高手谈托福独立写作破题及思路

高手谈托福独立写作破题及思路
高手谈托福独立写作破题及思路

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端正态度,把握写作的本质目的

从小学开始,每个人就在接受写作的训练,记叙文,描述文,议论文……各种文体的练习作了一遍,上初中再练,练到高中,问题的区分已经不再重要,只要得到一道题,能写出抓人眼球的文章,就是目的。为了拿高分,多少考生极尽铺陈排笔之能事,以辞藻之华丽为第一要务,争奇斗艳,极度忽视文章的实用性。浮华之风流至今日不绝。猛然跳出个人来问,“写作是什么?”百人之中,可有一人知晓? 追根还要溯源,文章由语言组成,文章的功能就是语言的功能。人类创造语言,目的是为了表达,因此文章的主要目的也是表达。而在语言的表达形式外,文章还有个以文字符号在介质上记载的形式,所以文章之所以成文,是为了记录某刻的表达,流传于世。人类可以表达的事物有两种类型:一是私念,表达一时之心情,感悟,决心,等等;二是公务,表达一件大事的行动步骤,如计划书,或某项行动的可行性,如议论文,等等。文章分品格,可刚可柔,就是从这公私分明上来。上乘的文章往往刚柔并济,用的是公理私情一起上的招数,打击面广,能拍中的软肋多,因而说服力大。换个大家熟悉的概念就是合情入理。

写文章的目的如果找到,写作的手段也就有迹可循。所谓对症下药,写作也当如此。动笔前要明白自己的表达对象是什么,即写作目的。针对这个写作目的,应该使用怎样的手法表达最动人心。如果是记叙文,旨在记录,那当然要多多形容,将事情的前因后果交代得越清楚明白、越跃然纸上,越好;——如果还能夹杂恰到好处的修辞,那简直是千古奇文。但IBT 要求我们写的是根据自己的见识经历,经思考而做的议论文章。议论的品格可以不相似,从议题着手,因地制宜。比如一道机经作文问你愿不愿意写与家常同居。涉及私人情感太种,可以化百炼钢为绕指柔,所有论段都以一个情字为出发点,处处以情动人。再如一道机经问是否应该在大学期间博学兼收,既关联个人兴趣之所在,也关乎未来发展,于情于理都讲头,可以刚柔并济。也可以完全据理驳斥,字字力透纸背,句句如黄钟大吕,振聋发聩,掷地有声。一言蔽之,若不能刚柔并济,便要或者至刚或者至柔,——即一定要说服读者,不能说服,也得让读者有极深的印象。

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要做到这一点,写作者应该具备的是什么条件呢?不是以华文丽藻哗众取宠,而是个人眼界,素质,修养以服人。一个词,深度。关于这一点的具体论述,笔者会在陪伴大家完整得经历写作的各项工序后给出。

IBT 独立写作的评分标准我附上了,仔细研究一番,4个基本的评分标准:破题,结构,思路,语言。语言的好坏只占评分准则中的一项。更为具体的,从OG 上找到的官方明确说法:

Raters will judge the quality of your writing. They will consider how well you

develop your ideas, how well you organzie your essay and how well you use language to express your ideas.

往多了算,语言依然只占分数的三分之一,重心仍然在立意,思路和结构上。其中的立意,就是破题,是上文论述提及的写作目的,思路即为上文中的刚柔之说。结构是落笔成文时应该注意的小花哨。只要这三点掌握,IBT 写作的分数,就算语言不过关,理论上也能得20分的。由此看来,中国写作的习惯性关注语言,实在要不得。可是要从这三个方面入手,又该怎么准备呢。请容我细细道来。

破题

破题的两个字眼,一个是“题”,心里要满装着题目,一个字一个标点也要看得清清楚楚,不可以有哪怕一个空格的疏漏。另一个是“破”,要对题目里的每一个单词都细嚼慢咽,深刻理解,读过了的词如百步穿杨,准确无误的明了其所指,这也包括该单词的引申含义,言外之义。

此处笔者将以从OG 提供的195道例题中随机抽的一题为例,进行详细示范。 Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

我们看见了一个nowadays ,指的是现代生活,现今时代,今年甚至是今天,也就是我们正在每天体验的生活。我们又看到food ,今天的人们有什么吃的呢?健康饮食理念者爱吃生疏加熟粗粮,不健康饮食理念者也有肯德基麦当劳。儿童有糖果饼干果冻,大街上随处都有的买。正规家居过日子的人也有各种原料和佐料等着下厨。这个food 指的是什么呢?继续看,food has become easier to prepare ,有个比较级,是要和谁比较,比较什么?从to prepare 判断,原来是比较准备出食物的难易

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程度,这不可能是和人们还不知为何状的未来的食物相比,那么就是和过去,也就是和传统食物相比了。这个比较可以从多种角度入手。围绕着现代食物比较容易准备,我们能够轻易想到的有:准备时间缩短了,食用方式可能改变,营养价值可能改变,人们烹调时的心情改变,食用心情改变,对身体的长远影响改变,烹调方面节省下来的时间可以用在其它方面,导致生活节奏改变,生活重心改变,长此以往情趣格调改变,兴趣爱好改变,乃至性情改变等等等等。从题目给出的条件,我们得到了这么多可能的后果,那么题目问的是什么呢?has this change improved the way people live ?大汗无语中,从上面的破题结论看来,这个论题有着太多的选择方向。那么多可以改变的条目,我们选什么做立意之根本呢?

思路 (写作目的,立意)

由此进入破题与立意结合的阶段。充分的破题所积累的大量思维方向给我们以信心,要做的只有一项遴选工序了。而这选并不是闭上眼睛随手挑,而要符合以下条件:

1, 要与论题相匹配。论题问的既然是提高生活质量与否,一些无关紧要的改变就应该弃之不用,比如烹调时间缩短这一项改变,是事实,且未对生活质量有直接明显影响,就应该避免用作主要论点。

2, 要能言之有物。这是再功利不过的一条标准。比如我自己提到了食物准备时间缩短能让人性情改变,破题时觉得不无可能,真落笔时却不知道由何说起,如果选了这一条为一个主要论点,结果是我说了一句话就走人,那还不如选个能下笔,能展示语言功底,也能显示思维缜密的写作方向。

3, 选择的无论是2个还是3个论点,内在一定要有联系。这其实是整个立意阶段的重头。要立意,就是要明白自己表达的对象是什么,明确立场。然后站在这个立场上,挑选支持自己的论点。

破题结束后,第二要做的重要事项便是整理行文思路。破题过程其实是个发散思维的过程,而立意,则是要把思维收回来,组织化,理清它的脉络纹路,让他们按照自认为最有说服力的顺序排列好,准备落于纸上的过程。这个说服力的强弱,应该以什么标准判断呢?笔者认为,能说服读者的议论,在论点选择上应该遵循一个原则:三个(或者两个)论点不能在层面上有交叉,但要符合一条明线:支持全文

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观点。而最打动读者的论点选择,不仅遵循上面的原则,三个看似不交叉的论点间还有一条暗线贯穿一致。令全文浑然天成,回味无穷。

立意的地一步,按照上面的原则看,当然是先确定观点。以题目为例,笔者愿意选择否,食物易于准备降低了人们的生活质量。第一步踏出去了。

确定观点后,破题时得到的思维方向,明显不利于我的就应该排除。比如营养价值改变这一条,虽然速食文化的确对人体有害,但另一项速食:生疏和熟粗粮,就是向有益方向改变的,两者势均力敌,仅管是很容易想到,也很容易举例论证的论点,却不宜使用,因为如此贸然用了,有思维不缜密之嫌。然而,这毕竟是一块好啃的骨头,如果其他论点都不好论证,还可以回头捡起这一条来,隐去健康速食那个事实进行作文,当然,这依然是下下之选。

排除异己

之后,便该比较遗留的可能性论点,选取能言之有物且不交叉的项目,作为主要论点了。发散思维时,思维如洪水,席卷一切进入视野的可用之材,但大浪淘尽后,选择时就要格外注意这些素材的特征属性,看准了着手点才能下手。一个可能的论点必须作者有话可说才能选用,但如果对一个论点有太多话要说,就应该停下来,看看这些话能否安插在其他论点上。这也是出于观察论点间交叉性的需要。比如我选生活节奏改变,引发出速食对食量的影响,再引出对身体的影响,但第一个选择的论点是营养价值对身体的影响,两个论点就交叉在一起了。

在挑选论点,寻找言之有物这个“物”的时候,一定要注意避免层面的交叉,而这个层面,也要从题目中来:题目问的是对生活质量的影响,这些选择的层面一定和生活质量有关。生活质量又有什么层面呢?身体健康是一层,心理健康是一层,这两者合并在一起,是人类健康生活的基本要求,而物质享受是在基本要求上的锦上添花,又可以算一层,三层不交叉的层面就找到了。以此为依据,再回头找匹配的论点,事半功倍。此处也需要注意,破题时给出的方向只是方向,不是成熟的论点。有需要时,可以把匹配的几个方向糅合成一个论点,方便下笔。

针对本题,笔者草拟三个论点如下:身体健康下降:速食对食量的影响。心理健康下降:快速的生活节奏造成压力。物质享受下降:精心调配的美食是一种格调,人们正在沉沦于生活压力中,丧失享受的品位。

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为调整思路,笔者绞尽脑汁才准备出这三个论点,大家可能都看得心满意足,以为思路完成了,可以下笔了.事实上就这么下笔,的确已经可以成文了.可要写成一篇动人的议论,还是不够.因为这三个论点虽不交叉,却只有一条明线为关联:这条明线就是支持全文观点.细细研究,它们再无其它联系,如果写成文章,读后不会有一气呵成的畅快淋漓之感,也不会特别深入人心.

这条暗线,应该是什么呢?是让文章从死板规矩的举例说理,三片豆腐块儿拼成的死文字,变成有思想,又灵性,能从纸上走出来,走进读者内心去的,作者的心声。这暗线,就是前文提过的,能赋予文章品格的,刚柔之论,是或者以情,或者以理,串联整篇文章。以这个题目为例,笔者决定以理服人。

既然这条暗线要贯穿全文,就必须与各个论点有一定联系。而在串连所有论点的同时,要避免交叉,就使这个暗线出于一个全新的视角。之前笔者从题目用词的角度发散思维,再根据题目提问的出发点将发散开的思维分成三股收束起来。从题目本身入手,已无处再用力,可以使用的视角,只能从个人经验和知识中采凿-----而这正是独立写作的基本要求:writing based on knowledge and experience

仍然以题目为例,笔者醉心心理学,因此这一次的暗线会从心理角度入手。调用笔者的心理学知识储备,在遗留的可能性论点中寻找可以嵌含的切入点,将可以利用的心理角度理论排列出一定顺序,落笔时以暗线而非明线的顺序依次展开论证。

结构

由明线入手的思路可以不太讲究结构,这点的评论请看后文;然而由暗线着手的议论却必须注意结构,因为暗线采用的是和题目本身关系不大的视角,写得好是一气呵成发人深省,写得不慎重就会失之毫厘,谬之千里,走题走到天边去。 接上文,仍以题目做示范。笔者第二次拟提纲,以理暗渡,就不能像第一次一样只写论点,而得把首段,论点,甚至每段在整篇文章中的作用也一并写出,才能避免下笔时走题。

首段:民以食为天,食物在人类生活中的重要性不可言喻,就连食物的准备方式也可能极大影响人类文化,进而影响个人生活质量(引入社会心理学,设置暗线,

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为全文奠定基调)以现代生活实况分析,食品速食化导致人类生活质量下降的趋向比较明显。

第一论证段:(身体健康层面)饮食文化改变,传统有益健康而消耗时间的料理方式被摈弃,垃圾食品大行其市,天人合一,顺应生理规律的文化被断绝。(注:这里因为不是从营养,而是从生物规律论述对身体的影响,所以前文所论的paradox 此处可不考虑)

第二论证段:从速食流行原因论证人类行为文化改变, 高节奏的高压生活必然促使身体早衰(身体与心理健康两个层面综合)

第三论证段:(心理健康层面)行为高速化也会导致对情感的无法顾及甚至冷漠,人类情感文化变化,并且朝不利方向。

结尾(这在提纲里其实可有可无,提纲毕竟只是具体化的思路,并不是成文。依照文章具体的论证手法,内容,结尾可以个有千秋,只要把握住一条,符合全文主旨,就可以了,提纲里就算写了,很多时候也是无用功)

用题目分析到这里,文章连雏形都已经出来了,可是究竟什么是结构呢?

回到“文章是被记录下来的表达”这个原则。结构既然是写作的必须注意事项,就必然帮助表达。对于一篇议论,作者必须大量旁征博引才能令人信服得表述自己的观点,这其中牵扯着概念的重要性顺序-----用来证明全文立场的概念是论点,是最重要的概念;用来证明论点的概念是佐证,是次等重要的概念。所谓结构,最基本的用途是将文章所有用入的概念分段,一个论点与它的所有佐证为一段,不能佐证证明的是第二论点,却在第一论点的段落。-------这就是所谓的unity.

结构的第二用途仍然是帮助表达,从逻辑思路方面。好的议论能抓住人心,令人信服,首先必须让人能看懂作者的思路,让你说明在学习场所安装电视有无弊端,你却一会说电视节目的差异,一会说学生的素质如何,读者不知所云,自然不会被你说服。每个段落和论题的联系。作者本人知道并没有用,必须表现出来。说完节目差异加一句“不同节目对学生的利弊不同,不可一概而论”,讲过学生素质补充“素质差的学生群体使学习场所吵杂,安不安电视影响都不大”,将论点间,论点和论题间紧密结合起来,保证文章思路流畅,明白易懂,就是结构中过渡句的功效,使得行文达到ETS 要求的progression 和coherence 。

具体把结构落实在IBT独立作文上,就是两点。

1.会分段。要清楚自己的行文思路,知道自己有几个论点。首段表明论点,废

话不要讲。论证一段一个论点,不可以交叉。一个论段里要有论点句,其它所有句

子都为论证这个点,废话不要讲。尾段总结论点共性,映证首段观点,废话不要

讲……

2.会过渡。要记住必须过渡。要明白你为什么过渡-----如果这个过渡不证明论

点和论题间的关系,而证明论点间的关系,要确定这个新论点也能证明论题。你的

过渡不是为自己的文章过渡,而是帮读者的思维过渡,引领他们走进新的思维,所

以必须确认过渡的方向,你是否正带着你的读者而离开你的论题。

从这两点观测,笔者在前文提到的明线(支持论题)贯穿的思路在拟提纲时不需

要注意结构,就好解释了。因为明线的论点注定不会跑题,不用太在意过渡问题,

只要分段恰当就可以了,而这点,下笔时留神就足够了。

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托福独立写作主体段写法技巧――双观点篇(精)

托福独立写作主体段写法技巧——双观点篇 托福独立写作对于很多托福考生来说是取得高分难以逾越的一道鸿沟, 这不仅需要大量的练习, 还需掌握其中的诀窍。今天, 教育优选为各位考生带来托福独立写作主题段双观点的写法点拨,希望对各位考生有所帮助。 通常对于独立写作我们都会选择五段式的结构,这个结构包括三个主体段, 按照题型我们可以将写作类型分为三个:支持反对类 (单观点、对比比较类 (双观点、自主定义类。今天,闫玲娟老师跟各位考生分析一下有关双观点类题目的写作技巧,下面是一道典型的题目: Topic 2008.11.9 Movies and TV have more positive effects than negative effects on young people’ s behavior. 电影电视对于青少年行为的影响利大于弊。 题目中明显要求就电视的优点以及缺点进行比较,我们暂且用 A 、 B 表示两个不同观点 1.A+A+B 双关的写作的第一种写法是运用两个正向的论点去支撑 A , 再用一个论点去支持 B ,因为 A 的优势更大一些,所以最终得出 A 更合适的结果。 Topic 2008.11.9 Movies and TV have more positive effects than negative effects on young people’ s behavior. 电影电视对于青少年行为的影响利大于弊。 Agree :

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2012年大陆托福已考独立作文汇总(更新至11.18) 2012.1.8 Agree or disagree the food we ate in the past is health 2012.1.14 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? All school teachers should take course every five years to update their knowledge. 2012.2.05 人是应该坚持自己的远大但不容易实现理想还是应该着眼于现实目标 2012.2.11 Talented people’s leadership is born by natural and can't be learned by people, agree or disagree. 2012.2.17 Some prefer buy new technological devices; others having them when they are well-adopted. Which do you prefer? 2012.2.24 同意是否:团队合作中,不能接受批评的人不会成功的。 2012.2.25 Can two people be good friends if one person has more money than the other? 2012.3.04 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Employees who are good at following the instructions of their managers are more valuable to their companies than employees who always try to find new ways or better ways? 2012.3.10 当你和朋友谈论一些upsetting或者controversy的事的时候,你用e-mail\text messaging还是用phone\ voice messaging? 2012.3.18 People care more about public recognition than about money. Even if no more money is given, public recognition can still make people work harder 人们工作是为了赚钱还是为了社会地位. 2012.3.24 To make children do well in school, parents should limit the hours that children spend on watching TV or movies.

2017年托福独立写作真题

2017年托福写作真题 2017.1.7 You are helping to select a leader for a student organization or a group. Do you think a person's honest is the most important characteristic for being a leader? for a student organization or a group限定作用 2017.1.14 As a student of university that has a long break between university semesters, the university requires all students to do one of the following for one month during the break: 1.Students must take a course on the subject that has no direct connection to their majors of study (For example, a student majoring in engineering may take course in fine arts or social science.) 2.Students must volunteer to work in the university’ s city or their hometowns to improve some aspects of life of the city or their own town. (For example, students may help local primary school children with their homework.) Which one do you think is more beneficial for students in their university? Why? Given detailed examples and reasons. Use your OWN words, do NOT use memorized examples. that has a long break between university semesters 限定作用 2017.2.8 Sometimes we are assigned to work in a group on a project. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The group will be helped more by person who will be willing to do what other group members want than by person who often strongly insists that things should be done in a way that is different from what the group wants to do. 二选一 2017.2.25 Do you agree or disagree: The way people dresses are a good indication of his or her personality or character? Agree: 1.最直观的品质(1)风格是个社会银还是潮男他的喜好 (2)对一些的东西的喜欢颜色冷热 2.生活的态度(1)能好好打理自己积极面对生活 (2)对穿衣服很考究对其他事也很严格 Disagree:1.衣服并不能看出来(1)太忙了并不想浪费时间在穿衣上 (2)父母朋友随便送的 (3)职业限定 (4)不能通过一件事分析不同的人不同见解 2.喜欢的事情更能看出来(1)书是一个深奥坚持 (2)学科teacher—喜欢小孩外向程序员—内向… 通过接触可以发现(1)紧急想法 二选一 2017.2.26 Rather than help children with their schoolwork, parents should encourage their children do their work independently. 1.应该1对学习好(1)会自己找到错误(2)自己找的错误印象深刻更能理解 2培养能力(1)自己去完成独立思考的能力未来。 (2)去找人合作沟通的能力 责任感自己的事情负责对父母好(1)忙(2)教材创新 不应该1对学习好(1)孩子太小不能独立克服困难家长的帮助更高效 (2)家长更有知识讲一些延伸 2对小孩好(1)体验家庭的关爱增强关系家庭和睦 (2)防止他们抄袭 二选一

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