外文参考资料及译文

毕业设计（论文）外文参考资

料及译文

译文题目： development and application of combined

machine tool

组合机床的发展与应用

学生姓名：王斑学号： 1021108014

专业： M10机械设计制造及其自动化

所在学院：机电工程学院

指导教师：赵海霞

职称：教师

2014年 2 月 25 日

Development and application of combined machine tool The aggregate machine-tool is take the general part as a foundation, matches by presses the work piece specific shape and the processing technological design special-purpose part and the jig, the composition semiautomatic or the automatic special purpose machine. The aggregate machine-tool selects the method which generally multiple spindle, the multi-knives, the multi-working procedures, many or the multi-locations simultaneously process, production efficiency ratio general engine bed high several times to several dozens times. Because the general part already the standardization and the seriation, might according to need to dispose nimbly, could reduce the design and the manufacturing cycle. The multi-axle-boxes are aggregate machine-tool's core parts. It selects the common parts, carries on the design according to the special-purpose request, in the aggregate machine-tool design's process, is one of work load big parts. It is acts according to the work piece processing hole quantity which and the position the working procedure chart and the processing schematic drawing determined, the cutting specifications and the main axle type design transmission various main axles movement power unit. Its power from the general power box, installs together with the power box in to feed sliding table, may complete drills, twists and so on working processes. To meet the combination of CNC machine tools of development, it is a component of the NC machine tool NC module. Portfolio machine is modular combination of CNC machine tools brought about by the inevitable result is the combination of CNC machine tools necessary foundation, NC module so greatly enriched the portfolio of generic pieces of machine tools, it will cause combination of General Machine Type of a fundamental change. NC module, according to their coordinates NC (axis) of mainly single coordinates, dual coordinate and coordinate. Its spindle number, single and multi-axis module, there are single and multi-axis composite processing module.

NC module development, there are mainly two kinds of ways: First, the existing combination of machine tools should be relatively common items, the NC General of the design. At present there is also domestic NC is developing one-dimensional slider, NC two-dimensional (Cross) Waterloo Taiwan, the NC rotary table, all this is the way the NC is based on the characteristics of the development of NC The unique combination of machine tool parts, such as automatic replacement of multi-axis spindle box, the NC

rotary knife, NC for the manipulator, NC for me, such as mechanical hand. The past 10 years, machine tools and automatic line group in the highly efficient, high productivity, flexibility and the use of parallel (synchronous) works develop more reasonable and more savings in the programme has made a lot of progress. In particular the automobile industry, in order to improve the performance of motor vehicles, precision machining of components made a number of new demands, so the machine performance requirements are also higher.

In recent years, with numerical control technology, electronics technology, computer technology, such as the development of machine tools combination of mechanical structure and control system has also undergone a tremendous change. With the combination of machine tools of development: 1. NC. A combination of CNC machine tools, not only a complete change from the previous relay circuit composed of a combination of machine tool control system, and the head. Also the mechanical structure and composition of machine parts universal standards has or is undergoing an enormous change。2. Modular. NC plus one two modular greatly enrich the composition of the Universal machine parts, it will cause universal machine combination of a fundamental change，According to modularization design theory,the modules of aggregate machine tool are divided in this paper on the basis of function analysis.Taking UG software as developing flat,the parametric 3D modeling module bank is set up.The database for storing the data used in design is also set up at the same time.Under the guiding of the system,users can complete such tasks as module choice,module combination,and calculation,etc.Therefore,computer aided modularization design of aggregate machine tool can be realiz..3. High-speed. As high-speed processing can greatly reduce the surface roughness and cutting force components, greatly reducing cutting temperature, increase productivity, the machine's high-speed research is rising, especially NC machine tool movements and the main feed velocity has reached an alarming high-speed . For example, the U.S. production of processing center, spindle speed up to 15 000-60 000r/min, table fast forward speed of up to 90-120 m / min. Conform to the trend of high-speed machines, machine tools combination of speed getting higher and higher. For example, the German Volkswagen plant in the processing of aluminum cylinder head combustion chamber side, the use of PCD cutter and milling speed of up to 3 075m/min, feed rate of 3 600mm/min, the CBN has adopted the installation of the new boring knife blade processing Kevin

Gray Rail, the cutting speed of 800 m / min, feed rate of I 500 mm / min. 4, precision of. As the realization of NC machine tools, thus increasing the accuracy of processing machine, so that some of the past seem difficult to achieve the accuracy of processing has been realized today.5. Protection of the whole. Completely closed the machine is now a major characteristic, whether single or machine tool production lines, are all closed by the housings, electrical, hydraulic full use of air alignment. All closed protection, not only production line machine tools and their aesthetic appearance, but also improve the safety, reliability and ease of maintenance.

There are two virtues that are low cost and high efficiency in modular machine tools,which is widely used in batch production.This text introduces an automatic control system of multi-station modular machine tool.Applying PLC to control the modular machine tool can raise the automation extent and work efficiency and reduce a great deal of hardware wiring,so the dependability of the machine tool is also increase.

Machining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece.

Low setup cost for small quantities. Machining has tow applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and pressworking, each specific shape to be p5roduced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, bu machining, to start with nearly any form of any material, so long as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore, machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or pressworking if a high quantity were to be produced.

Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high

quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many pars are given shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in pressworked parts may be machined following the pressworking operations.

The combination of machine tools based on general parts, workpiece supported by the specific shape and design of special processing of parts and fixtures, the composition semiautomatic or automatic special machine. Combination machine generally adopts multi shaft, knife, more processes, more or multiple locations simultaneously processes, and production efficiency ratio general machine tool high several times to several times. As generic components have been standardized and serialized, may need to be flexible configuration, can shorten design and manufacturing cycle. Therefore, the aggregate machine-tool has the advantages of high efficiency and low cost, the large, mass production to be widely applied, and can be used to compose the automatic production line. Combination machine tools for processing general box or special shaped parts. Processing, workpiece generally does not rotate, by movement of the rotatable cutter and tool and workpiece relative feed movement, to achieve drilling, reaming, counterboring, reaming, boring, milling, cutting and processing of external thread face and etc.. Some combination machine adopts clamping workpiece machining head to rotate, by the tool for the feed movement, also can achieve some rotating parts ( such as car rear axle flywheel, etc.) of the face and processing

The first benefit offered by all forms of transfer and unit machine is improved automation. The operator intervention related to producing workpieces can be reduced or eliminated. Many transfer and unit machine can run unattended during their entire machining cycle, freeing the operator to do other tasks. This gives the transfer and unit machine user several side benefits including reduced operator fatigue, fewer mistakes caused by human error, and consistent and predictable machining time for each workpiece. Since the machine will be running under program control, the skill level required of the transfer and unit machine operator (related to basic machining practice) is also reduced as compared to a machinist producing workpieces with conventional machine tools.

In twentieth Century since the 70's, along with the cutting tool with indexable inserts,

dense gear milling cutter, boring size automatic detection and automatic compensation for tool technology development, combination of the machining accuracy of the machine tool is improved. Milling plane plane of up to 0.05mm and1000 mm, the surface roughness can be as low as 2.5to 0.63 microns; boring accuracy up to IT7~6, hole distance precision can reach 0.03~ 0.02 micron. A dedicated machine is along with the automobile industry development. In some parts of special machine tool for repeated use, and gradually developed into a general components, resulting in a combined machine tool. The earliest combination machine is made in the United States in 1911, for the processing of auto parts. Initially, the machine tool manufacturing plant has its own general component standard. In order to improve different factory universal interchangeability of the parts, and is convenient for users to use and repair.

组合机床的发展与应用

组合机床是以通用部件为基础，配以按工件特定形状和加工工艺设计的专用部件和夹具，组成的半自动或自动专用机床。组合机床一般采用多轴、多刀、多工序、多面或多工位同时加工的方式，生产效率比通用机床高几倍至几十倍。由于通用部件已经标准化和系列化，可根据需要灵活配置，能缩短设计和制造周期。多轴箱是组合机床的核心部件。它是选用通用零件，按专用要求进行设计的，在组合机床设计的过程中，是工作量较大的部件之一。它是根据工序图和加工示意图所确定的工件加工孔的数量和位置，切削用量和主轴类型设计的传递各主轴运动的动力部件。其动力来自通用的动力箱，与动力箱一起安装于进给滑台，可完成钻，绞等加工工序。为适应数控组合机床的发展，就出现了组成数控机床的数控加工模块。组合机床模块化是组合机床数控化所带来的必然结果，也是组合机床数控化的必要基础，数控加工模块话极大的丰富了组合机床的通用件，它必将引起组合机床通用件发生根本型变化。数控加工模块，按其数控坐标（轴）数，主要有单坐标、双坐标和三坐标。按其主轴数，有单轴和多轴模块，也有单轴和多轴复合加工模块。

数控加工模块的发展，主要有2种方式：

一、与现有组合机床通用件相对应，设计数控通用件。目前国内亦有其也正

在研制数控一维滑台、数控二维（十字）滑台、数控回转工作台等，都属于这种方式;

一、根据数控加工的特点，研制数控组合机床所特有的部件，如自动更换式多轴主轴箱、数控回转刀库、数控换到机械手、数控换箱机械手等。近十多年来，组合机床及其自动线在高效、高生产率，柔性化以及采用并行(同步)工程制订更为合理、更为节省的方案方面取得了不小的进展。尤其是汽车工业，为了提高汽车的性能，对零件的加工精度提出了一些新的要求，因此对机床性能的要求也更高了。

近年来随着数控技术、电子技术、计算机技术等的发展，组合机床的机械结构和控制系统也发生了巨大变化。组合机床有了以下的发展：

一、数控化。数控组合机床的出现，不仅完全改变了过去那种由继电器电路组成的组合机床的控制系统，而目．也使组合机床机械结构乃至通用部件标准发生了或正在发生着巨大的变化。

二、模块化。数控加工模块化极大地丰富了组合机床的通用件，它必将引起组合机床通用件发生根本性变化，根据模块化设计原理,在功能分析的基础上划分了组合机床多轴箱的各级模块。将三维CAD技术与模块化技术相结合,以

UG(Unigaphics)为软件开发平台,利用其强大的三维造型功能和装配功能,建立了组合机床多轴箱参数化三维造型模板库,同时还建立了存放设计过程中所需数据的数据库。设计人员在系统界面的引导下可完成模块选择、模块组合和设计计算等环节,从而实现了计算机辅助组合机床多轴箱三维模块化设计,提高了设计效率。

三、高速化。由于高速加工可大大降低零件表面粗糙度及切削力，大大减小切削温度，提高生产效率，故机床的高速化研究方兴未艾，特别是数控机床的主运动和进给运动速度已达到了惊人高速。如美国生产的加工中心，主轴转速可达15 000—60 000r／min，工作台快进速度高达90—120m／min 。顺应机床高速化的潮流，组合机床的速度也越来越高。例如德国大众汽车厂在加工铝金缸盖燃烧室侧面时，采用PCD铣刀，铣削速度高达3 075m／min，进给速度达3 600mm ／min，而采用安装有CBN刀片的新颖镗刀加工灰铸铁时，切削速度达800m／min，进给速度达I 500 mm／min.

四、精密化。由于机床实现了数控化，因而机床的加工精度越来越高，使一些过去看来难以达到的加工精度今天也已经实现了。

五、全防护化。全封闭是现在机床的一大特点，不论是单机还是机床生产线，均采用全封闭的外罩，电器、液压全部采用空中走线。全封闭防护，不但使机床及其生产线外形美观，而且也提高了安全性、可靠性和维修的便利性。

组合机床兼有低成本和高效率的优点,在大批量生产中得到了广泛的应用,并可以组成自动生产线。多工位组合机床采用的PLC控制系统,将PLC控制技术应用于机床,大大提高了自动化程度和工作效率,同时减少了大量继电器的硬件接线,工作的可靠程度也显著增加,方便了操作和维修。

作为一种成形方式的机械加工是广泛使用的也是所有机械制造进程中的最重要的部分。机械加工是通过切削形式使驱动装置引起材料运动产生形状的过程。尽管在某些场合，工作支持情况下，使用移动式装备实现加工，但是大多数的机械加工还是通过既支撑工件有支撑刀具的装备来完成。

小批量生产低费用，机械加工在制造方面有两种用途：对浇筑，锻造，压力加工，即将生产的每个具体形状，甚至一个零件而言，几乎是一个高标准的刀具铸型。这些通过焊接可能产生的形状在很大程度上取决可利用的原材料的形状。一般说来，通过利用高价设备而又无需特种加工条件下，几乎可以从任何种类原材料开始，借助机械加工把原材料加工成任意要求的结构形状，只要外部尺寸够大，那都是可能的。因此，机械加工是常用来生产少量零件，甚至在大量生产以及当零件的设计在逻辑上导致浇铸、锻造，压力加工的时候所推荐的方法。

严密的精度，合适的平面粗糙度，对机械加工的第二个应用是建立在可行性的高精度和高表面粗糙度之上。很多用机械切割的少量部件会产生较小且能够接受的偏差是否能够通过其他的工艺流程生产大量的部件。另一方面，很多部件通过一些大量的变形过程和由机械切割所需要的高精度选择平面有了他们的一般形状，例如：内部的螺纹很少能通过其他的方式生产，除了机械加工和压力加工部件的小洞可能被机器切割成的压力加工过的操作。

组合机床是以通用部件为基础，配以按工件特定外形和加工工艺设计的专用部件和夹具，组成的半自动或自动专用机床。组合机床一般采用多轴、多刀、多工序、多面或多工位同时加工的方式，生产效率比通用机床高几倍至几十倍。由于通用部件已经标准化和系列化，可根据需要灵活配置，能缩短设计和制造周期。因此，组合机床兼有低成本和高效率的优点，在大批、大量生产中得到广泛应用，并可用以组成自动生产线。组合机床一般用于加工箱体类或非凡外形的零件。加工时，工件一般不旋转，由刀具的旋转运动和刀具与工件的相对进给运动，来实现钻孔、扩孔、锪孔、铰孔、镗孔、铣削平面、切削内外螺纹以及加工外圆和端面等。有的组合机床采用车削头夹持工件使之旋转，由刀具作进给运动，也可实现某些回转体类零件(如飞轮、汽车后桥半轴等)的外圆和端面加工。

各种组合机床的第一个优点是自动化程度提高了。零件制造过程中的人为干预减少或者免除了。整个加工循环中，很多组合机床处于无人照看状态，这使操

作员被解放出来，可以干别的工作。组合机床用户得到的几个额外好处是：组合机床减小了操作员的疲劳程度，减少了人为误差，工件加工时间一致而且可预测。由于机床在程序的控制下运行，与操作普通机床的机械师要求的技能水平相比，对数控操作员的技能水平要求（与基本加工实践相关）也降低了。

二十世纪70年代以来，随着可转位刀具、密齿铣刀、镗孔尺寸自动检测和

刀具自动补偿技术的发展，组合机床的加工精度也有所提高。铣削平面的平

面度可达0.05毫米／1000毫米，表面粗糙度可低达2.5～0.63微米；镗孔

精度可达IT7～6级，孔距精度可达0.03～0.02微米。专用机床是随着汽

车工业的兴起而发展起来的。在专用机床中某些部件因重复使用，逐步发展

成为通用部件，因而产生了组合机床。最早的组合机床是1911年在美国制

成的，用于加工汽车零件。初期，各机床制造厂都有各自的通用部件标准。

为了提高不同制造厂的通用部件的互换性，便于用户使用和维修。