2010年阅读真题解析(英语)
2010年真题解析
Passage One
生词释义
1.bull: 1)牛2）（文中含义）牛市
2.run: 时期，一段时间
* bull run: 牛市期
3.dramatic: 戏剧化的
4.note: 1.（文中含义）气氛 2. 笔记
* on a dramatic note: 戏剧性地
5.all but （two pieces）: 除....之外的所有东西
6.to fetch: 1）. （文中含义）售得（若干价钱）
*The painting is expected to fetch at least $20 million.人们认为这幅画可以卖到至少2000万美元。 2）去（某个地方）取回
*Shannon went upstairs to fetch some blankets.香农去楼上取来一些毯子。
7.auction：（名词）拍卖
* The house was sold at auction.房子拍卖出售。
auctioneer: 拍卖师
8.to call out bids; 喊出拍卖的报价
9.to file for sth：1）（文中含义）(法律上正式）提出申请
* The Morrisons have filed for divorce：莫里斯夫妇已经提出离婚。
# to file for bankruptcy: 提出破产的申请
# file a complaint/ lawsuit (against somebody)针对sb提出投诉/诉讼
Mr Genoa filed a formal complaint against the department. Genoa先生正式投诉了这个部门。
2）排队前行
* We began to file out into the car park. 我们开始排队进入停车场。* The mourners filed past the coffin. 吊唁者排队经过棺材。
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more
than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New Y ork one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy. 在2008年9月15日伦敦苏富比拍卖行举行的“在我心中，美丽永恒”拍卖会上，Damien Hirst的56部作品成功售出，随着这些作品的售出，艺术品市场一个世纪以来最长的牛市戏剧性地落幕了。所有作品中只有两件没有售出，销售额超过了7，000万英镑，创造了单个艺术家的拍卖纪录。这是最后的胜利。（因为）就在拍卖师喊出报价的时候，纽约华尔街上历史最悠久的银行之一雷曼兄弟申请破产。
10.momentum: （名词）势头，力量
#gain/gather momentum 集聚力量，发力
* The campaign for reform should start to gather momentum in the new year.改革活动应该在新年发力。
* Governments often lose momentum in their second term of office.一般政府在第二任期内会失去势头。
11.peak: 1）顶点2）（文中含义）巅峰
# at one’s peak: 在巅峰状态
12.to reckon: 1）. 认为＝think
* Do you reckon he'll agree to see us？你觉得他会同意我们吗？
2）（文中含义）估算，估计
* We reckon that sitting in traffic jams costs us around $9 billion a year in lost output。我们估算在交通堵塞中的损失达每年90亿美元。
13.A is double B : A是B的两倍
14.ego: (名词) 自我
15.greed: （名词）贪婪
greedy: 贪婪的
16.controversy: （名词）争议
controversial: 有争议的
17.to match: （动词）1）.（文中含义）与….相当
* His strength is matched by his intelligence. 他的力量与智慧相当。
2）与….相配
We painted the cabinets green to match the rug. 我们把壁橱油漆成绿色和地毯相匹配。
* Do you think this outfit matches? 你觉得这套衣服搭配得当吗？
注意：我们不说“matches to” or “matches with another”. 而是说“one thing matches another” or “two things match”.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising
bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm – double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries. 世界艺术品市场在经历了2003年起的急剧上升后，一段时间以来其发展势头已经开始丧失。Clare McAndrew 是一家名叫Arts Economics,研究公司的创始人，他估计在2007年的高峰期，世界艺术品市场的价值约为650亿美元，是五年前的两倍。从那时起，它的价值可能已经降到500亿美元。但是艺术品市场产生的利益远远超出它本身的规模，因为它汇集了巨大的财富、膨胀的自我、贪婪、激情和争议。其方式几乎没有哪个产业能与之相提并论。
18.to stay away from: 远离
19.sector: 领域，部门
20.guarantee: （名词）保证金
* In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them. 在Hirst的作品拍卖会后的几个星期和几个月里，任何此类的投资都变得很不合时宜。在艺术品领域，这意味着收藏家远离了画廊和销售店。当代艺术品的销售额下降了三分之二，而在最热门的领域，那一年的销售额截止到2008年11月份下跌了近90%。几周之内，世界上两家最大的拍卖行，苏富比和佳士得，不得不支付近两亿美元把那些早已把作品交与他们出售的客户，以作为担保费用。
21.downturn: （名词）下降，衰退，低迷
the current downturn: 目前的低迷状态
22. on average: 平均而言
23. to fluctuate: 变动，震荡
fluctuant:：变动的，震荡的
24. be confident that….或者be confident about sth: 坚信…
用名词形式的话：to have confidence in sth……..注意介词的不同
25. be at the bottom: 在底部
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: ―I’m pretty confident we’re at
the bottom.‖当前艺术品市场的下滑是自1989年底日本停止购买印象派作品以来最糟糕的一次。这一次，专家估计平均价位相对于峰值来讲下降了大约百分之四十，尽管有些价格波动的幅度更大。但佳士得的首席执行官Edward Dolman说：“我们现在已处于谷底，对此我深信不疑。”
26.slump: （名词）低潮，锐减= downturn
27.to keep away: 远离= to stay away from
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return. 他指出，与上一次暴跌不同的是目前市场上仍存在买家。几乎每位接受这个特别报道采访的人都说，当前最大的问题不是缺乏需求，而是没有好的作品销售。三D因素----death(死亡)、debt(债务)、divorce(离婚)------依然会把艺术品推向市场。但所有那些不必出手的人正在远离市场，等待市场信心的回归。
文章结构：
本文主要就世界艺术品市场的低迷状况进行论述。
第一段：指出艺术市场上持续一个世纪的牛市结束了，标志就是达米安?赫斯特56部作品的出售。
第二段：回顾了自2003年至今，艺术市场的走势情况，即在经历了急剧的上升期后，艺术市场的势头大减。
第三段：对低迷的艺术市场进行详细的分析。
第四段：指出尽管当前的艺术市场状况糟糕，但佳士得的总裁仍有信心期待市场的复苏。
第五段：指出这次衰退与以往的不同之处是市场上仍存在需求，但缺乏好的作品，原因是许多卖主在等待未来的时机。
试题分析
1. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as ―a last victory‖
because __________.
because:原因分析题, 通常先下再上, 即在下文中找
A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories 逻辑上说不通
B. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids也不能说是因
C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces 也不能说是因
D. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
在原文中定位It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New Y ork one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.（宣布破产，表示金融危机的来临）
2. By sa ying ―spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable‖ (Line 1-2, Para 3),
the author suggests that __________.
对于句子解释的，我们面对的句子有这样的特点：句子结构很晦涩；或用了修辞手段。
A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
B. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries违背事实，因为every kind绝对化，绝对化的选项，毙掉
C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
D. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
C与D是一致的，所以不选。回文定位到第三段In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Stay away from: 我们做的是深刻的推断题，选取正确答案的规则是：面子不同，里子同。答案选（A）
3. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.’（Para 2S2，3）
B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.
C. The art market generally went downward in various ways.（p3s1）
D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.（尾段尾句）
排除性判断题，题干往往缺乏信号词，所以需要一一回文定位，加以比较和判断，由于相对繁琐费事，我们需要“无比耐心”
（Ａ）回文定位到第二段第二、三句At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm –double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion
（C）回文定位到第三段首句In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.的spending=the art market, of any sort=generally 和in various ways, became deeply unfashionable=went downward, 所以（C）正确
（D）回文定位到尾段尾句：But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,
waiting for confidence to return. 所以（D）正确
（B）是无中生有，虽然有标志性的词momentum，但回到有momentum的地方
定位，完全歪曲了愿望。
正确答案应该选（Ｂ）
4. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are __________.
A. auction houses’ favorites
B. contemporary trends
C. factors promoting artwork circulation
D. style representing Impressionists
尾段：The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.从破折号后面找到线索，很多时候破折号出现的地方也是题眼。５．The most appropriate title for this text could be __________.
A. Fluctuation of Art Prices
B. Up-to-date Art Auctions
C. Art Market in Decline
D. Shifted Interest in Arts
这是篇章主旨题。思路是对整篇文章做高度概括，可以将各段的首句信息做综合处理
P1s1: end
P2s1: lose momentum
P3s1: unfashionable
P4s1downturn /worst
P5s1: slump
通过上述各句的核心词，不难发现（C）是正确答案。
2012年
1.家庭作业
2.粉色
3.基因专利
4.经济萧条对美国社会的影响
2011年
1.外部董事
2.美国报业的重生
3.二战后的住房风格及其由来
4.欧盟的困境
大家从这八篇来看可以总结出我在批注中说到的规律。
Passage Two：
生词释义
1.to address: (及物动词)：1）. （文中含义）对一大群人发表正式演说
# address a meeting/conference etc
*He addressed an audience of 10,000 supporters.（后面不加介词to, 或者at, in ）他给一万个支持者做演讲。
* I was addressing a small gathering。我在一个小型集会发表演讲
2）直接对sb说话
* She turned to address the man on her left. 她转过去对她左边的男人说话。
3）解决（问题）
# address a problem/question/issue etc
* Our products address the needs of real users.我们的产品解决了使用者的需求。
4）在（信封、包裹上）写上地址
# address something to somebody在sth上写上地址寄给sb
* That letter was addressed to me.这封信是寄给我的。
* Send a stamped, self-addressed envelope。寄出一封贴好邮票、写好你自己地址的信封。
2.suburban: 郊区的
suburb: （名词）郊区 a London suburb 伦敦郊区
3.throughout the evening: 整个晚上
4.talkative: 健谈的
5.frequently: 经常地
6.anecdote: （名词）趣闻轶事
7.on the couch: 在沙发上
8.to comment: 做出评论
#comment on
*People were always commenting on his size.人们总是对他的大模子进行评论。
#comment that
*Smith's lawyer commented that the decision was 'outrageous'. 斯密斯的律师评论说，这个决定让人抓狂。
9.to concur: ( concurred, concurred) 同意= to agree with
# concur with sth同意sth
* The committee largely concurred with these views.
10.to gesture toward his wife: 向他太太打手势
11.to burst into laughter: 爆发出笑声
to burst out laughing: 爆发出笑声
（注意两个表达方法的差异）
类似的表达有burst into tears和burst out crying
12. look puzzled: 看上去很迷惑
13. to spend the evening in silence: 在沉默中度过夜晚
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence." 佛吉尼亚郊区的一间会客厅里有一个小的聚会，我正在做发言----这是个女性团体举办的聚会，但也邀请了男性一同参加。整个晚上，一位男子特别健谈，不断地表达自己的观点，讲述着奇闻轶事，而他的妻子则静静地坐在沙发上，就在他的旁边。那晚的聚会即将结束时，我评论说，女性常常抱怨自己的丈夫不和他们交谈。这名男子即可点头表示认同。他向自己的妻子示意并且说：“她是我们家的话匣子。”闻听此言，整个房间哄堂大笑。但该男孩看上去却很困惑，一副受伤的样子。他解释说：“这是事实，我下班回到家时找不到话题好谈。如果不谈下去，我们将在沉默中度过整个晚上。
14. episode: 1).（文中含义）(一段)经历，一个故事2）（电视剧中的）一集
15. to crystallize: (一个观点/思想)在头脑中明晰
* Inside her a thought was crystallizing。她心中的想法变得明晰起来。
16. irony: （名词）讽刺，反讽
17. to tend to do：倾向于做
18. pattern: 模式
19. to wreak havoc with sth: 对sth造成了毁灭
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. 这个故事形象地表明了一个具有反讽意味的形象：虽然在公共场合，美国男性往往比女性健谈，但在家里他们却说话很少。这种行为方式正严重破坏着婚姻。
20. in the late ’70s: 在20世纪70年代后期
21. given: （连接词）考虑到
Given his old age, he is a fast runner. 考虑到他的年龄，他已经算是跑得快的。
22.to amount to: (动词短语) 达到（数量）
* Time lost through illness amounted to 1,357 working days. 由于疾病损失的时间高达1，357个工作日
# not amount to much/anything/a great deal etc （否定形式表示）算不了什么，不重要
* Her academic achievements don't amount to much. 她的学业成绩不怎么样。
* Jim's never going to amount to much. 吉姆将来不会有所作为的。
23.virtual: （形容词）1）（文中含义）实际上的= actual
* Car ownership is a virtual necessity when you live in the country. 拥有一辆车在这个国家实际上是必要的。
* Finding a cheap place to rent is a virtual impossibility in this area. 在这个地区找到一个便宜的地方实际上是不可能的。
2）虚拟的
* virtual reality 虚拟现实
* The website allows you to take a virtual tour of the art gallery. 这个网站可以带你虚拟游览一番艺术展
* constructing virtual worlds 构建虚拟世界
24. epidemic: （名词）1）（文中含义）流行病* global epidemic: 全球性的流行病
25. a failed conversation: 沟通不畅的谈话
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late '70s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed -- but only a few of the men -- gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year -- a virtual epidemic of failed conversation. 早在二十世纪七十年代末，政治学家Andrew Hacker 就注意到了这一行为方式。社会学家Catherine Kohler Riessman 在她的新书《离婚谈话》中说，多数采访的女性把缺乏沟通作为她们离婚的原因，而受访的男子则微乎其微。考虑到目前近百分之五十的离婚率，这意味着在美国每年会有数以百万计的案例，所以交谈不畅在显示中如同一场瘟疫。
26. to focus on: 强调= to emphasize
27. tangible: 1）明显的，看得见的
intangible: （反义词）
* The scheme must have tangible benefits for the unemployed. 计划必须对失业者具有看得见的利益。
# tangible evidence/proof 确凿的证据
* He has no tangible evidence of John's guilt. 他没有掌握约翰犯罪的确凿证
2）tangible assets/property 有形资产
28. inequality: (名词) 不平等
29. to accompany sb: 陪伴sb
* Children under 14 must be accompanied by an adult.14岁以下的孩子必须由成人陪伴。
* Wherever her husband went, she would accompany him.不管她丈夫走到哪里，她都伴随左右。
@ 在口语中，更常用的是go/come with: * He came with me to the airport 30. errand: （名词）差事
*I seemed to spend my life running errands for people.似乎我一辈子都在为人跑腿。
*She was always sending me on errands. 她总是差遣我。
# on an errand
* I couldn't stop because I was on an errand.我不能停下来，因为我有事在身。
* He quickly set out on his errand of mercy. 他立马出发去帮助别人。
31. first and foremost: 用于强调最重要的品质、目的、原因等
* Dublin is thought of first and foremost for its literary heritage. 人们想到都柏林，主要是由于它的文学遗产。
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead, they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me," "He doesn't talk to me." I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives. 在我自己的研究中，女性对丈夫的抱怨往往不是侧重于有形的不平等现象，如为了陪伴丈夫放弃自己的就业机会，或做了过多日常生活的工作，比如清洗、烹饪以及社交安排。相反，她们很在意沟通交流，她们会抱怨说：“他不听我讲话”或者“他不和我说话”。正如Hacker 多年前注意到的那样，我也发现，大多数妻子都希望自己的丈夫，首先并且最重要的，是成为交谈伙伴，但很少有丈夫有着和妻子同样的愿望。
32. stereotype: 对人或事的成规老套的想法（通常是不公正的或不真实的）
# stereotype of
* women who don't fit the stereotype of the good mother. 那些女人不符合好母亲的老套想法
# stereotype about
* stereotypes about the elderly 对老年人的老套想法
—stereotypical（形容词）
* the stereotypical Californian - tall, fit, and tanned对加州人的老套看法是----长得高大、健美、肤色古铜色
* stereotypical cartoon scene：老套的卡通场景
33. to glare at: （愤怒地）盯着
辨别：stare at: (长时间地)盯着
peer: （费力地）看
* He was peering through the wet windscreen at the cars ahead. 他费力地透过车前
的湿湿的的挡风玻璃看。
* Philippa peered into the darkness.菲力普费力地望着一片漆黑。
glance at: （快速地）看
*The man glanced nervously at his watch. 那个男人紧张地看了一下他的表。
* In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk. 简言之，最能表现当前危机的一幅老套的漫画图片，其情景是：一个男子坐在早餐桌旁，面前举着一份报纸，而一名女子则生气地瞪着报纸的背面，很想说话。
文章结构
本文主要讲述的是美国两性在沟通上的危机以及该危机对婚姻的危害。
第一段: 讲述了一个例子，导出本文话题：在公共场合，美国男子说话往往比妻子多，但在家里，他们说的特别少。
第二、三段：讲述了男性这一行为对婚姻的影响
第四段：重点分析了女性的心理，尤其是对家庭沟通的期待。
第五段: 以一幅漫画的内容再次重申了本文的主题：即良性沟通上的危机。
试题分析
从五个题干看，大体了解到是关于丈夫和妻子关系的文章
6. What is most wives’ main expectation of their husb ands?
A. Talking to them
B. Trusting them.
C. Supporting their careers.
D. Sharing housework.
一看到“what is‖这是细节题，没有什么技术含量，回文定位。大体判断答案在第一第二段，但是第一段是具体的实例，可以在第二段中找到，“although", "this pattern"都是提示词，可以看到although 后面的主句是主要信息：they often talk less at home. 所以妻子期待的是丈夫“talk more", 答案为（A）
7. Judging from the context, the phrase ―wreaking havoc‖ (Line 3, Para. 2) most
probably means __________.
A. generating motivation
B. exerting influence
C. causing damage
D. creating pressure
“词汇习语句子”题，大多都是超纲词，熟词生义，在本质上是推理题。
两个思路：1）正面思路：借助于上下文（如在段首，看下文，在段尾，看上文，段中，看上下文）
2）反面思路：a. 代入验证，如果是正确的，顺畅的
b.面子不等，里子等的选项
A. generating motivation （正面项）
B. exerting influence （中性项）
C. causing damage （负面项）
D. creating pressure（负面项）
鉴于词汇推断题的思路是跳出词汇本身，依据其前后信息的综合分析找到线索，在第三段的第二句...most of the women ...gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. 显然缺乏沟通给婚姻造成了破坏。答案选（C）
注：这里but only a few of the men....but也是关键词
8. All of the following are true EXCEPT __________.
A. men tend to talk more in public than women
B. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation
C. women attach much importance to communication between couples
D. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse
四排一，三个在本质上具有相通性，一个不同于其他三个，―三同一不”原则，差异项是个特殊项。题干没有任何信号帮助你，大致确定段落的位置。四道题相当于细节题, 所以需要对选项一一回文定位，加以比照和判断。
（A中有talk, B, C D中都有conversation,
题目与选项的排序在很大程度上是一致的，所以第六题可以大胆地选A，我认为这条思路很重要）
A、D在逻辑上接近，均可回文定位到第二段首句：...although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home, 所以A和D是正确的，C可以回文定位到第四段具有instead，they focused on
communication, (C）是正确的，选项（B）可以回文定位到第三段尾句，given the current rate of nearly 50% percent...原文只是提到“离婚率为50%”，但与（B)说的“50%的离婚率是因为交谈失败造成的”，所以（Ｂ）是错误的。
9. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?
A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.
B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.
C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.
D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.
有两个解题思路：１）鉴于主旨题的思路是对整篇文章做高度概括，可以将首段和尾端的信息做综合处理，首段episode 和尾段cartoon scene 都在讲述丈夫和妻子在家中交谈方式的差异，可见主旨是（Ｄ）
2）根据本篇文章的篇章结构，开头一段是episode, 本质上是个例子，而通过例子导出主题这样的“抛砖引玉”：this episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. 根据词句也同样选出（D）项。
（黄金原则：
第一段第一句话：过去式= 巨不重要
第二段第一句：This episode crystallizes彻底进行了概括，crystallizes 用了一般现在时，才是最重要的，illustrate 是抛砖引玉式的文章，后面的信息非常重要。
And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. 这里的this又是题眼，才是命题老师要你抓住的内容。可以解答第七题了。
10. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably
focus on __________.
A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk （account 是“叙述”的意思）
B. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon。（“stereotypical”模式化的）
C. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.
D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker
篇章推理题的思路是根据已知段落信息推理未知段落信息，具体到本题，就是对最后一段简要描述的一幅漫画情景做出分析推断，接下来很可能会就该漫画的细节做具体阐述。（B)为正确答案。其他选项关联性都不大。（这里关注account作“叙述，描述”的释义）
Passage Three：
生词释义
1.to perfect: （动词）完善
to perfect the skills: 完善技能
perfect：（形容词）完美的
automatic: 1）自动的2）（文中含义）无意识的, 自发的* Practice the breathing techniques until they become automatic. 练习呼吸技巧，直至成为无意识的
2.snack：小吃，点心：快餐
3. to apply: (及物动词) 1）（文中含义）涂抹* Apply the cream evenly over the skin. 在皮肤上均匀地涂抹润肤露
* apply make-up/lipstick etc 涂化妆品/ 唇膏
2）# apply to适用于
* Do the same rules apply to part-time workers? 同样的规则适用于兼职工人吗？
* The offer only applies to flights from London and Manchester.这个降价只适用于从伦敦到曼彻斯特的航班。
3）# apply something to something运用
* New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process.这些新技术被运用到每一个工业流程中。
* These ideas are often difficult to apply in practice.这些想法很难被运用到实践中。
4）（最常用的含义）申请
# apply for sth: 申请sth
* She applied for a job with the local newspaper. 她向当地报社申请了一份工作。
* We need to apply for planning permission to build a garage.我们需要申请建造一个停车场的规划许可。
apply to+ 机构：向（机构）申请
*I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them。我向四所大学申请，结果所有大学都接受我。
4.lotion: 护肤液
5.wipe:擦
6.counter:柜台
7.without thinking: 不假思索地
8.in response to sth:对sth做出反应，这是个介词短语，一般用于句末，跟
它相似结构的还有in reply to sth，in answer to,
* The law was passed in response to public pressure. 为了回应对公众压力，通过了这条法律。
*I am writing in reply to your letter of 1st June.我对您六月1号的信函作回复。
* In answer to your question, yes, you can go.就你的问题做出回复，是的，你可以去。
9. a set of：，一系列，一套
10.cue: （名词）提示，暗示，线索
*Our success was the cue for other companies to press ahead with new investment.我们的成功对于其他公司跟上新投资的步伐是一个启示。
# a carefully designed set of daily cues: 一套精心设计好的日常暗示（注意：“精心设计好的”这个定语成分放在量词前面，相似的表达法有―a white sheet of paper一张白纸”
Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits——among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn
billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues. 在过去
的十年中，许多公司完善了创造消费者无意识行为的艺术。在一系列精心设计的日常暗示影响下，消费者往往几乎不假思索地吃快餐或擦拭柜台，这些行为习惯已经帮助公司赢得了数十亿美元的收益。
11.fundamental: 基本的
12.killer: 威胁生命的东西
13.to figure out: 1)计算出；2）（文中含义）想出，理解
*we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits. 我们无法想出如何改变人们习惯的方法。
14.private industry: 私人企业
（industry 不一定指“工业”，还有“行业”的意思，如"movie industry"电影行业）
―There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,‖ Dr. Curtis，said. ―We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.‖ Curtis 博士说，“有一些基本的公共卫生问题，比如不用肥皂洗手的习惯，仍然威胁这人们的生命，这是因为我们还想不出办法去改变人们的行为习惯。我们想从私人企业那里学习如何创造新的无意识习惯行为。
15.to turn to sb/sth: 转向，指向
* As usual, the conversation turned back to her children.像往常一样，谈话又转到了她孩子身上。
* Now is the time of year when thoughts turn in the direction of summer holidays. 这是我们想到暑假的时候。
* Next the Senator turned to education.接着议员谈起了教育问题。
16.subtle: 微妙的
17.corporation: 公司
18.to introduce: 引进，引入
*They want to introduce a system of identity cards.他们想引进身份证的系统、
*The store have introduced a new range of food for children.小店引进了一系列的儿童食品。
19.routine: （名词）惯例，常规，日常习惯
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble,
Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines. Curtis 博士所转向的公司----保洁、高露洁和联合利华----已经投资数亿美元寻找消费者生活中的微妙线索，而企业可以利用这些线索来引入新的生活习惯。
20.look hard: 仔细观察
21.chewing gum: 口香糖
22.skin moisturizer：润肤露
23.to infect: 感染
to disinfect: 给sth 消毒
disinfecting wipe: 消毒湿巾
24.air freshener: 空气净化器
25.water purifier: 滤水器，净水器
26.perspiration: 出汗
antiperspirant: 止汗药，防汗药
27.cologne:古龙香水
28.fabric softener: 织物柔软剂
29.manufactured habits: 制造出来的习惯
30.canny: 精明的
canny advertising: 精明的广告
31.campaign: （名词）1）战役2）（文中含义）（商业，政治、改善
社会等方面的）活动，运动
* Florida was a key state in his campaign for re-election. 佛罗里达是他再次进行竞选活动的关键的一个州。
* an anti-bullying campaign一场抵制凌强欺弱的活动
*an advertising campaign 广告活动
* a campaign for equal rights支持平等权利的活动
# launch/mount a campaign发起一场运动
* Police have launched a campaign to crack down on drug dealers.警察发起了一场
打击毒品贩子的运动。
(动词）# to campaign for/against支持/反对sth的活动
*a group campaigning against the destruction of the rainforest 这个群体抵制破坏雨林的活动。
32.珍珠般白的牙齿
If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day —chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins —are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a scrub twice a
day--preventing cavity, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands。如果仔细观察，你就会发现我们日常使用的很多产品都是“制造”出的习惯的结果，如口香糖、润肤露、消毒湿巾、空气清新剂、净水器、健康快餐、防汗药、香水，洁牙剂、织物柔软剂、维生素等。一个世纪以前，很少有人每天多次地刷牙，而今天，由于精明的广告宣传以及公共健康，许多美国人每天会习惯性地刷洗他们珍珠般白的牙齿两次，以防止龋齿，经常使用的品牌是高露洁、佳洁士或者其他品牌。
34. beverage: （正式用语）饮料
35. to bottle sth：把sth 装入瓶中
*The whisky is bottled here before being sent abroad.威士忌先装瓶，然后送到国外。
36. far-off : 遥远的
37：spring: 泉水
38. unthinkingly: 不假思索地= without thinking
39. to sip: 啜饮
40. adolescent：1）（文中含义）青春期的；青少年的adolescent boy: 十几岁的小男孩
2)（名词）青少年
41.to feature:以．．．为特色，重点突出
* The exhibition features paintings by Picasso. 这个展览重点突出毕加索的画。
* a cruise ship featuring extensive spa facilities一艘游览舰的特点是拥有大规模的spa设施
#to feature in sth:以sth 为特点
* A study of language should feature in an English literature course.语言研究应该以英语文学课程为特点
# be featured in something
* Pupils visited some of the websites featured in the article. 学生们看了一些这篇文章中突出讲到的一些网站。
# feature somebody as something由sb 主演
* The film featured Brando as the Godfather 这部电影由Brando主演“教父”这一角色。
42. commercial: 商业广告
43. ritual: 仪式，典礼
44. to slip in: 悄悄塞进
45.to put on makeup: 化妆
to put on= to apply 抹上
A few d ecades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers — which are effective even if applied
2010年考研英语二真题全文翻译超详解析
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