principal amount will increase at the interest rate on the loan until the end of the loan period. So the balloon payment in 30 years, which is the FV of the remaining principal will be: Balloon payment = $55,182.58[1 + (.0635/12)] 360 = $368,936.54 58. To answer this question, we should find the PV of both options, and compare them. Since we are purchasing the car, the lowest PV is the best option. The PV of the leasing is simply the PV of the lease payments, plus the $99. The interest rate we would use for the leasing option is the same as the interest rate of the loan. The PV of leasing is: PV = $9 9 + $450{1 –[1 / (1 + .07/12) 12(3) ]} / (.07/12) = $14,672.91 The PV of purchasing the car is the current price of the car minus the PV of the resale price. The PV of the resale price is : PV = $23,000 / [1 + (.07/12)] 12(3) = $18,654.82 The PV of the decision to purchase is: $32,000 – 18,654.82 = $13,345.18 3 / 17 In this case, it is cheaper to buy the car than leasing it since the PV of the purchase cash flows is lower. To find the breakeven resale price, we need to find the resale price that makes the PV of the two options the same. In other words, the PV of the decision to buy should be: $32,000 – PV of resale price = $14,672.91 PV of resale price = $17,327.09 The resale price that would make the PV of the lease versus buy decision is the FV of
罗斯《公司理财》(第11版)笔记和课后习题详解-第16~19章【圣才出品】
第16章资本结构：基本概念 16.1 复习笔记 资本结构是指企业资本的组成要素与比例关系，一般指公司资本中负债与股权所占的比例。总的来说，有众多的资本结构可供企业选择。企业可发行大量的或极少的债务，亦可发行优先股、认股权证、可转换债券、可赎回债券，还可计划租赁融资、债券互换及远期合约。 1．公司的价值 （1）公司价值的定义 公司价值是指公司全部资产的市场价值，即负债和所有者权益之和。它是以一定期间归属于投资者的现金流量，按照资本成本或投资机会成本贴现的现值表示的。公司价值不同于利润。利润只是新创造的价值的一部分，而公司价值不仅包含了新创造的价值，还包含了公司潜在的或预期的获利能力。根据定义，公司的价值V可以表示为： V≡B＋S 其中，B为负债的市场价值，S为所有者权益的市场价值。 （2）公司价值最大化目标 公司价值最大化目标是指企业的股东关注整个企业价值的最大化，即企业的负债和所有者权益之和最大化，而并不偏爱仅仅使他们的利益最大化的策略。 这种观点的优点包括：①考虑了货币时间价值和投资风险价值，有利于选择投资方案，统筹安排长短期规划，有效筹措资金，合理制定股利政策；②反映了资产保值增值的要求； ③有利于克服管理上的片面性和短期行为。
这一目标存在的问题在于：①对非上市公司不能用股票价格来衡量其价值；②对上市公司，股价不一定能反映企业获利能力，股票价格受多种因素的影响。 （3）企业价值最大化与股东利益最大化 追求股东利益的最大化和追求企业价值最大化是企业财务管理的两大基本目标，是企业理财活动所希望实现的结果，是评价企业理财活动的基本标准。 ①股东利益最大化。股东利益最大化目标存在两种不同的表现形式：一是企业利润最大化；二是股东财富最大化。前者是企业所有权与经营权没有分离情况下，作为企业的出资人，从而又是企业经营者，所确定的追求财产使用价值最大化的财务管理目标。在企业所有者与经营权分离的情况下，利润最大化的财务目标转变成股东财富最大化。股东的财富一般表现为拥有企业股票的数量与股票价格的乘积。在股票数量一定时，股东财富就与股票价格成正比。因此，股东财富最大化实质上可以看作股票市场价格最大化。 ②企业价值最大化。企业价值最大化目标强调财务管理目标应与企业多个利益集团有关，追求的是企业各个利益相关者集体利益的最大化。 ③目标的选择。追求企业价值最大化与追求股东利益最大化具有本质上的不同，集体利益的最大化并不等于个体利益能够最大化，反之亦然。经济理论已经证明，集体理性与个体理性存在冲突，前者要求将“蛋糕”做大，后者可以在“蛋糕”大小不变的情况下，通过对“蛋糕”的不同分割，使得一部分利益集团在损害其它利益集团利益的基础上实现自身收益的最大化。因此，企业的财务管理目标必然是各个利益集团共同作用和相互妥协的结果。 当且仅当企业的价值提高时，资本结构的变化对股东有利；相反，当且仅当企业的价值减少时，资本结构的变化损害股东。并且，对于不同种类的资本结构变化，这个结论仍然成立。因此，管理者应该选择他们所认为的可使公司价值最高的资本结构，因为这样的资本结构将对公司的股东最有利。
罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解[视频详解](风险、资本成本和资本预算)【圣才
罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解] 第13章风险、资本成本和资本预算[视频讲解] 13.1复习笔记 运用净现值法，按无风险利率对现金流量折现，可以准确评价无风险现金流量。然而，现实中的绝大多数未来现金流是有风险的，这就要求有一种能对有风险现金流进行折现的方法。确定风险项目净现值所用的折现率可根据资本资产定价模型CAPM（或套利模型APT）来计算。如果某无负债企业要评价一个有风险项目，可以运用证券市场线SML来确定项目所要求的收益率r s，r s也称为权益资本成本。 当企业既有债务融资又有权益融资时，所用的折现率应是项目的综合资本成本，即债务资本成本和权益资本成本的加权平均。 联系企业的风险贴现率与资本市场要求的收益率的原理在于如下一个简单资本预算原则：企业多余的现金，可以立即派发股利，投资者收到股利自己进行投资，也可以用于投资项目产生未来的现金流发放股利。从股东利益出发，股东会在自己投资和企业投资中选择期望收益率较高的一个。只有当项目的期望收益率大于风险水平相当的金融资产的期望收益率时，项目才可行。因此项目的折现率应该等于同样风险水平的金融资产的期望收益率。这也说明了资本市场价格信号作用。 1．权益资本成本 从企业的角度来看，权益资本成本就是其期望收益率，若用CAPM模型，股票的期望收益率为：
其中，R F是无风险利率，是市场组合的期望收益率与无风险利率之差，也称为期望超额市场收益率或市场风险溢价。 要估计企业权益资本成本，需要知道以下三个变量：①无风险利率；②市场风险溢价； ③公司的贝塔系数。 根据权益资本成本计算企业项目的贴现率需要有两个重要假设：①新项目的贝塔风险与企业风险相同；②企业无债务融资。 2．贝塔的估计 估算公司贝塔值的基本方法是利用T个观测值按照如下公式估计： 估算贝塔值可能存在以下问题：①贝塔可能随时间的推移而发生变化；②样本容量可能太小；③贝塔受财务杠杆和经营风险变化的影响。 可以通过如下途径解决上述问题：①第1个和第2个问题可通过采用更加复杂的统计技术加以解决；②根据财务风险和经营风险的变化对贝塔作相应的调整，有助于解决第3个问题；③注意同行业类似企业的平均β估计值。 根据企业自身历史数据来估算企业贝塔系数是一种常用方法，也有人认为运用整个行业的贝塔系数可以更好地估算企业的贝塔系数。有时两者计算的结果差异很大。总的来说，可以遵循下列原则：如果认为企业的经营与所在行业其他企业的经营十分类似，用行业贝塔降低估计误差。如果认为企业的经营与行业内其他企业的经营有着根本性差别，则应选择企业的贝塔。 3．贝塔的确定 前面介绍的回归分析方法估算贝塔并未阐明贝塔是由哪些因素决定的。主要存在以下三个因素：收入的周期性、经营杠杆和财务杠杆。
罗斯公司理财第九版第十章课后答案对应版
第十章：风险与收益：市场历史的启示 1. 因为公司的表现具有不可预见性。 2. 投资者很容易看到最坏的投资结果，但是确很难预测到。 3. 不是，股票具有更高的风险，一些投资者属于风险规避者，他们认为这点额外的报酬率还不至于吸引他们付出更高风险的代价。 4. 股票市场与赌博是不同的，它实际是个零和市场，所有人都可能赢。而且投机者带给市场更高的流动性，有利于市场效率。 5. 在80 年代初是最高的，因为伴随着高通胀和费雪效应。 6. 有可能，当投资风险资产报酬非常低，而无风险资产报酬非常高，或者同时出现这两种现象时就会发生这样的情况。 7. 相同，假设两公司2 年前股票价格都为P0，则两年后G 公司股票价格为 1.1*0.9* P0，而S 公司股票价格为0.9*1.1 P0，所以两个公司两年后的股价是一样的。 8. 不相同，Lake Minerals 2年后股票价格= 100(1.10)(1.10) = $121.00 而SmallTown Furniture 2年后股票价格= 100(1.25)(.95) = $118.75 9. 算数平均收益率仅仅是对所有收益率简单加总平均，它没有考虑到所有收益率组合的效果，而几何平均收益率考虑到了收益率组合的效果，所以后者比较重要。 10. 不管是否考虑通货膨胀因素，其风险溢价没有变化，因为风险溢价是风险资产收益率与无风险资产收益率的差额，若这两者都考虑到通货膨胀的因素，其差额仍然是相互抵消的。而在考虑税收后收益率就会降低，因为税后收益会降低。 11. R = [($104 – 92) + 1.45] / $92 = .1462 or 14.62% 12. Dividend yield = $1.45 / $92 = .0158 or 1.58% Capital gains yield = ($104 – 92) / $92 = .1304 or 13.04% 13. R = [($81 – 92) + 1.45] / $92 = –.1038 or –10.38% Dividend yield = $1.45 / $92 = .0158 or 1.58% Capital gains yield = ($81 – 92) / $92 = –.1196 or –11.96% 14.
罗斯公司理财重点知识整理
第一章导论 1. 公司目标：为所有者创造价值公司价值在于其产生现金流能力。 2. 财务管理的目标：最大化现有股票的每股现值。 3. 公司理财可以看做对一下几个问题进行研究： 1. 资本预算：公司应该投资什么样的长期资产。 2. 资本结构：公司如何筹集所需要的资金。 3. 净运营资本管理：如何管理短期经营活动产生的现金流。 4. 公司制度的优点：有限责任，易于转让所有权，永续经营。缺点：公司税对股东的双重课税。 第二章会计报表与现金流量 资产 = 负债 + 所有者权益（非现金项目有折旧、递延税款） EBIT（经营性净利润） = 净销售额 - 产品成本 - 折旧EBITDA = EBIT + 折旧及摊销 现金流量总额CF(A) = 经营性现金流量 - 资本性支出 - 净运营资本增加额 = CF(B) + CF(S) 经营性现金流量OCF = 息税前利润 + 折旧 - 税 资本性输出 = 固定资产增加额 + 折旧 净运营资本 = 流动资产 - 流动负债 第三章财务报表分析与财务模型 1. 短期偿债能力指标（流动性指标） 流动比率 = 流动资产/流动负债（一般情况大于一） 速动比率 = (流动资产 - 存货)/流动负债（酸性实验比率） 现金比率 = 现金/流动负债 流动性比率是短期债权人关心的，越高越好；但对公司而言，高流动性比率意味着流动性好，或者现金等短期资产运用效率低下。对于一家拥有强大借款能力的公司，看似较低的流动性比率可能并非坏的信号 2. 长期偿债能力指标（财务杠杆指标） 负债比率 = (总资产 - 总权益)/总资产 or (长期负债 + 流动负债)/总资产 权益乘数 = 总资产/总权益 = 1 + 负债权益比 利息倍数 = EBIT/利息 现金对利息的保障倍数(Cash coverage radio) = EBITDA/利息 3. 资产管理或资金周转指标 存货周转率 = 产品销售成本/存货存货周转天数= 365天/存货周转率 应收账款周转率 = （赊）销售额/应收账款 总资产周转率 = 销售额/总资产 = 1/资本密集度 4. 盈利性指标 销售利润率 = 净利润/销售额 资产收益率ROA = 净利润/总资产 权益收益率ROE = 净利润/总权益 5. 市场价值度量指标 市盈率 = 每股价格/每股收益EPS 其中EPS = 净利润/发行股票数 市值面值比 = 每股市场价值/每股账面价值 企业价值EV = 公司市值 + 有息负债市值 - 现金EV乘数 = EV/EBITDA 6. 杜邦恒等式 ROE = 销售利润率（经营效率）x总资产周转率（资产运用效率）x权益乘数（财杠） ROA = 销售利润率x总资产周转率 7. 销售百分比法 假设项目随销售额变动而成比例变动，目的在于提出一个生成预测财务报表的快速实用方法。是根据资金各个项目与销售收入总额的依存关系，按照计划销售额的增长情况预测需要相应追加多少资金的方法。 d = 股利支付率 = 现金股利/净利润（b + d = 1） b = 留存比率 = 留存收益增加额/净利润 T = 资本密集率 L = 权益负债比 PM = 净利润率 外部融资需要量EFN（对应不同增长率） = ?销售额 销售额 ×（资产?自发增长负债） ?PM×预计销售额×（1?d） 8. 融资政策与增长 内部增长率：在没有任何外部融资的情况下公司能实 现的最大增长率ROA×b 1?ROA×b 可持续增长率：不改变财务杠杆的情况下，仅利用内 部股权融资所..率ROE×b 1?ROE×b 即无外部股权融资且L不变 P×b×（L+1） T?P×b×（L+1） 可持续增长率取决于一下四个因素： 1. 销售利润率：其增加提高公司内部生成资金能力，提高可持续增长率。 2. 股利政策：降低股利支付率即提高留存比，增加内部股权资金，提高..。 3. 融资政策：提高权益负债比即提高财务杠杆，获得额外债务融资，提高..。 4. 总资产周转率：提高即使每单位资产带来更多销售额，同时降低新资产的需求.. 结论：若不打算出售新权益，且上述四因素不变，该
罗斯《公司理财》(第11版)章节题库(第12章 看待风险与收益的另一种观点：套利定价理论)【圣才出品
第12章 看待风险与收益的另一种观点：套利定价理论一、选择题 下列哪个不是CAPM 的假设？（） A．投资者风险厌恶，且其投资行为是使其终期财富的期望效用最大 B．投资者是价格承受者，即投资者的投资行为不会影响市场上资产的价格运动 C．资产收益率满足多因子模型 D．资本市场上存在无风险资产，且投资者可以无风险利率无限借贷 【答案】C 【解析】套利定价理论（APT）假设资产收益率满足多因子模型。套利定价模型的优点之一是它能够处理多个因素，而资本资产定价模型就忽略了这一点。根据套利定价的多因素模型，收益与风险的关系可以表示为：()()()() 123123K F F F F F K R R R R βR R βR R βR R β=+-+-+-++- 式中，β1代表关于第一个因素的贝塔系数，β2代表关于第二个因素的贝塔系数，依此类推。二、简答题 1．请解释什么是证券组合的系统性风险和非系统性风险，并图示证券组合包含证券的数量与证券组合系统性风险和非系统性风险间的关系。 答：（1）系统风险亦称“不可分散风险”或“市场风险”，与非系统风险相对，指由于某些因素给市场上所有的证券都带来经济损失的可能性，如经济衰退、通货膨胀和需求变化给投资带来的风险。这种风险影响到所有证券，不可能通过证券组合分散掉。即使投资者持
有的是收益水平及变动情况相当分散的证券组合，也将遭受这种风险。对于投资者来说，这种风险是无法消除的。 系统风险的大小取决于两个方面，一是每一资产的总风险的大小，二是这一资产的收益变化与资产组合中其他资产收益变化的相关关系（由相关系数描述）。在总风险一定的前提下，一项资产与市场资产组合收益变化的相关关系越强，系统风险越大，相关关系越弱，系统风险越小。 非系统风险，亦称“可分散风险”或“特别风险”，是指那些通过资产组合就可以消除掉的风险，是公司特有风险，例如某些因素对个别证券造成经济损失的可能性。这种风险可通过证券持有的多样化来抵消，因此，非系统风险是通过多样化投资可被分散的风险。多样化投资之所以可以分散风险，是因为在市场经济条件下，投资的收益现值是随着收益风险和收益折现率的变化而变化的。从事多样化投资时，一种投资的收益现值减少可由另一种投资的收益现值增加来弥补。但是，应当注意：多样化投资分散风险的程度与证券的相关性有关。 可分散风险只与个别企业或少数企业相联系，是由每个企业自身的经营变化和财务变化所决定的，并不对大多数企业产生普遍的影响。可分散风险（即非系统风险）由经营风险和财务风险组成。 （2）投资组合风险图示 证券组合中包含证券的数量与证券组合系统风险和非系统风险之间的关系可以通过图12-1表示出来： 证券组合包含证券的数量与证券组合非系统性风险存在反向关系，和系统性风险无关。
第九版 公司理财 罗斯 中文答案 第四章
1、FV=PV*(1+R)^T，PV= FV/(1+R)^T，所以时间长度增加时，终值会 增加，现值会减少。 2、FV=PV*(1+R)^T，PV= FV/(1+R)^T，利率增加时，年金的终值会增 加，现值会减少。 3、第一种情况：PV=C*{[1-1/(1+r)^T]/r}=1000*{[1-1/(1+r)^10]/r} 第二种情况：PV=C*{[1-(1+g)^T/(1+r)^T]/(r-g)}= 1000*{[1-(1+5%)^10/(1+r)^10]/(r-5%)} 1000*{[1-1/(1+r)^10]/r}>1000*{[1-(1+5%)^10/(1+r)^10]/(r-5%)} 所以第一种情况分十次等分支付更好。 4、是，因为名义利率通常不提供相关利率。唯一的优势就是方便 计算，但是随着现在计算机设备的发展，这种优势已经不明显。 5、新生将收到更多的津贴。因为新生到偿还贷款的时间较长。 6、因为货币具有时间价值。GMAC当期获得五百美元的使用权， 如果投资得当，三十年后的收益将会高于一千美元。 7、除非出现通货紧缩，资金成本成为负值，否则GMAC有权利在 任意时候以10000美元的价格赎回该债券，都会增加投资者的持有该债券的意愿。 8、我不愿意今天支付五百美元来换取三十年后的一万美元。关键 因素：一是同类投资相比的回报率是否较高，二是投资的回报率和风险是否相匹配。回答取决于承诺偿还人，因为必须评估其三十年后存续的风险。 9、财政部的债券价格应该更高，因为财政部发行债券是以国家信
用为担保，违约风险最小，基本可视为无风险债券。 10、应该超过。因为货币具有时间价值，债券的价格会随着时间的 发展逐渐上升，最终达到一万美元。所以2010年，债券的价格 应该会更高。但是这具有很大的不确定性，因为宏观经济环境 和公司微观环境会发生变化，都有可能造成债券价格发生变化。 11、 a 1000*（1+6%）^10=1791美元 b 1000*（1+9%）^10=1967美元 c 1000*（1+6%）^20=3207美元 d 因为在按照复利计算时，不仅本金会产生利息，本金的利息 也会产生利息。 12、PV=FV/（1+r）^t=7.5/(1+8.2%)^20=1.55亿美元 13、PV=C/r=120/5.7%=2105美元 14、FV=C*e^（rT） a FV=1900*e^（12%*5）=1900*1.8221=3462美元 b FV=1900*e^（10%*3）=1900*1.3499=2565美元 c FV=1900*e^（5%*10）=1900*1.6487=3133美元 d FV=1900*e^（7%*8）=1900*1.7507=3326美元 15、有限年限支付下PV= C*{[1-1/(1+r)^T]/r} 当T=15时， PV=4300*{[1-1/(1+9%)^15]/9%}=4300*8.0607=34661美元 当T=40时， PV=4300*{[1-1/(1+9%)^40]/9%}=4300*10.7574=46257美元
罗斯公司理财答案第六版(英文)
Chapter 2: Accounting Statements and Cash Flow 2.1 Assets Current assets Cash $ 4,000 Accounts receivable 8,000 Total current assets $ 12,000 Fixed assets Machinery $ 34,000 Patents 82,000 Total fixed assets $116,000 Total assets $128,000 Liabilities and equity Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 6,000 Taxes payable 2,000 Total current liabilities $ 8,000 Long-term liabilities Bonds payable $7,000 Stockholders equity Common stock ($100 par) $ 88,000 Capital surplus 19,000 Retained earnings 6,000 Total stockholders equity $113,000 Total liabilities and equity $128,000 2.2 One year ago Today Long-term debt $50,000,000 $50,000,000 Preferred stock 30,000,000 30,000,000 Common stock 100,000,000 110,000,000 Retained earnings 20,000,000 22,000,000 Total $200,000,000 $212,000,000 2.3 Income Statement $500,000 Less: Cost of goods sold $200,000 Administrative expenses 100,000 300,000 Earnings before interest and taxes $200,000 Less: Interest expense 50,000 Earnings before Taxes $150,000 Taxes 51,000 Net income $99,000
罗斯《公司理财》(第11版)考研真题(计算题)【圣才出品】
五、计算题 1．ABC公司是某杂志出版商，它发行的可转换债券目前在市场上的售价是950美元，面值为1000美元。如果持有者选择转换，则每1张债券可以交换100股股票，债券的利息为7%，逐年支付，债券将在10年后到期。ABC的债务属于BBB级，这个级别的债务的标价收益率为12%。ABC的股票正以每股7美元的价格交易。 （1）债券的转换比率是多少？ （2）转换价格是多少？ （3）债券的底线价值是多少？ （4）期权价值是多少？[山东大学2017研] 答：（1）转换比率是指一份债券可以转换为多少股股份。由题干可知，每1张债券可以交换100股股票，即债券的转换比率为100。 （2）由于可转换债券的转换比率是用每份可转换债券所能交换的股份数，它等于可转换债券面值除以转换价格。 故转换价格＝可转换债券面值/转换比率＝1000/100＝10（美元）。 （3）可转换债券的底线价值取决于纯粹债券价值和转换价值二者孰高。纯粹债券价值是指可转换债券如不具备可转换的特征，仅仅当作债券持有在市场上能销售的价值。转换价值是指如果可转换债券能以当前市价立即转换为普通股所取得的价值。转换价值等于将每份债券所能转换的普通股股票份数乘以普通股的当前价格。 纯粹债券的价值＝1000×7%×（P/A，12%，10）＋1000×（P/F，12%，10）＝717.5（美元）。 转换价值＝转换数量×可转换股票市价＝100×7＝700（美元），717.5美元＞700美元。 故可转换债券的底线价值为717.5美元。
（4）由于可转换债券价值＝可转换债券的底线价值﹢期权价值。故可转换债券的期权价值＝950﹣717.5＝232.5（美元）。 2．假定GT 公司可取得永续现金流EBIT＝$100000，权益资本成本为25%，企业所得税税率40%，如果企业没有债务，根据MM 定理，这时的企业价值是多少？如果企业借入$500000的债务并回购相应数量的权益资本，债务资本成本为10%，根据MM 定理，企业价值是多少？[华中科技大学2017研] 答：若企业没有债务，则该企业是无杠杆公司。无杠杆公司的价值为： ()0(1)10(140%)2425% C U EBIT t V R ?-?-===万美元若企业借入50万美元的债务，那么该公司是杠杆公司，根据有税情况下的MM 定理： 0(1)C C B L U C B EBIT t t R B V V t B R R ?-=+=+则此时企业的价值为：V L ＝V U ＋t C B＝24＋40%×50＝44（万美元）。 3．去年支付的股利为2美元，预计未来股利以10%的固定比率增长，股东要求的回报率为20%。求股票今天的价格。[西南财经大学2017研] 答：根据股利增长模型（DDM），股票当前的价格P 0＝D 1/（R－g），其中D 1为股票1期后的预期股利，R 为股东要求的回报率，g 为股利增长率。 在本题中，R＝20%，g＝10%，D 1＝2×（1＋10%）＝2.2（美元）。 因此，股票今天的价格＝2.2/（20%－10%）＝22（美元）。
罗斯公司理财题库全集
Chapter 20 Issuing Securities to the Public Multiple Choice Questions 1. An equity issue sold directly to the public is called: A. a rights offer. B. a general cash offer. C. a restricted placement. D. a fully funded sales. E. a standard call issue. 2. An equity issue sold to the firm's existing stockholders is called: A. a rights offer. B. a general cash offer. C. a private placement. D. an underpriced issue. E. an investment banker's issue. 3. Management's first step in any issue of securities to the public is: A. to file a registration form with the SEC. B. to distribute copies of the preliminary prospectus. C. to distribute copies of the final prospectus. D. to obtain approval from the board of directors. E. to prepare the tombstone advertisement. 4. A rights offering is: A. the issuing of options on shares to the general public to acquire stock. B. the issuing of an option directly to the existing shareholders to acquire stock. C. the issuing of proxies which are used by shareholders to exercise their voting rights. D. strictly a public market claim on the company which can be traded on an exchange. E. the awarding of special perquisites to management.
罗斯《公司理财》(第11版)笔记和课后习题详解-第9~11章【圣才出品】
第9章 股票估值 9.1 复习笔记 1．普通股估值 （1）股利与资本利得 ①股票价格等于下期股利与下期股价的折现值之和。 ②股票价格等于所有未来股利的折现值之和。 （2）不同类型股票的估值 ①零增长股利 股利不变时，股票的价格由下式给出： () 12 02 11Div Div Div P R R R = ++= ++ 在这里假定Div 1＝Div 2＝…＝Div 。 ②固定增长率股利 如果股利以恒定的速率增长，那么一股股票的价格就为： ()()()()()() 23 023********Div g Div g Div g Div Div P R R g R R R +++=++++= +-+++ 式中，g 是增长率；Div 是第一期期末的股利。 ③变动增长率股利 分阶段进行折现，注意折现的时间点。
【例9.1】假设某企业每年净利润固定是4400万元，并且该企业每年将所有净利润都作为股息发放给投资者，该企业共发行了1100万股的股票，假设该企业股息对应的折现率是10%，并且股息从一年后开始第一次发放，那么该企业股票今天的价格是多少？（）[清华大学2015金融硕士] A．4元 B．44元 C．400元 D．40元 【答案】D 【解析】该企业每年发放的固定股息为：4400÷1100＝4（元/股），利用零增长股利模型，该企业股票今天的价格为：4÷10%＝40（元）。 【例9.2】A公司普通股刚刚支付了每股2元的红利，股票价格当前为100元每股，可持续增长率为6%，则该公司普通股的资本成本为（）。[中央财经大学2015金融硕士] A．6.4% B．7.3% C．8.1% D．8.8% 【答案】C 【解析】根据固定增长股票的价值模型：
罗斯公司理财第九版第六章课后答案对应版
第六章：投资决策 1.机会成本是指进行一项投资时放弃另一项投资所承担的成本。选择投资和放弃投资之间的收益差是可能获取收益的成本。 2. （1）新的投资项目所来的公司其他产品的销售下滑属于副效应中的侵蚀效应，应被归为增量现金流。 （2）投入建造的机器和厂房属于新生产线的成本，应被归为增量现金流。（3）过去3 年发生的和新项目相关的研发费用属于沉没成本，不应被归为增量现金流。 （4）尽管折旧不是现金支出，对现金流量产生直接影响，但它会减少公司的净收入，并且减低公司的税收，因此应被归为增量现金流。 （5）公司发不发放股利与投不投资某一项目的决定无关，因此不应被归为增量现金流。 （6）厂房和机器设备的销售收入是一笔现金流入，因此应被归为增量现金流。（7）需要支付的员工薪水与医疗保险费用应被包括在项目成本里，因此应被归为增量现金流。 3. 第一项因为会产生机会成本，所以会产生增量现金流；第二项因为会产生副效应中的侵蚀效应，所以会会产生增量现金流；第三项属于沉没成本，不会 产生增量现金流。 4. 为了避免税收，公司可能会选择MACRS，因为该折旧法在早期有更大的折旧额，这样可以减免赋税，并且没有任何现金流方面的影响。但需要注意的是直线折旧法与MACRS 的选择只是时间价值的问题，两者的折旧是相等的，只是时间不同。 5. 这只是一个简单的假设。因为流动负债可以全部付清，流动资产却不可能全部以现金支付，存货也不可能全部售完。 6. 这个说法是可以接受的。因为某一个项目可以用权益来融资，另一个项目可以用债务来融资，而公司的总资本结构不会发生变化。根据MM 定理，融资成本与项目的增量现金流量分析无关。 7. ECA 方法在分析具有不同生命周期的互斥项目的情况下比较适应，这是因为ECA 方法可以使得互斥项目具有相同的生命周期，这样就可以进行比较。ECA 方法在假设项目现金流相同这一点与现实生活不符，它忽略了通货膨胀率以及不断变更的经济环境。 8. 折旧是非付现费用，但它可以在收入项目中减免赋税，这样折旧将使得实际现金流出的赋税减少一定额度，并以此影响项目现金流，因此，折旧减免赋税的效应应该被归为总的增量税后现金流。 9. 应考虑两个方面：第一个是侵蚀效应，新书是否会使得现有的教材销售额下降？第二个是竞争，是否其他出版商会进入市场并出版类似书籍？如果是的话，侵蚀效应将会降低。出版商的主要需要考虑出版新书带来的协同效应是否大于侵蚀效应，如果大于，则应该出版新书，反之，则放弃。 10. 当然应该考虑，是否会对保时捷的品牌效应产生破坏是公司应该考虑到的。如果品牌效应被破坏，汽车销量将受到一定影响。 11. 保时捷可能有更低的边际成本或是好的市场营销。当然，也有可能是一个决策失误。 12. 保时捷将会意识到随着越来越多产品投入市场，竞争越来越激烈，过高的利润会减少。
罗斯公司理财(财务管理)公式大合集
罗斯公司理财（财务管理）公式大合集 1、单利：I=P*i*n 2、单利终值：F=P（1+i*n） 3、单利现值：P=F/（1+i*n） 4、复利终值：F=P（1+i）^n或：P（F/P，i，n） 5、复利现值：P=F/（1+i）^n或：F（P/F，i，n） 6、普通年金终值：F=A{（1+i）^n-1]/i或：A（F/A，i，n） 7、年偿债基金：A=F*i/[（1+i）^n-1]或：F（A/F，i，n） 8、普通年金现值：P=A{[1-（1+i）^-n]/i}或：A（P/A，i，n） 9、年资本回收额：A=P{i/[1-（1+i）^-n]}或：P（A/P，i，n） 10、即付年金的终值：F=A{（1+i）^（n+1）-1]/i或：A[（F/A，i，n+1）-1] 11、即付年金的现值：P=A{[1-（1+i）^-（n+1）]/i+1}或：A[（P/A，i，n-1）+1] 12、递延年金现值： 第一种方法：P=A{[1-（1+i）^-n]/i-[1-（1+i）^-s]/i} 或：A[（P/A，i，n）-（P/A，i，s）] 第二种方法：P=A{[1-（1+i）^-（n-s）]/i*[（1+i）^-s]} 或：A[（P/A，i，n-s）*（P/F，i，s）] 13、永续年金现值：P=A/i 14、折现率： i=[（F/p）^1/n]-1（一次收付款项） i=A/P（永续年金） 普通年金折现率先计算年金现值系数或年金终值系数再查有关的系数表求i，不能直接求得的通过内插法计算。 15、名义利率与实际利率的换算：i=（1+r/m）^m-1 式中：r为名义利率；m为年复利次数 16、期望投资报酬率=资金时间价值（或无风险报酬率）+风险报酬率 17、期望值：（P43） 18、方差：（P44）