永别了,武器

永别了,武器
永别了,武器

CHAPTER 1(BOOK ONE)

In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees too were dusty and the leaves fell early that year and we saw the troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves.

The plain was rich with crops; there were many orchards of fruit trees and beyond the plain the mountains were brown and bare. There was fighting in the mountains and at night we could see the flashes from the artillery. In the dark it was like summer lightning, but the nights were cool and there was not the feeling of a storm coming.

Sometimes in the dark we heard the troops marching under the window and guns going past pulled by motor-tractors. There was much traffic at night and many mules on the roads with boxes of ammunition on each side of their pack-saddles and gray motor trucks that carried men, and other trucks with loads covered with canvas that moved slower in the traffic. There were big guns too that passed in the day drawn by tractors, the long barrels of the guns covered with green branches and green leafy branches and vines laid over the tractors. To the north we

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could look across a valley and see a forest of chestnut trees and behind it another mountain on this side of the river. There was fighting for that mountain too, but it was not successful, and in the fall when the rains came the leaves all fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare and the trunks black with rain. The vineyards were thin and bare-branched too and all the country wet and brown and dead with the autumn. There were mists over the river and clouds on the mountain and the trucks splashed mud on the road and the troops were muddy and wet in their capes; their rifles were wet and under their capes the two leather cartridge-boxes on the front of the belts, gray leather boxes heavy with the packs of clips of thin, long 6.5 mm. cartridges, bulged forward under the capes so that the men, passing on the road, marched as though they were six months gone with child.

There were small gray motor cars that passed going very fast; usually there was an officer on the seat with the driver and more officers in the back seat. They splashed more mud than the camions even and if one of the officers in the back was very small and sitting between two generals, he himself so small that you could not see his face but only the top of his cap and his narrow back, and if the car went especially fast it was probably the King. He lived in Udine and came out in this way nearly every day to see how things were going, and things went very badly.

At the start of the winter came the permanent rain and with the rain came the cholera. But it was checked and in the end only seven thousand died of it in the army.

CHAPTER 2

The next year there were many victories. The mountain that was beyond the valley and the hillside where the chestnut forest grew was captured and there were victories beyond the plain on the plateau to the south and we crossed the river in August and lived in a house in Gorizia that had a fountain and many thick shady trees in a walled garden and a wistaria vine purple on the side of the house. Now the fighting was in the next mountains beyond and was not a mile away. The town was very nice and our house was very fine. The river ran behind us and the town had been captured very handsomely but the mountains beyond it could not be taken and I was very glad the Austrians seemed to want to come back to the town some time, if the war should end, because they did not bombard it to destroy it but only a little in a military way. People lived on in it and there were hospitals and caf閟and artillery up side streets and two bawdy houses, one for troops and one for officers, and with the end of the summer, the cool nights, the fighting in the mountains beyond the town, the shell-marked iron of the railway bridge, the smashed tunnel by the river where the fighting had been, the trees around the square and the long avenue of trees that led to the square; these with there being girls in the town, the King passing in his motor car, sometimes now seeing his face and little long necked body and gray beard like a goat's chin tuft; all these with the sudden interiors of houses that had lost a wall through shelling, with plaster and rubble in their gardens and sometimes in the street, and the whole thing going well on the Carso made the fall very different from the last fall when we had been in the country. The war was changed too.

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The forest of oak trees on the mountain beyond the town was gone. The forest had been green in the summer when we had come into the town but now there were the stumps and the broken trunks and the ground torn up, and one day at the end of the fall when I was out where the oak forest had been I saw a cloud coming over the mountain. It came very fast and the sun went a dull yellow and then everything was gray and the sky was covered and the cloud came on down the mountain and suddenly we were in it and it was snow. The snow slanted across the wind, the bare ground was covered, the stumps of trees projected, there was snow on the guns and there were paths in the snow going back to the latrines behind trenches.

Later, below in the town, I watched the snow falling, looking out of the window of the bawdy house, the house for officers, where I sat with a friend and two glasses drinking a bottle of Asti, and, looking out at the snow falling slowly and heavily, we knew it was all over for that year. Up the river the mountains had not been taken; none of the mountains beyond the river had been taken. That was all left for next year. My friend saw the priest from our mess going by in the street, walking carefully in the slush, and pounded on the window to attract his attention. The priest looked up. He saw us and smiled. My friend motioned for him to come in. The priest shook his head and went on. That night in the mess after the spaghetti course, which every one ate very quickly and seriously, lifting the spaghetti on the fork until the loose strands hung clear then lowering it into the mouth, or else using a continuous lift and sucking into the mouth, helping ourselves to wine from the grass-covered gallon flask; it swung in a metal cradle and you pulled the neck of the flask down with the forefinger and the wine, clear red,tannic and lovely,poured out into the glass held with the same hand;after this course,the captain commenced picking on the priest.

The priest was young and blushed easily and wore a uniform like the rest of us but with a cross in dark red velvet above the left breast pocket of his gray tunic. The captain spoke pidgin Italian for my doubtful benefit, in order that I might understand perfectly, that nothing should be lost.

"Priest to-day with girls," the captain said looking at the priest and at me. The priest smiled and blushed and shook his head. This captain baited him often.

"Not true?" asked the captain. "To-day I see priest with girls."

"No," said the priest. The other officers were amused at the baiting.

"Priest not with girls," went on the captain. "Priest never with girls," he explained to me. He took my glass and filled it, looking at my eyes all the time, but not losing sight of the priest.

"Priest every night five against one." Every one at the table laughed. "You understand? Priest every night five against one." He made a gesture and laughed loudly. The priest accepted it as a joke.

"The Pope wants the Austrians to win the war," the major said. "He loves Franz Joseph. That's where the money comes from. I am an atheist."

"Did you ever read the 'Black Pig'?" asked the lieutenant. "I will get you a copy. It was that which shook my

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faith."

"It is a filthy and vile book," said the priest. "You do not really like it."

"It is very valuable," said the lieutenant. "It tells you about those priests. You will like it," he said to me. I smiled at the priest and he smiled back across the candle-light. "Don't you read it," he said.

"I will get it for you," said the lieutenant.

"All thinking men are atheists," the major said. "I do not believe in the Free Masons however."

"I believe in the Free Masons," the lieutenant said. "It is a noble organization." Some one came in and as the door opened I could see the snow falling.

"There will be no more offensive now that the snow has come," I said.

"Certainly not," said the major. "You should go on leave. You should go to Rome, Naples, Sicily--"

"He should visit Amalfi," said the lieutenant. "I will write you cards to my family in Amalfi. They will love you like a son."

"He should go to Palermo."

"He ought to go to Capri."

"I would like you to see Abruzzi and visit my family at Capracotta," said the priest.

"Listen to him talk about the Abruzzi. There's more snow there than here. He doesn't want to see peasants. Let him go to centres of culture and civilization."

"He should have fine girls. I will give you the addresses of places in Naples. Beautiful young girls--accompanied by their mothers. Ha! Ha! Ha!" The captain spread his hand open, the thumb up and fingers outspread as when you make shadow pictures. There was a shadow from his hand on the wall. He spoke again in pidgin Italian. "You go away like this," he pointed to the thumb, "and come back like this," he touched the little finger. Every one laughed.

"Look," said the captain. He spread the hand again. Again the candle-light made its shadows on the wall. He started with the upright thumb and named in their order the thumb and four fingers, "soto-tenente (the thumb), tenente (first finger), capitano (next finger), maggiore (next to the little finger), and tenentecolonello (the little finger). You go away soto-tenente! You come back soto-colonello!" They all laughed. The captain was having a great success with finger games. He looked at the priest and shouted, "Every night priest five against one!" They all laughed again.

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"You must go on leave at once," the major said.

"I would like to go with you and show you things," the lieutenant said.

"When you come back bring a phonograph."

"Bring good opera disks."

"Bring Caruso."

"Don't bring Caruso. He bellows."

"Don't you wish you could bellow like him?"

"He bellows. I say he bellows!"

"I would like you to go to Abruzzi," the priest said. The others were shouting. "There is good hunting. You would like the people and though it is cold it is clear and dry. You could stay with my family. My father is a famous hunter."

"Come on," said the captain. "We go whorehouse before it shuts."

"Good-night," I said to the priest.

"Good-night," he said.

CHAPTER 3

When I came back to the front we still lived in that town. There were many more guns in the country around and the spring had come. The fields were green and there were small green shoots on the vines, the trees along the road had small leaves and a breeze came from the sea. I saw the town with the hill and the old castle above it in a cup in the hills with the mountains beyond, brown mountains with a little green on their slopes. In the town there were more guns, there were some new hospitals, you met British men and sometimes women, on the street, and a few more houses had been hit by shell fire. It was warm and like the spring and I walked down the alleyway of trees, warmed from the sun on the wall, and found we still lived in the same house and that it all looked the same as when I had left it. The door was open, there was a soldier sitting on a bench outside in the sun, an ambulance was waiting by the side door and inside the door, as I went in, there was the smell of marble floors and hospital.

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It was all as I had left it except that now it was spring. I looked in the door of the big room and saw the major sitting at his desk, the window open and the sunlight coming into the room. He did not see me and I did not know whether to go in and report or go upstairs first and clean up. I decided to go on upstairs.

The room I shared with the lieutenant Rinaldi looked out on the courtyard. The window was open, my bed was made up with blankets and my things hung on the wall, the gas mask in an oblong tin can, the steel helmet on the same peg. At the foot of the bed was my flat trunk, and my winter boots, the leather shiny with oil, were on the trunk. My Austrian sniper's rifle with its blued octagon barrel and the lovely dark walnut, cheek-fitted, schutzen stock, hung over the two beds. The telescope that fitted it was, I remembered, locked in the trunk. The lieutenant, Rinaldi, lay asleep on the other bed. He woke when he heard me in the room and sat up.

"Ciaou!" he said. "What kind of time did you have?"

"Magnificent."

We shook hands and he put his arm around my neck and kissed me.

"Oughf," I said.

"You're dirty," he said. "You ought to wash. Where did you go and what did you do? Tell me everything at once."

"I went everywhere. Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples, Villa San Giovanni, Messina, Taormina--"

"You talk like a time-table. Did you have any beautiful adventures?"

"Yes."

"Where?"

"Milano, Firenze, Roma, Napoli--"

"That's enough. Tell me really what was the best."

"In Milano."

"That was because it was first. Where did you meet her? In the Cova? Where did you go? How did you feel? Tell me everything at once. Did you stay all night?"

"Yes."

"That's nothing. Here now we have beautiful girls. New girls never been to the front before."

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"Wonderful."

"You don't believe me? We will go now this afternoon and see. And in the town we have beautiful English girls.

I am now in love with Miss Barkley. I will take you to call. I will probably marry Miss Barkley."

"I have to get washed and report. Doesn't anybody work now?"

"Since you are gone we have nothing but frostbites, chilblains, jaundice, gonorrhea, self-inflicted wounds, pneumonia and hard and soft chancres. Every week some one gets wounded by rock fragments. There are a few real wounded. Next week the war starts again. Perhaps it start again. They say so. Do you think I would do right to marry Miss Barkley--after the war of course?"

"Absolutely," I said and poured the basin full of water.

"To-night you will tell me everything," said Rinaldi. "Now I must go back to sleep to be fresh and beautiful for Miss Barkley."

I took off my tunic and shirt and washed in the cold water in the basin. While I rubbed myself with a towel I looked around the room and out the window and at Rinaldi lying with his eyes closed on the bed. He was good-looking, was my age, and he came from Amalfi. He loved being a surgeon and we were great friends. While I was looking at him he opened his eyes.

"Have you any money?"

"Yes."

"Loan me fifty lire."

I dried my hands and took out my pocket-book from the inside of my tunic hanging on the wall. Rinaldi took the note, folded it without rising from the bed and slid it in his breeches pocket. He smiled, "I must make on Miss Barkley the impression of a man of sufficient wealth. You are my great and good friend and financial protector."

"Go to hell," I said.

That night at the mess I sat next to the priest and he was disappointed and suddenly hurt that I had not gone to the Abruzzi. He had written to his father that I was coming and they had made preparations. I myself felt as badly as he did and could not understand why I had not gone. It was what I had wanted to do and I tried to explain how one thing had led to another and finally he saw it and understood that I had really wanted to go and it was almost all right. I had drunk much wine and afterward coffee and Strega and I explained, winefully, how we did not do the things we wanted to do; we never did such things.

We two were talking while the others argued. I had wanted to go to Abruzzi. I had gone to no place where the roads were frozen and hard as iron, where it was clear cold and dry and the snow was dry and powdery and hare-

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tracks in the snow and the peasants took off their hats and called you Lord and there was good hunting. I had gone to no such place but to the smoke of caf閟and nights when the room whirled and you needed to look at the wall to make it stop, nights in bed, drunk, when you knew that that was all there was, and the strange excitement of waking and not knowing who it was with you, and the world all unreal in the dark and so exciting that you must resume again unknowing and not caring in the night, sure that this was all and all and all and not caring. Suddenly to care very much and to sleep to wake with it sometimes morning and all that had been there gone and everything sharp and hard and clear and sometimes a dispute about the cost. Sometimes still pleasant and fond and warm and breakfast and lunch. Sometimes all niceness gone and glad to get out on the street but always another day starting and then another night. I tried to tell about the night and the difference between the night and the day and how the night was better unless the day was very clean and cold and I could not tell it; as I cannot tell it now. But if you have had it you know. He had not had it but he understood that I had really wanted to go to the Abruzzi but had not gone and we were still friends, with many tastes alike, but with the difference between us. He had always known what I did not know and what, when I learned it, I was always able to forget. But I did not know that then, although I learned it later. In the meantime we were all at the mess, the meal was finished, and the argument went on. We two stopped talking and the captain shouted, "Priest not happy. Priest not happy without girls."

"I am happy," said the priest.

"Priest not happy. Priest wants Austrians to win the war," the captain said. The others listened. The priest shook his head.

"No," he said.

"Priest wants us never to attack. Don't you want us never to attack?"

"No. If there is a war I suppose we must attack."

"Must attack. Shall attack!"

The priest nodded.

"Leave him alone," the major said. "He's all right."

"He can't do anything about it anyway," the captain said. We all got up and left the table.

CHAPTER 4

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The battery in the next garden woke me in the morning and I saw the sun coming through the window and got out of the bed. I went to the window and looked out. The gravel paths were moist and the grass was wet with dew. The battery fired twice and the air came each time like a blow and shook the window and made the front of my pajamas flap. I could not see the guns but they were evidently firing directly over us. It was a nuisance to have them there but it was a comfort that they were no bigger. As I looked out at the garden I heard a motor truck starting on the road. I dressed, went downstairs, had some coffee in the kitchen and went out to the garage.

Ten cars were lined up side by side under the long shed. They were top-heavy, blunt-nosed ambulances, painted gray and built like moving-vans. The mechanics were working on one out in the yard. Three others were up in the mountains at dressing stations.

"Do they ever shell that battery?" I asked one of the mechanics.

"No, Signor Tenente. It is protected by the little hill."

"How's everything?"

"Not so bad. This machine is no good but the others march." He stopped working and smiled. "Were you on permission?"

"Yes."

He wiped his hands on his jumper and grinned. "You have a good time?" The others all grinned too.

"Fine," I said. "What's the matter with this machine?"

"It's no good. One thing after another."

"What's the matter now?"

"New rings."

I left them working, the car looking disgraced and empty with the engine open and parts spread on the work bench, and went in under the shed and looked at each of the cars. They were moderately clean, a few freshly washed, the others dusty. I looked at the tires carefully, looking for cuts or stone bruises. Everything seemed in good condition. It evidently made no difference whether I was there to look after things or not. I had imagined that the condition of the cars, whether or not things were obtainable, the smooth functioning of the business of removing wounded and sick from the dressing stations, hauling them back from the mountains to the clearing station and then distributing them to the hospitals named on their papers, depended to a considerable extent on myself. Evidently it did not matter whether I was there or not.

"Has there been any trouble getting parts?" I asked the sergeant mechanic.

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"No, Signor Tenente."

"Where is the gasoline park now?"

"At the same place."

"Good," I said and went back to the house and drank another bowl of coffee at the mess table. The coffee was a pale gray and sweet with condensed milk. Outside the window it was a lovely spring morning. There was that beginning of a feeling of dryness in the nose that meant the day would be hot later on. That day I visited the posts in the mountains and was back in town late in the afternoon.

The whole thing seemed to run better while I was away. The offensive was going to start again I heard. The division for which we worked were to attack at a place up the river and the major told me that I would see about the posts for during the attack. The attack would cross the river up above the narrow gorge and spread up the hillside. The posts for the cars would have to be as near the river as they could get and keep covered. They would, of course, be selected by the infantry but we were supposed to work it out. It was one of those things that gave you a false feeling of soldiering.

I was very dusty and dirty and went up to my room to wash. Rinaldi was sitting on the bed with a copy of Hugo's English grammar. He was dressed, wore his black boots, and his hair shone.

"Splendid," he said when he saw me. "You will come with me to see Miss Barkley."

"No.

"Yes. You will please come and make me a good impression on her."

"All right. Wait till I get cleaned up."

"Wash up and come as you are."

I washed, brushed my hair and we started.

"Wait a minute," Rinaldi said. "Perhaps we should have a drink." He opened his trunk and took out a bottle.

"Not Strega," I said.

"No. Grappa."

"All right."

He poured two glasses and we touched them, first fingers extended. The grappa was very strong.

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"Another?"

"All right," I said. We drank the second grappa, Rinaldi put away the bottle and we went down the stairs. It was hot walking through the town but the sun was starting to go down and it was very pleasant. The British hospital was a big villa built by Germans before the war. Miss Barkley was in the garden. Another nurse was with her. We saw their white uniforms through the trees and walked toward them. Rinaldi saluted. I saluted too but more moderately.

"How do you do?" Miss Barkley said. "You're not an Italian, are you?"

"Oh, no."

Rinaldi was talking with the other nurse. They were laughing. "What an odd thing--to be in the Italian army."

"It's not really the army. It's only the ambulance."

"It's very odd though. Why did you do it?"

"I don't know," I said. "There isn't always an explanation for everything."

"Oh, isn't there? I was brought up to think there was."

"That's awfully nice."

"Do we have to go on and talk this way?"

"No," I said.

"That's a relief. Isn't it?"

"What is the stick?" I asked. Miss Barkley was quite tall. She wore what seemed to me to be a nurse's uniform, was blonde and had a tawny skin and gray eyes. I thought she was very beautiful. She was carrying a thin rattan stick like a toy riding-crop, bound in leather.

"It belonged to a boy who was killed last year."

"I'm awfully sorry."

"He was a very nice boy. He was going to marry me and he was killed in the Somme."

"It was a ghastly show."

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"Were you there?"

"No."

"I've heard about it," she said. "There's not really any war of that sort down here. They sent me the little stick. His mother sent it to me. They returned it with his things."

"Had you been engaged long?"

"Eight years. We grew up together."

"And why didn't you marry?"

"I don't know," she said. "I was a fool not to. I could have given him that anyway. But I thought it would be bad for him."

"I see."

"Have you ever loved any one?"

"No," I said.

We sat down on a bench and I looked at her.

"You have beautiful hair," I said.

"Do you like it?"

"Very much."

"I was going to cut it all off when he died."

"No."

"I wanted to do something for him. You see I didn't care about the other thing and he could have had it all. He could have had anything he wanted if I would have known. I would have married him or anything. I know all about it now. But then he wanted to go to war and I didn't know."

I did not say anything.

"I didn't know about anything then. I thought it would be worse for him. I thought perhaps he couldn't stand it and then of course he was killed and that was the end of it."

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"I don't know."

"Oh, yes," she said. "That's the end of it."

We looked at Rinaldi talking with the other nurse.

"What is her name?"

"Ferguson. Helen Ferguson. Your friend is a doctor, isn't he?"

"Yes. He's very good."

"That's splendid. You rarely find any one any good this close to the front. This is close to the front, isn't it?"

"Quite."

"It's a silly front," she said. "But it's very beautiful. Are they going to have an offensive?"

"Yes."

"Then we'll have to work. There's no work now."

"Have you done nursing long?"

"Since the end of 'fifteen. I started when he did. I remember having a silly idea he might come to the hospital where I was. With a sabre cut, I suppose, and a bandage around his head. Or shot through the shoulder. Something picturesque."

"This is the picturesque front," I said.

"Yes," she said. "People can't realize what France is like. If they did, it couldn't all go on. He didn't have a sabre cut. They blew him all to bits."

I didn't say anything.

"Do you suppose it will always go on?"

"No."

"What's to stop it?"

"It will crack somewhere."

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"We'll crack. We'll crack in France. They can't go on doing things like the Somme and not crack." "They won't crack here," I said.

"You think not?"

"No. They did very well last summer."

"They may crack," she said. "Anybody may crack."

"The Germans too."

"No," she said. "I think not."

We went over toward Rinaldi and Miss Ferguson.

"You love Italy?" Rinaldi asked Miss Ferguson in English.

"Quite well."

"No understand," Rinaldi shook his head.

"Abbastanza bene," I translated.

He shook his head.

"That is not good. You love England?"

"Not too well. I'm Scotch, you see."

Rinaldi looked at me blankly.

"She's Scotch, so she loves Scotland better than England," I said in Italian.

"But Scotland is England."

I translated this for Miss Ferguson.

"Pas encore," said Miss Ferguson.

"Not really?"

"Never. We do not like the English."

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"Not like the English? Not like Miss Barkley?"

"Oh, that's different. You mustn't take everything so literally."

After a while we said good-night and left. Walking home Rinaldi said, "Miss Barkley prefers you to me. That is very clear. But the little Scotch one is very nice."

"Very," I said. I had not noticed her. "You like her?"

"No," said Rinaldi.

CHAPTER 5

The next afternoon I went to call on Miss Barkley again. She was not in the garden and I went to the side door of the villa where the ambulances drove up.Inside I saw the head nurse,who said Miss Barkley was on duty--"there's a war on, you know."

I said I knew.

"You're the American in the Italian army?" she asked.

"Yes, ma'am."

"How did you happen to do that? Why didn't you join up with us?"

"I don't know," I said. "Could I join now?"

"I'm afraid not now. Tell me. Why did you join up with the Italians?"

"I was in Italy," I said, "and I spoke Italian."

"Oh," she said. "I'm learning it. It's beautiful language."

"Somebody said you should be able to learn it in two weeks."

"Oh, I'll not learn it in two weeks. I've studied it for months now. You may come and see her after seven o'clock

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if you wish. She'll be off then. But don't bring a lot of Italians."

"Not even for the beautiful language?"

"No. Nor for the beautiful uniforms."

"Good evening," I said.

"A rivederci, Tenente."

"A rivederla." I saluted and went out. It was impossible to salute foreigners as an Italian, without embarrassment. The Italian salute never seemed made for export.

The day had been hot. I had been up the river to the bridgehead at Plava. It was there that the offensive was to begin. It had been impossible to advance on the far side the year before because there was only one road leading down from the pass to the pontoon bridge and it was under machine-gun and shell fire for nearly a mile. It was not wide enough either to carry all the transport for an offensive and the Austrians could make a shambles out of it. But the Italians had crossed and spread out a little way on the far side to hold about a mile and a half on the Austrian side of the river. It was a nasty place and the Austrians should not have let them hold it. I suppose it was mutual tolerance because the Austrians still kept a bridgehead further down the river. The Austrian trenches were above on the hillside only a few yards from the Italian lines. There had been a little town but it was all rubble. There was what was left of a railway station and a smashed permanent bridge that could not be repaired and used because it was in plain sight.

I went along the narrow road down toward the river, left the car at the dressing station under the hill, crossed the pontoon bridge, which was protected by a shoulder of the mountain, and went through the trenches in the smashed-down town and along the edge of the slope. Everybody was in the dugouts. There were racks of rockets standing to be touched off to call for help from the artillery or to signal with if the telephone wires were cut. It was quiet, hot and dirty. I looked across the wire at the Austrian lines. Nobody was in sight. I had a drink with a captain that I knew in one of the dugouts and went back across the bridge.

A new wide road was being finished that would go over the mountain and zig-zag down to the bridge. When this road was finished the offensive would start. It came down through the forest in sharp turns. The system was to bring everything down the new road and take the empty trucks, carts and loaded ambulances and all returning traffic up the old narrow road. The dressing station was on the Austrian side of the river under the edge of the hill and stretcher-bearers would bring the wounded back across the pontoon bridge. It would be the same when the offensive started. As far as I could make out the last mile or so of the new road where it started to level out would be able to be shelled steadily by the Austrians. It looked as though it might be a mess. But I found a place where the cars would be sheltered after they passed that last badlooking bit and could wait for the wounded to be brought across the pontoon bridge. I would have liked to drive over the new road but it was not yet finished. It looked wide and well made with a good grade and the turns looked very impressive where you could see them through openings in the forest on the mountain side. The cars would be all right with their good metal-to-metal brakes and anyway, coming down, they would not be loaded. I drove back up the narrow road.

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Two carabinieri held the car up. A shell had fallen and while we waited three others fell up the road. They were seventy-sevens and came with a whishing rush of air, a hard bright burst and flash and then gray smoke that blew across the road. The carabinieri waved us to go on. Passing where the shells had landed I avoided the small broken places and smelled the high explosive and the smell of blasted clay and stone and freshly shattered flint. I drove back to Gorizia and our villa and, as I said, went to call on Miss Barkley, who was on duty.

At dinner I ate very quickly and left for the villa where the British had their hospital. It was really very large and beautiful and there were fine trees in the grounds. Miss Barkley was sitting on a bench in the garden. Miss Ferguson was with her. They seemed glad to see me and in a little while Miss Ferguson excused herself and went away.

"I'll leave you two," she said. "You get along very well without me."

"Don't go, Helen," Miss Barkley said.

"I'd really rather. I must write some letters."

"Good-night," I said.

"Good-night, Mr. Henry."

"Don't write anything that will bother the censor."

"Don't worry. I only write about what a beautiful place we live in and how brave the Italians are."

"That way you'll be decorated."

"That will be nice. Good-night, Catherine."

"I'll see you in a little while," Miss Barkley said. Miss Ferguson walked away in the dark.

"She's nice," I said.

"Oh, yes, she's very nice. She's a nurse."

"Aren't you a nurse?"

"Oh, no. I'm something called a V. A. D. We work very hard but no one trusts us."

"Why not?"

"They don't trust us when there's nothing going on. When there is really work they trust us."

第17页共257页

"What is the difference?"

"A nurse is like a doctor. It takes a long time to be. A V. A. D. is a short cut."

"I see."

"The Italians didn't want women so near the front. So we're all on very special behavior. We don't go out."

"I can come here though."

"Oh, yes. We're not cloistered."

"Let's drop the war."

"It's very hard. There's no place to drop it."

"Let's drop it anyway."

"All right."

We looked at each other in the dark. I thought she was very beautiful and I took her hand. She let me take it and I held it and put my arm around under her arm.

"No," she said. I kept my arm where it was.

"Why not?"

"No."

"Yes," I said. "Please." I leaned forward in the dark to kiss her and there was a sharp stinging flash. She had slapped my face hard. Her hand had hit my nose and eyes, and tears came in my eyes from the reflex.

"I'm so sorry," she said. I felt I had a certain advantage.

"You were quite right."

"I'm dreadfully sorry," she said. "I just couldn't stand the nurse's-evening-off aspect of it. I didn't mean to hurt you. I did hurt you, didn't I?"

She was looking at me in the dark. I was angry and yet certain, seeing it all ahead like the moves in a chess game.

第18页共257页

"You did exactly right," I said. "I don't mind at all."

"Poor man."

"You see I've been leading a sort of a funny life. And I never even talk English. And then you are so very beautiful." I looked at her.

"You don't need to say a lot of nonsense. I said I was sorry. We do get along."

"Yes," I said. "And we have gotten away from the war."

She laughed. It was the first time I had ever heard her laugh. I watched her face.

"You are sweet," she said.

"No, I'm not."

"Yes. You are a dear. I'd be glad to kiss you if you don't mind."

I looked in her eyes and put my arm around her as I had before and kissed her. I kissed her hard and held her tight and tried to open her lips; they were closed tight. I was still angry and as I held her suddenly she shivered. I held her close against me and could feel her heart beating and her lips opened and her head went back against my hand and then she was crying on my shoulder.

"Oh, darling," she said. "You will be good to me, won't you?"

What the hell, I thought. I stroked her hair and patted her shoulder. She was crying.

"You will, won't you?" She looked up at me. "Because we're going to have a strange life."

After a while I walked with her to the door of the villa and she went in and I walked home. Back at the villa I went upstairs to the room. Rinaldi was lying on his bed. He looked at me.

"So you make progress with Miss Barkley?"

"We are friends."

"You have that pleasant air of a dog in heat."

I did not understand the word.

"Of a what?"

第19页共257页

He explained.

"You," I said, "have that pleasant air of a dog who--"

"Stop it," he said. "In a little while we would say insulting things." He laughed.

"Good-night," I said.

"Good-night, little puppy."

I knocked over his candle with the pillow and got into bed in the dark.

Rinaldi picked up the candle, lit it and went on reading.

CHAPTER 6

I was away for two days at the posts. When I got home it was too late and I did not see Miss Barkley until the next evening. She was not in the garden and I had to wait in the office of the hospital until she came down. There were many marble busts on painted wooden pillars along the walls of the room they used for an office. The hall too, that the office opened on, was lined with them. They had the complete marble quality of all looking alike. Sculpture had always seemed a dull business--still, bronzes looked like something. But marble busts all looked like a cemetery. There was one fine cemetery though--the one at Pisa. Genoa was the place to see the bad marbles. This had been the villa of a very wealthy German and the busts must have cost him plenty. I wondered who had done them and how much he got. I tried to make out whether they were members of the family or what; but they were all uniformly classical. You could not tell anything about them.

I sat on a chair and held my cap. We were supposed to wear steel helmets even in Gorizia but they were uncomfortable and too bloody theatrical in a town where the civilian inhabitants had not been evacuated. I wore one when we went up to the posts and carried an English gas mask. We were just beginning to get some of them. They were a real mask. Also we were required to wear an automatic pistol; even doctors and sanitary officers. I felt it against the back of the chair. You were liable to arrest if you did not have one worn in plain sight. Rinaldi carried a holster stuffed with toilet paper. I wore a real one and felt like a gunman until I practised firing it. It was an Astra 7.65 caliber with a short barrel and it jumped so sharply when you let it off that there was no question of hitting anything. I practised with it, holding below the target and trying to master the jerk of the ridiculous short barrel until I could hit within a yard of where I aimed at twenty paces and then the ridiculousness of carrying a pistol at all came over me and I soon forgot it and carried it flopping against the small of my back with no feeling at all except a vague sort of shame when I met English-speaking people. I sat now in the chair and an orderly of

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《永别了,武器》中的象征主义的分析

吉林工商学院 毕业论文 题目名称:《永别了,武器》中的象征主义的分析院系:外语分院英语系 专业:英语 学生姓名: 学号: 指导教 年月日

毕业论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明:所呈交毕业论文,是本人在指导教师的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 论文作者签名:年月日

《永别了,武器》中的象征主义分析 摘要:海明威是西方文学史上最杰出的小说家之一。他的作品主要以象征主义手法见长。在他的作品《永别了,武器》中,海明威运用了象征主义手法,在不同的场景下,对雨,雪,高山,平原,和人物赋予各种不同的含义,来渲染出战争的无情,悲凉,凄惨,萧条的气氛,衬托了战争背景下的人们郁闷,无助和绝望的种种情绪。书中,天气,景物仍是小说不可或缺的自然环境的一部分,但却不再是单纯的自然现象,而是作为暗示主人公遭遇的象征.人物的象征意义也特别的强烈。本论文详细分析了其中的高山、平原、雨、雪和人物所表达的象征意义,并解读其在作品中的意义和价值。 关键词:象征主义;地点;天气;象征性的人物

Symbolism in a farewell to arms Abstract:Hemingway, one of the most brilliant novelists in the history of the western literature, is famous for his symbolism. In the novel A Farewell to Arms, he applied the symbolism under different scenes, which endows rain, snow, mountain, plain, and water with different kinds of implication to highlight the ruthless, sad, miserable and desolate atmosphere of the war and discloses the people's depression, helplessness and desperation in the war. In addition, the characters also have the strong symbolic meaning. Therefore, this paper mainly analyzes the symbolic meanings of the mountain,plain,rain,snow and the characters in the novel,and interprets their significance and value in the appreciation of the novel. Key words: symbolism; landscapes; weather; emblematic people

永别了武器

《永别了,武器》教案 教学目标 1.了解海明威的生平及其创作; 2.理解课文的思想内容; 3.体会课文“电报式”的语言风格; 4.培养学生热爱和平的理念。 教学重点 目标1、3 教学方法 阅读法、讨论法 教学辅助 多媒体课件 教学时数 1课时 教学过程 一、导入 由美国大片中的硬汉形象引出美国文坛硬汉海明威从而导入课文。 二、整体感知 1.介绍海明威。 海明威(1899~1961),美国著名作家。因中篇小说《老人与海》而荣获1954年诺贝尔文学奖。 一向以文坛硬汉著称。生于乡村医生家庭,从小喜欢钓鱼、打猎、音乐和绘画,18岁起进入报界,曾参加过两次世界大战,出生入死以致伤痕遍体。1954年,他荣获诺贝尔文学奖。1961年,因不堪老年病痛的折磨,他开枪自杀,走完了他辉煌的一生。对海明威的评价,正如约翰·肯尼迪总统的唁电所说:“几乎没有哪个美国人比欧内斯特·海明威对美国人民的感情和态度产生过更大的影响。”他称海明威为“本世纪(20世纪)最伟大的作家之一”。 海明威是美利坚民族的精神丰碑。要了解美国,你必须走近海明威,走到代

表着美国民族坚强乐观的精神风范的文学长廊中来。海明威的成名作是1926年发表的《太阳照样升起》。这部表现战后青年人幻灭感的作品成为“迷惘的一代”的代表作,其他代表作有《乞力马扎罗的雪》《丧钟为谁而鸣》和以“精通现代叙事艺术”而获诺贝尔文学奖的《老人与海》。 海明威的文风一向以简洁明快著称,俗称“电报式”,他擅长用极精练的语言塑造人物。他的创作习惯也很独特,从来都是站着写作,以至他的墓碑上有句双关妙语:“恕我不能站起来。”他笔下的人物也大多是百折不弯的硬汉形象,尤以《老人与海》中桑提亚哥最为典型。用海明威的一句名言可以概括这类硬汉甚至其本人:“一个人并不是生来要给打败的,你尽可以把他消灭掉,可就是打不败他。” 2.介绍《永别了,武器》。 长篇小说《永别了,武器》是海明威20世纪20年代末创作的重要作品。这部作品通过叙述一对恋人在意大利战场上的悲欢离合的爱情故事,表明了作者反对战争、向往和平的强烈愿望,但同时流露出人生无常、悲观绝望的思想情绪。《永别了,武器》是海明威以“冰山原则”创作的较为典型的长篇小说。尤其是作品的结尾部分,充分体现了省略掉的“八分之七”的力量。作者在描写亨利向凯瑟琳遗体告别时,似乎不带有任何感情色彩,但读者却感到有一股强烈而深沉的感情潜流,催人泪下。作品的主题思想是潜在的,感情也是潜在的。作品的故事情节在主人公冒雨走回旅馆之处戛然而止,作者赋予作品的潜在感情达到了最高潮。亨利告别了战争,也告别了感情。海明威暗示读者,在细雨蒙蒙的黑夜里,亨利迷失了方向。他是帝国主义大战的牺牲品和受害者,他和同时代的许多人一样成为了“迷惘的一代”。 值得一提的是,书的初稿曾在法国一火车站被小偷偷走,使得海明威不得不再次写作此书。 本文节选自作品的第一部第九章。 海明威以精通叙事艺术获得诺贝尔文学奖,而他的“冰山”理论就是精通现代叙事艺术集中的体现。他曾在《午后之死》一书中写道:“如果一位散文作家对于他想写的东西心里有数,那么他可以省略他所知道的东西,读者呢,只要作者写的真实,会强烈地感觉到他所省略的地方,好像作者已经写出来似的。冰山

从细节看海明威的永别了武器

从细节看海明威的《永别了,武器》 罗湖区名教师赵永华工作室成员范盈盈) 《永别了,武器》是海明威的代表作之一,它是海明威根据自己的参战经历,以战争与爱情为主线,吟唱的一曲哀婉动人的哀歌。整部小说以时空为轴,因果为线,围绕战争、爱情、死亡步步展开情节。美国青年亨利在第一次世界大战后期志愿参加红十字会驾驶救护车,在意大利北部战线抢救伤员,与英国护士凯瑟琳邂逅。之后,在执行一次任务时,亨利被炮弹击中,送往米兰接受治疗,无巧不成书,凯瑟琳也转入那家医院,她悉心照料亨利,两人陷入热恋。亨利伤愈后返回战场,亲眼目睹种种残酷景象,后来在大撤退时自己差点被意大利宪兵枪杀,于是他毅然逃离了部队,带着凯瑟琳逃到中立国瑞士。虽然他们在瑞士度过了最幸福的日子,但是凯瑟琳却在难产中死去。因此,作品的整个过程可以表示为:参加战争——两人相识——陷入热恋——逃离战争——难产而死。 在《永别了,武器》中,作者通篇使用不带个人感情的克制的叙述,具体说来,就是省去大量的饰词,甚至省略动词。作者使用这样的叙述方式,暗示文字下藏有更重要的意义,因此,本文从人称和称呼这样的细节入手,致力于捕捉文字下模糊不清的感觉印象。 一 《永别了,武器》属于第一人称类型的作品,“‘我’既是作品的聚焦者,又是作品的主人公、故事的中心人物,所描写的主要对象是‘我’,所着意刻画的人物形象也是‘我’。”①由于“我”是故事行动的中心,便失去了许多信息来源和观察角度,即使这样,作者仍使用多种手段,使得作品的叙述效果灵活多变。 通观整部作品,发现对话在其中占有很大的比例。在作品中,通常先是叙述者娓娓道来,然后转成人物对话,对话的成分越多,人物视角越明显,读者也就越明了。而在大量使用对话之际,作者也相应的增加了人物的语言,使读者可以自然而然地通过人物的视角,观察小说中的其他人和事。比如第九章中“他咬咬胳臂,哼叫道:‘噢,我的妈,我的妈啊’接着是‘天主保佑您,玛利亚。保佑您,玛利亚。噢耶稣开枪打死我吧基督打死我吧我的妈我的妈噢最纯洁可爱的马利亚打死我吧’……过后他静了下来,咬着胳臂,腿的残端在颤抖着。”②在这一段描写中,前面是第 ①张薇:《海明威小说的叙事艺术》,上海社会科学院出版社2005年第一版,第99页。

永别了武器读后感_永别了武器读书笔记五篇

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开题报告《永别了,武器》

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浅析_永别了武器_中的象征_辛磊

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永别了武器课文全解

《永别了,武器》学案 【学习目标】 理清文章的脉络。 把握作者的思想感情。 学习本文通过对人物言行的描写抒发作者思想感情的写法。 【作者简介】 海明威(1889—1961)美国小说家。早期以“迷惘的一代”的代表著称。他风格独特,文体简洁,在欧美很有影响。1926年,他发表了一部长篇小说《太阳照样升起》,表现了第一次世界大战后青年一代的幻灭感。海明威把“你们都是迷惘的一代”这句话当作小说的题词,《太阳照样升起》成了“迷惘的一代”的代表作。1927年,海明威发表第二部短篇小说集《没有女人的男人》,在这些小说里创造了临危不惧、视死如归的“硬汉性格”。这类人物形象的代表作是中篇小说《老人与海》。1929年,发表长篇小说《永别了,武器》(旧译《战地春梦》),主题是反对帝国主义战争。1936年,发表有名的短篇小说《乞力马扎罗的雪》,以现实与幻想交织的意识流手法描写一个作家临死之前的反省。1938年发表剧本《第五纵队》。西班牙内战结束后,他回到古巴,在哈瓦那郊区创作长篇小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》(旧译《战地钟声》),于1940年发表。1954年获诺贝尔文学奖。 【词语积累】 窥望:偷偷地观望。 踅:中途折回。 虚张声势:假装出强大的气势。 坍落:坍塌下落。 嫡亲:血统最近的(亲属)。 潺潺:象声词,形容溪水、泉水等流动的声音。 【主题语段积累】 “照我想,我们总得把这仗打完吧,”我说,“倘若只有单方面停止战争,战争还是要继续下去的。倘若我们停手不打,一定会更糟糕。”

“不会更糟糕的,”帕西尼用恭敬的口气说,“没有比战争更糟糕的事情了。” “战败会更糟糕。” “我不相信,”帕西尼还是用恭敬的口气说,“战败算是什么?你回家就是了。” “敌人会来追捕你的。占领你的家,奸污你的姐妹。” “我才不相信呢,”帕西尼说,“他们可不能对人人都这么做。让各人守住各人的家好啦,把各人的姐妹关在屋子里。” “世界上再没有像战争这么坏的事了。我们呆在救护车队里,甚至连体会到战争的坏处都不可能。人家一觉悟到它的恶劣,也没法停止战争,因为觉悟的人发疯了。有些人从来不会发觉战争的坏处。有些人怕军官。战争就是由这种人造成的。” “一个国家里有个统治阶级,他们愚蠢,什么都不懂,并且永远不会懂得。战争就是这样打起来的。” “而且他们还借此发财哩。” 他的两腿朝着我,我在暗中和光中看出他两条腿的膝盖以上全给炸烂了。有一条腿全没了,另一条腱还由腱和裤子的一部分勉强连着,炸剩的残肢在抖着扭着,仿佛已经脱节似的。 【结构分析】 本文是按照时间顺序来安排情节的。全文可分为三部分 第一部分(从开头至“我们看看去”p86)写炮攻前“我”的所见所闻,是故事的开端。 第二部分(从“外面天已黑了”至“我们以后不敢了”p91),写炮攻时“我”及战友在战场上的遭遇,是故事的发展和高潮。 第三部分(从“在救护站外”至结束)写“我”被运到急救站及转移途中的所见所闻,是故事的尾声。 【重点内容理解】 第一部分写“我”去前线路上的所看到的战场景象。请找出作者看到的景象,试着说说这些场景背后的深层含义。

《永别了武器》读后感

读《永别了武器》有感 清澈如水 1918年,19岁的海明威加入美国红十字战地服务队,被授予中尉军衔,由于在意大利受到重伤而住院,住院期间,他爱上大他十岁的美国护士艾格尼丝。1919年,浑身伤痕的海明威从欧洲回国,从此,他与艾格尼丝之间的恋情也无疾而终。战争给海明威的肉体和精神造成巨大痛苦,与艾格尼丝恋情终结更是雪上加霜。多年后艾格尼丝的形象频频出现在海明威的小说里,可以看出海明威很珍视他曾与艾格尼丝一起度过的时光。 全书共分为四个部分,沿着两条主线展开,一条主线是亨利在听说和经历很多事情后对战争的态度变化。另一条主线是亨利对于爱、对于凯瑟琳的情感变化。可以说全书描述了亨利精神寄托的载体转移过程,从最开始爱国情怀承载着他全部的精神寄托到后来他全部的精神寄托转移到爱情和凯瑟琳,再到最后他失去一切精神寄托的载体,只剩下苦乐交织的回忆折磨着他孤独的灵魂。 在亨利参战初期,意大利方胜仗连连,与亨利同住的军官们生活都还较为正常、舒适,没有感受到战争带来的恐慌和不安。在这期间,亨利出去度过一次假,文中通过亨利与神父对话的形式描写了亨利对于这次假期的评价,他认为夜晚比白天更好些,而夜晚又是那么不真实,在夜里什么都不明白、也不在乎。通过截取的这句描述可以看出,在度假期间,亨利几乎每天都处于一种行尸走肉的物质享乐状态,而精神却极度空虚寂寞。可以说,当时战争几乎是亨利全部的精神寄托,在参与战争时他能够感到充实且满足,而度假对于他无聊且多余,就好像一些喜欢工作和学习状态的人,在工作和学习时精神就会得到很大满足,如果突然之间给这种人放一个假,他们或许会感觉每天都好漫长、好难熬,这时他们想得最多的事情估计就是如何找点乐子来度过漫无目的的每一天,这一点通过他回到战争地点时的景色描写也能看出来,无可厚非,喜欢工作和学习是出于对工作内容和学习的喜爱,需要强调的是,这里并不是说亨利热爱战争,而是说,在战争无法避免的情况下,在亨利还不了解战争本质的情况下,他为自己能够以一个战士的身份为国家献出一份力而感到精神满足,他希望在战争中所起的作用是重要的、是无法替代的。所以,他曾一直以为他所参与的一切工作能够顺利进行在很大程度上都是依靠他的,因此,在他度假回来之后发现他所从事的工作就算没有他也照样能够正常进行时,他心里萌生出一种失落感。这次度假时的精神状态与下文他遇到凯瑟琳之后的养伤阶段及逃亡阶段的精神状态形成对比,体现出,亨利在一步步认识到战争的本质及残酷之后,其精神寄托正在一点点慢慢的转向爱情、转向凯瑟琳,在负伤时期,他很享受与凯瑟琳一起的时光,他开始体会到工作(参加战争)之余他还有爱情,他不再有精神空虚的时刻,此时,工作(参与

永别了,武器

CHAPTER 1(BOOK ONE) In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees too were dusty and the leaves fell early that year and we saw the troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves. The plain was rich with crops; there were many orchards of fruit trees and beyond the plain the mountains were brown and bare. There was fighting in the mountains and at night we could see the flashes from the artillery. In the dark it was like summer lightning, but the nights were cool and there was not the feeling of a storm coming. Sometimes in the dark we heard the troops marching under the window and guns going past pulled by motor-tractors. There was much traffic at night and many mules on the roads with boxes of ammunition on each side of their pack-saddles and gray motor trucks that carried men, and other trucks with loads covered with canvas that moved slower in the traffic. There were big guns too that passed in the day drawn by tractors, the long barrels of the guns covered with green branches and green leafy branches and vines laid over the tractors. To the north we 第1页共257页

永别了武器读后感

永别了武器读后感 导读: 永别了武器读后感(一) 最近再看海明威的《永别了,武器》,感觉理解更加深刻,我觉得一个有阅历的人写的东西更具有感染力和质感,而海明威正是根据自己的参战经历,以战争与爱情为主线,吟唱了一曲哀婉动人的悲歌,曾多次被搬上银幕,堪称现代文学的经典名篇。 美国青年弗瑞德里克。亨利在第一次世界大战后期志愿参加红十字会驾驶救护车,在意大利北部战线抢救伤员。由于他为人和善,平易近人,在军队中有很好的声望,或许这正是悲惨的开始吧。在朋友的介绍下,认识了女护士凯瑟琳。巴克莱,在战火之下开始了一段充满悲情的爱情故事。 在文章的前部分作者用白描的手法,用短小精练的语句,仅仅是几个景物的描写,如“隔着河流和平原的高山依稀可见”、“河床里有鹅卵石和大圆石头,在阳光下又圆又白”、“河水清澈,河流湍急”,就像一幅画面展现在读者眼前,本来让人感觉着生活是那么美好的。而作品也就是在开头就定下了基调,如“树干也挤满了灰尘”、“那年树叶早落”、“路上只有落叶,空空荡荡的”,暗示了这个故事的悲剧性结局。 无论胜利还是战败,人民总是要承受最多、最沉重的的痛苦。海明威是第一次世界大战后迷茫的一代的代表作家。曾经他在政治家的豪言壮语的下参加了一战。他战时受伤,曾从身上取出几百片榴弹

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