word版 2012年北京 中考 一模英语 试卷及答案 打印清晰2012年北京昌平区中考一模物理试卷及答案

word版 2012年北京 中考 一模英语 试卷及答案 打印清晰2012年北京昌平区中考一模物理试卷及答案
word版 2012年北京 中考 一模英语 试卷及答案 打印清晰2012年北京昌平区中考一模物理试卷及答案

昌平区2011—2012学年第二学期初三年级第一次统一练习

物 理 试 卷 2012.5

题2分)

1. 下列物理量中,以科学家的名字瓦特作为单位的物理量是

A .电压

B .电功

C .电功率

D .电流

2.图1所示的四种现象中,属于光的直线传播现象的是 3.图2所示的下列用品中,通常情况下属于导体的是

4.下列自然现象中,属于凝华现象的是

A .霜的形成

B . 露的形成

C .雾的形成

D .冰的熔化

5.下列家用电器中,利用电流热效应工作的是

A .电视机

B .电风扇

C .电熨斗

D .电冰箱

D A B C

人在镜中成像 日食 建筑物在水中形成 “倒影”

钢勺好像在水面处折断了 图1

图2 D A

B C 塑料救生圈 塑料直尺 陶瓷瓶 钢制刀具

6.图3所示的四个实例中,目的是为了增大摩擦的是

7.图4所示的四种用具中,属于费力杠杆的是

8.对下列物理量的估测,最接近实际的是

A .分子的直径约为3~4mm

B .课桌的高度约为80cm

C .初中生的体重约为50N

D .行驶的自行车的速度约为50m/s 9. 下列属于用热传递的方法改变物体内能的事例是

A.汽油机的做功冲程

B.锯木头时锯条发烫

C.打气筒打气时筒壁发热

D.冬天用热水袋取暖

10. 按照图5所示电路图连接好电路,闭合开关S ,将滑动变阻器的滑片P 向a 端移动时,电路中电表的示数和灯的亮度均发生了变化,下列说法正确的是 A .电流表示数增大,电压表示数减小,灯变暗 B .电流表示数增大,电压表示数增大,灯变亮 C .电流表示数减小,电压表示数减小,灯变暗 D .电流表示数减小,电压表示数减小,灯变亮

11. 击剑比赛中,当甲方运动员的剑(图中用“S 甲”表示)击中乙方的导电服时,电路导通,乙方指示灯亮。当乙方运动员的剑(图中用“S 乙”表示)击中甲方的导电服时,电路导通,甲方指示灯亮。在图6所示的四个电路图中,符合上述要求的是

图5

A

L 甲 L 乙

L

乙 L 甲

B C D

甲 L 甲 图6

图4 D A

B C 起子 镊子 羊角锤 核桃夹

B

C

D

图3

A

给汽车的机械零件间加润

滑油 行李箱下安装轮子

磁悬浮列车行驶时车身

不接触铁轨

旅游鞋底有凹凸的花纹

12. A 和B 是密度为ρ=5×103kg/m 3的某种合金制成的两个小球,A 球的质量为m A =100g;甲和乙是两个完全相同的木块,其质量为m 甲=m 乙=320g 。若用细线把球和木块系住,则在水中平衡时如图7所示,甲有一半体积露出水面,乙浸没水中(g 取10N/kg )。则下列计算正确的是 A. 木块的密度为0.6×103 kg /m 3

B. 如果剪断木块乙和B 球之间的细线,B 球静止后,所受重 力和浮力的合力的大小为4.8N

C. 如果剪断木块乙和B 球之间的细线,乙木块露出水面的体积为4.6×10-4m 3

D. 如果剪断木块甲和A 球之间的细线,A 球静止后,所受重力和浮力的合力为0.2N

二、多项选择题(下列各小题均有四个选项,其中符合题意的选项均多于一个。共12分,每小题3分。每小题选项全选对的得3分,选对但不全的得2分,有错选的不得分) 13.下面哪项措施的目的是为了加快水的蒸发 A .用电热吹风机将湿头发吹干 B .用扫帚把地面的积水向周围扫开

C .将湿衣服撑开晾到向阳、通风的地方

D .将水果用保鲜膜包好后再放入冰箱的冷藏室内

14.如图8所示,物体运动状态没有发生改变的是

15.下列说法中正确的是

A.奥斯特实验说明了电流周围存在磁场

B.利用撒在磁体周围的铁屑可以判断该磁体周围各点的磁场方向

C.电动机是利用通电导体在磁场中受力的作用的原理制成的

D.用电高峰时,家庭里的白炽灯泡比正常发光时要暗一些,这是因为,在用电高峰时并联的用电器增多,电路的总电流减小 16. 下列说法中正确的是

A. “闻其声而知其人”主要是根据音色来判断的

B. 课堂上能听到老师讲课声,是由于空气能够传声

C.轮船从河里行驶到海里所受浮力增大

D.将人的血液滴入硫酸铜溶液中,如果血液恰好悬浮,则说明两者密度相同

路上加速行驶的小汽车 吊在天花板下静止 的电灯 空中匀速直线下落 的降落伞

弯道上沿曲线滑行 的运动员 A B

C D 图8

图7

三、填空题(共14分,每小题2分)

17.小刚站在竖直放置的平面镜前2m 处,他在镜中的像到镜面的距离是________m 。 18.清晨,小林同学背着书包骑自行车行驶在上学的路上,我们以小林背着的书包为参照物,则小林是 的。(选填“运动”或“静止”)

19.炎热的夏天,人站在海水中时感觉凉爽,而当人赤脚走在沙土上时却感到烫脚,这主要

是因为水的比热容比沙土的比热容 。(选填“大”或“小”)

20.锤头松了,将锤柄在石墩上撞击几下,松动的锤头就紧套在锤柄上,这是利用了 的

惯性。 (选填“锤头”或“锤柄”)

21.一根阻值为30Ω的电阻丝,通电100s,通过的电流为0.2A ,则电流通过电阻丝产生的热

量为 J.

22.有一台电烤箱,其内部简化电路如图9所示,R 1和R 2均为电热丝。电烤箱说明书中的铭牌如下表所示,根据表格中的参数,电烤箱在低温档正常工作时,R 2的功率是 W.

23.为了测量某种液体的密度,小青找到一支平底试管,在试管中放少许细砂,如图10所示,刻线A 在平底上某一位置,小青将平底试管放在水中,试管直立漂浮在水面上,在水面和试管相平处记下刻线B ,如果在试管上方作用一个竖直向上的拉力F 1,可以将试管提升到水面与刻线A 相平。如果将平底试管放到某种液体中,需要对试管施加一个竖直向下的压力F 2,才能使液面与刻线A 相平,量出刻线A 和B 到试管底部的距离比

3

2

=B A h h .则用F 1、F 2和ρ水表示这种液体的密度是 。(设水的密度为ρ水)

四、实验与探究题(共34分,24~28、31、33题各2分,29、30、34题各3分,32题5分,

35题6分)

24.如图11所示,物体A 的长度是________cm 。

25.如图12所示,AO 为入射光线,ON 为法线。请画出入射光线AO 的反射光线。 26. 图13所示的电阻箱的示数是________Ω。

图9

图11

图12

图10

27. 如图 14所示的实验中,抽去中间的玻璃板,过一会儿下方玻璃杯中的二氧化氮气体颜色变浅,上方玻璃杯中的空气颜色变深,由此现象主要说明气体分子 。

28.图15所示,是家庭电路的连接示意图, A 、B 是两条进户线,为了用电安全,其中 是火线(填“A ”或“B ”)。

29.小佳在实验室测量盐水密度。小佳先将盐水倒入量筒,如图16甲所示,则盐水的体积

为 cm 3。接着小佳用天平测出空烧杯的质量为20g ,然后她将量筒中的盐水全部倒入烧杯,用天平测量烧杯和盐水的总质量,天平平衡时的情景如图16乙所示,则烧杯和盐水的总质量为 g 。请你根据以上实验数据计算出盐水的密度为_______kg/m 3。

30. 在探究海波和石蜡熔化规律时,小娜记录的实验数据如下表所示。请根据表中的实验数

据解答下列问题。

(1)在海波和石蜡这两种物质中,属于晶体的是________; (2)该晶体的熔点是________℃;

(3)当该晶体的温度为53℃时,它处于______态。(选填“固”或“液”)

31.小峰探究凸透镜成像规律的实验装置如图17所示,其中焦距为10cm 的凸透镜固定在光

具座上,位于50cm 刻线处,光屏和点燃的蜡烛位于凸透镜两侧。小峰将蜡烛移至35cm 刻度线处,移动光屏,直到光屏上出现了烛焰清晰的像,则该像是倒立、 (选填:“放大”、“缩小”或“等大”)的实像。此时的实验现象可以说明 的成像特点。

图16

空气 玻璃板 二氧化氮

图14 图15

(选填“照相机”、“幻灯机”或“放大镜”)

32. 在进行“测量小灯泡的电功率”实验时,实验室所提供的器材有:电压为6V 的电源1个,额定电压是3.8V 、灯丝电阻约为l0Ω的小灯泡1个,电流表(0~0.6A 、0~3A)、电压表(0~3V 、0~ 15V)、滑动变阻器、开关各1个,导线若干。

(1) 如图18甲所示,是小明在实验时连接的实验电路,此电路中存在的错误之处

是 (至少写出一处错误),如果此时闭合开关,看到的现象 是 (至少写出一种现象)。

(2)小明改正了电路连接中的错误之处后,在闭合开关前,还应该将滑动变阻器的滑片移动到最____端(选填“A ”或“B ”)。

(3)请在图18乙所示虚线框中画出该实验正确的电路图。

(4)若要测量小灯泡的额定功率,应先调节滑动变阻器,使小灯泡正常发光,测出电路中的电流如图18丙所示,则小灯泡的额定功率约为______W 。

33.如图19所示,是某种物质的质量与体积之间的关系图像,由图像可知该种物质质量与体积的关系表达式为 。根据表一提供的几种常见物质的密度可知此种物质是 。

3

图19

图17

图18

乙 甲 丙

34.小红认为电池的作用就是给用电器供电,电路中如果没有电池就不会有电流,请你选择

适当器材,设计一个实验证明小红的观点是错误的。请你写出选择的器材、主要实验步骤和相应的实验现象。

35. 实验台上有组装好的测滑轮组机械效率的实验装置,如图20所示,其中弹簧测力计的

量程为0~5N ,动滑轮的质量为100g 。另外还有质量均为200g 的钩码六个(图中未画出)。要求利用上述组装的实验装置和钩码设计一个实验证明:用滑轮组提升重物时,如果滑轮组的装置和组装都不变,则所提重物的质量越大,滑轮组的机械效率越高。请按要求完成下列各小题: (1)写出主要实验步骤。

(2)设计出实验数据记录表。

五、计算题(共16分,36题3分,37题6分,38题7分)

36.质量为0.5kg 的热水,温度从80℃降低到30℃,放出的热量是多少?

[水的比热容为4.2×103 J/(kg·℃)]

37.如图21所示,电源电压保持不变,滑动变阻器R 2的滑片P 置于a 点,此时滑动变阻器接入电路的电阻为R a ,当开关S 、S 1闭合,S 2断开时,电流表的示数是0.5A ;当开关S 、S 1、S 2全部闭合时,滑动变阻器的滑片P 置于a 点不变,电流表的示数是1.5A ;当开关S 、S 1断开,S 2闭合时,滑动变阻器的滑片P 置于a 点不变,小灯泡正常发光,滑动变阻器消耗的电功率是4W ;开关S 、S 1断开,S 2闭合时,移动滑动变阻器的滑片使滑动变阻器接入电路的电阻为2R a ,电流表的示数是0.4A 。(忽略温度对灯丝电阻的影响) 求:(1)R a 的阻值;(2

图20

R 1

R 2 a P

38.干簧管(也叫干簧继电器)具有比一般机械开关结构简单、体积小、工作寿命长等优点,如图22为干簧管的结构示意图。 其外壳是一根密封的玻璃管,管中装有两个铁质的弹性簧片电板,还灌有一种惰性气体。平时,玻璃管中的两个由特殊材料制成的磁簧片是分开的。当有磁性物质靠近玻璃管时,在磁场的作用下,管内的两个簧片被磁化而互相吸引接触,簧片就会吸合在一起,使结点所接的电路连通。外磁力消失后,两个簧片由于本身的弹性而分开,线路也就断开了。因此,作为一种利用磁场信号来控制的线路开关器件。小美同学想用干簧管制作水位自动报警装置,设计了一个装置,其结构简图如图23甲所示,当水面有微小变化,经装置后都会将变化放大,进行报警。在调整过程中,当在绳子自由端施加一竖直向下的力F ,使物体A 浸没在水中被匀速竖直向上吊起时,滑轮组装置的机械效率为80%,

已知物体A 的体积为200cm 3

。小东同学为了使小美设计的装置更稳定,在小美设计的装置基础上,增加了一个杠杆,其设计简图如图23乙所示 (干簧管所在电路此处没有画出),当杠杆水平时,物体A 有一半体积露在水面外,绳子自由端悬挂重3N 的永磁铁能使装置平衡,磁铁处于干簧管1和干簧管2水位报警器之间,当永磁铁沿竖直方向离平衡位置,到达上或下干簧管时,电路报警器就响起,已

5

8

OD OC L L 。当水箱内换盛其它某液体x 时,要想使杠杆仍能在原液面处处于平衡状态,起到报警作用,小东调节绳子自由端所挂永磁铁的质量,当永磁铁的质量为0.316 Kg 时,杠杆水平,装置处于平衡状态。本题中细绳和杠杆的质量、滑轮与轴的摩擦、液体对物体的阻力均忽略不计,g 取10N/kg 。求: (1)物体A 的密度是多少? (2)所盛液体x 的密度为多少?

图22

图23

昌平区2011—2012学年第二学期初三年级第一次统一练习

物理试卷答案及评分参考 2012.5

一、单项选择题(共24分,每小题2分)

二、多项选择题(共12分,每小题3分,全选对的得3分,选对但不全的得2分,有错选

三、填空题

四、实验与探究题(共34分) 24.2.6(2分) 25.略(2分) 26.3019(2

分)

27.是运动的(2分) 28.B (2分)

29.20 42 1.1×103(3分)

30.(1)海波 (1分)(2)48(1分) (3)液态(1分) 31.放大(1分) 幻灯机(1分)

32.(1)电压表(或电流表)位置接错 电流表没有示数(或电压表示数与电源电压接近或灯不亮)(2分) (2) B (1分) (3)如右图(1分) (4) 1. 52(1分)

33.m =0.8g ?c m -

3?V 酒精 (2分)

34.选择一个蹄形磁铁,一个灵敏电流计(或电流表)一个开关,一根铁棒和导线若干。在蹄形磁铁的磁场中放置一根

导体棒,导体棒的两端通过开关与电流表的两端连接,组成如图所示电路。闭合开关,当让金属棒在磁场中做切割磁感线的运动时电流表指针会偏转,说明有电流产生。此电路中没有电池,但也产生了电流,说明小红的观点是错误的。(3分)

35. (1)实验步骤:

①在动滑轮挂钩上挂1个钩码,用弹簧测力计测出所挂钩码的重力,钩码的重力用G 表示,

绳子自由端所受拉力用F 表示,绳子自由端移动的距离用s 表示,钩码上升的高度用h 表示。将G 的数值记录在表格中,用弹簧测力计竖直向上匀速拉绳子自由端,测出弹簧测力计测出F ,用刻度尺分别测出s 、h ,并把测量数据记录在表格中;(1分)

②仍然用原滑轮组,保持装置不变,依次改变动滑轮上挂钩码的个数,仿照步骤(1)再做4次实验,将各次的G 、s 数值记录在表格中,分别测量各次的F 、h ,并把各次的测量数据记录在表格中。(2分)

③利用W 总=F s ,计算出各次的总功,用W 有用=G h =mgh ,计算出各次的有用功,用

有用

W W =

η,计算出各次的机械效率,并将各次的总功、有用功和机械效率记录在表格中。(1分)

五、计算题(共16分)

36.解:Q 放=cm (t -t 0) (1分)

=4.2×103J/(kg ·℃)×0.5kg ×(80-30)℃ (1分)

=1.05×105J

(1分)

37.解:(1)开关S 、S 1闭合,S 2断开时,等效电路如图4甲所示,当开关全部闭合时,等效电路如图4

乙所示;当开关S 、S 1断开,S 2闭合时,等效电路如图4丙所示,当开关S 、S 1断开,S 2闭合时,滑动变阻器接入电路的电阻为2Ra,等效电路如图4丁所示,(图1分)

当开关S 、S 1闭合,S 2断开时,电流表示数为I 1,由图甲可得 1115.0R A R I U ?==

图4

甲 乙 丙

当开关全部闭合时,电流表示数为I 2,由图乙可得 a

a

R R A R I U +?

==112R R 5.1并 ②

当开关S 、S 1断开,S 2闭合时,滑动变阻器的接入电阻为a R 2,

电流表示数为I 4,由图丙可得

)2(4.0)2(4a L a L R R A R R I U +?=+= ③

由①②③得: a R R 21= ④ L a R R 2= ⑤ (1分) 当开关S 、S 1断开,S 2闭合时,P 在a ,电流表示数为I 3,由图丙可得 W R R R U

R I I U P a L

a a a a 4)(

22

33=?+=== ⑥ (1分)

由①④⑤⑥得:Ω=9a R (1分) Ω=5.4L R Ω=181R V U 9= (2)如图丙,灯正常发光,此时灯消耗的电功率为

W R R R U

R I I U P L L

a L L L 2)(

22

33=?+=== (1分)

(其他解法正确的,均可相应得分)

38.解:图甲所示,在调整过程中,当在绳子自由端施加一竖直向下的力,使物体A 浸没在水中被匀速竖直向上吊起时:

以物体A 为研究对象,受力分析如右图所示:

11T F G A +=浮

1T gV gV A A A +=水ρρ ①

对滑轮组进行受力分析可得:动G T F +=113 滑轮组的机械效率:%8011

=+=

=动

有G T T W W η ②

T 1=T 1′

联立①和②,代入已知可得:动G N m kg N A 8.04.0104.0313

=-???--ρ ③ (1分)

A

1 浮1

A

(1分)

如图乙所示,装置处于平衡状态,

以物体A 为研究对象,进行受力分析:

22T F G A +=浮

22

1T V g gV A A A +=水ρρ ④

以杠杆为研究对象:

OD D OC L T L T 12=' ⑤

对滑轮组进行受力分析可得:

213F G T D

=+'动 ⑥ T 2=T 2′

联立④⑤⑥代入已知可得:

动G N m kg N A 553106.1312=-???--ρ ⑦ (1分)

联立③和⑦式可得:N G 1=动,(1分)

33103-??=m kg A ρ(1分)

当换盛其它液体时,杠杆水平,装置平衡时,

以物体A 为研究对象,进行受力分析如右图所示:

33T F G A +=浮

32

1T V g gV A X A A +=ρρ ⑧

以杠杆为研究对象:

OD D OC L T L T 23=' ⑨

对滑轮组进行受力分析可得:

323F G T D

=+'动 ⑩ T 3=T 3′

联立⑧⑨⑩代入已知N G 1=动, 3

3103-??=m kg A ρ 可得:3

3

107.0-??=m kg x ρ (1分) 本题所有图共1分

(其他解法正确的,均可相应得分)

2 浮2

A

A

3 浮3

A

2T

3

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