英语话语标记语功能的共性和区别

英语话语标记语功能的共性和区别
英语话语标记语功能的共性和区别

感谢信英文的万能句子

感谢信英文的万能句子 感谢信是对收信人的某一行为表示感谢。感谢信通常带有浓厚的感情色彩,具有比较浓的人情味。下面小编为大家精心整理了感谢信英文万能句子及范文,希望能给你带来帮助。 Thank you so much for... I am writing to express my thanks for... I am writing to extend my sincere/hearty gratitude/appreciation for... I would like to convey in this letter my heartful thanks to you for... I warmly appreciate your hospitality. Thank you very much for the gift you sent 's one of the most wonderful gifts I got on my birthday. I am writing this letter to thank you for your warm hospitality accorded to my delegation and me during our recent visit to your beautiful would also like to thank you for your interesting discussion with me which I found very informative and useful. Thanks again. Again,I would like to express my warm thanks to you!Please accept my gratitude.

话语标记ppt文本

主要内容 一.话语标记语的界泄及识别 二、话语标记语的名称 三、话语标记语的研究角度 四、研究派别及国内外部分研究 五、总结 1.话语标记语的左义及特征 1.1话语标记语的定义 话语标记语是说话人为了引导和制约听话人正确理解话语而选择的语言标记。它是一种常见的话语现象,是一些在交际中具有一定语用功能的词语或结构。 话语标记语这一说法是由Schiffrin提出的,即“标记话语单元序列关系的独立的语言成分“。 冉永平(2003):英语中well, oh, you know, you see, I mean, that is to say, in other words, as I said 等和汉语中“你知道”、“大家知道"、“我的意思是“、“也就是说"等是言语交际中常见的话语表达形式,我们统称为"话语标记语"(discourse markers) 1.2话语标记语的特征 从形式上看,话语标记语主要由以下三种语言单位充当:①词,如:now, well, like, anyway, so 等;②短语,如:in other words, in addition to? in short, after all 等;③句子,如:you know, I think > you see> that is to say 等。 从词尾变化上看,像介词、冠词一样,它是固立的语言形式,没有性、数、格的变化。如:like 不会被说成likes> liked等;that is to say不会变成复数形式those are to say。 从位麗上看,大多数话语标记语位于它们所连接的两个句子之间,即位于第二个分句的句首, 有时也会夹在一句话中间。 (1)Jolm can't go. And Maiy can t go either. (2)We were late in getting up. Anyway, we attended the lecture on time? (3)A: Susan s not coniuig today. B: After all, Tom's in town. (4)A: I hope you manage to do some work today. B: Oh. I ha\-e been workuig. Fm workuig on Sandy's talk. I mean, my talk in Sandy's class. (5)Rose: You like this woman? You used her several times? Jack: Well, she had beautiful hands, you see? Rose: I tliiiik you must have had a love afiair with her... 从功能上看,话语标记语本身不添加任何话语内容.对话语表达的命题不产生影响,但能衔接句子结构,从整体或者局部上对话语的理解产生制约性,体现说话者意图,表明对信息、观点的认识状态。

用英文写电子邮件的常用句式

用英文写电子邮件的常用句式

用英文写电子邮件的常用句式 1. Greeting message 祝福 Hope you have a good trip back. 祝旅途愉快。 How are you? 你好吗? How is the project going on? 项目进行顺利吗? 2. Initiate a meeting 发起会议 I suggest we have a call tonight at 9:30pm (China Time) with you and Brown. Please let me know if the time is okay for you and Ben. 我建议我们今晚九点半和Brown小聚一下,你和Ben有没有空? I would like to hold a meeting in the afternoon about our development planning for the project A. 今天下午我建议我们就A项目的发展计划开会讨论一下。 We’d like to have the meeting on Thu Oct 30. Same time. 十月三十号(周三),老时间,开会。 Let’s make a meeting next Monday at 5:30 PM SLC time. 下周一盐湖城时区下午五点半开会。 I want to talk to you over the phone regarding issues about report development and the XXX project. 我想跟你电话讨论下报告进展和XXX项目的情况。 3. Seeking for more information/feedbacks/suggestions 咨询信息/反馈/建议 Shall you have any problem accessing the folders, please let me know. 如果存取文件有任何问题请和我联系。 Thank you and look forward to having your opinion on the estimation and schedule.

英语感谢信常用句型

英语感谢信常用句型 篇一:英语感谢信常用语句 英语感谢信常用语句 ①Many thanks for your kind and warm help. ②I am greatly indebted to you for your help. ③ Thank you for your generous hospitality. ④ It was really exciting to get your New Year's card! ⑤ I'm sincerely grateful for all your help in finding me a place. ⑥Your note of congratulations is deeply appreciated. ⑦Thank you for doing so much to make my trip interesting. ⑧Thank you for your kindness to have done me a favour. 篇二:英语感谢信套路范文 感谢信开头段常用句式和套话 I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for...I am writing to express my thanks for... I am writing to show my sincere appreciation for...I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for... I feel deeply indebted to you and I really don't

英语邮件日常常用句子

英语邮件日常常用句子 语言具有明显的文体色彩,其中最常见的是口语语体和书面文体两大类.下面是 ___带来的英语邮件日常常用,欢迎阅读! 英语邮件日常常用句子精选 英文电子邮件高频句:感谢/道歉 Thanks note Thank you so much for the cooperation感谢你的合作! I really appreciate the effort you all made for this sudden and tight project. 对如此紧急的项目您做出的努力我表示十分感谢。 Thanks for your attention! 谢谢关心! Your kind assistance on this are very much appreciated.

我们对您的协助表示感谢。 Really appreciate your help! 非常感谢您的帮助! Apology 道歉 I sincerely apologize for this misunderstanding! 对造成的误解我真诚道歉! I apologize for the late asking but we want to make sure the correctness of our implementation ASAP. 很抱歉现在才进行询问,但是我们需要尽快核实执行信息。 邮件的开头 感谢读者是邮件开场白的好。感谢您的读者能让对方感到高兴,特别是之后你有事相求的情况下会很有帮助。

1.Thank you for contacting us. 分析:如果有人写信来询问公司的服务,就可以使用这句句子开头。向他们对公司的表示感谢。 2.Thank you for your prompt reply. 分析:当一个客户或是同事很快就回复了你的邮件,一定记得要感谢他们。如果回复并不及时,只要将“prompt”除去即可,你还可以说,“Thank you for getting back to me.” 3.Thank you for providing the requested information. 分析:如果你询问某人一些信息,他们花了点时间才发送给你,那就用这句句子表示你仍然对他们的付出表示感激。 4.Thank you for all your assistance. 分析:如果有人给了你特别的帮助,那一定要感谢他们!如果你想对他们表示特别的感激,就用这个句子,“I truly appreciate …your help in resolving the problem.”

在英语写作中研究话语标记语

科技信息人文社科 话语标记语是口语和书面语中常见的一种语言现象,用来指示话语之间的逻辑关系。自从Halliday和Hasan的《英语衔接》及Schiffrin的《话语标记语》出版后,人们对话语标记语产生了浓厚兴趣。20世纪50、60年代是语言学这门学科开始大发展的阶段,作为其分支的话语标记语研究是在70年代后期才真正形成和发展起来的。许多学者从不同角度对话语标记语进行了研究,譬如,Ostman以you know为第一个研究对象来研究话语标记语;Schourup也是对话语标记语较早研究的学者,使用的名称为“普通话语小品词”;Watts根据话语标记语出现的常见位置将它们分成“左标记语”和“右标记语”;Fraser采用“自上而下”的方法并从语法-语用的角度对话语标记语进行了研究。Schiffrin是对话语标记语进行系统研究最有影响的学者,其终极成果集中于专著《话语标记语》一书。Schiffrin采用了“自下而上”的研究方法,她认为,话语标记语对话语连贯起着重要作用,并提出了话语连贯模式。 从现有的对话语标记语的研究来看,绝大多数都是从Sperber &Wilson的关联理论角度进行探讨。Blakemore就是以Sperber&Wilson 的关联理论为基础,从认知-语用的角度出发,对话语标记语的作用进行了研究,关联理论从人的认知特点与过程出发,将交际当作是一种认知活动,认为人类的认知有一个总的目标,即在认知过程中力图以最小的投入去获取最大的认知效果。为了实现这一目的,人们必须将注意力集中在最为关联的信息上。这一认识是语言认知研究的巨大进步。根据该理论,说话者一般总会最大程度地表达话语信息,以便让对方话语理解时付出尽可能小的代价,为此,说话者便会制约听话者对话语关联性的寻找。Sperber&Wilson从认知的角度提出了人类交往的关联理论。根据该理论,人类的交际行为是明示-推理过程,说话人通过明示交际行为,让听话人获取某种信息。在关联理论的框架中,语境被认为是变项,关联是常项,寻找语境就是寻找语境关联,话语标记语被看作是寻找关联的向导,它可以制约语境和认知效果的选择。 国内对话语标记语的研究不像其他国家那样全面,但也有许多在此领域卓有成就的学者,如廖秋仲、何自然、冉永平等。国内对话语标记语从不同的角度进行理论研究,譬如,一些研究侧重于关联理论中话语标记语对语境的制约功能,何自然和冉永平对话语标记语的语用制约性进行了探索性研究,冉永平对话语标记语的语用功能进行探究,并出版了《话语标记语well的语用功能》一书。 尽管不同的学者对话语标记语的看法不一,但他们都认同话语标记语具有促进语篇连贯的作用。关联理论认为,语篇连贯是听话人寻求话语最佳关联的结果,而话语标记语通过限制话语的生成和理解帮助听话人寻求话语的最佳关联。从话语生成的角度,话语标记语可以帮助听话人组织信息从而产生尽可能明晰的话语。 写作也是一种交际方式,是作者和读者之间的交际。在中国,大学英语写作教学大纲一直在强调语篇连贯的重要性。然而,对很多学生而言,作文缺乏连贯始终是个无法理解的问题。许多非英语专业的学生在写作中不能正确使用话语标记语,结果导致文章不连贯。因此,本文在关联理论的框架下探讨了大学英语写作中话语标记语的情况。 通过对学生的英语写作进行分析发现,学生在英语写作中使用话语标记语时,存在许多问题,如:误用话语标记语;缺少话语标记语;过 多使用话语标记语以及机械套用话语标记语。针对这些情况,本人尝试地提出了一些写作教学建议:一、增强学生对话语标记语语用功能的意识;二、通过阅读练习,让学生更直接地了解话语标记语在真实语境中的功能和语法;三、为学生提供尽可能多的练习机会以充分掌握话语标记语的用法。 写作是一个语言编码的过程,从语用和认知的角度来讲,写作的编码不仅包括反映文章中心思想的概念意义,还有帮助文章理解的程序意义,因此,作者应当考虑如何引导读者理解他在文章中想要表达的内容。首先,作者需要避免读者误解或扭曲表达的意义,因此就要增加读者正确理解的可能性;其次,作者要使读者用最小的努力获得最大的理解原文上的收获。因此作者有两个选择:用普通的语言表达明确的命题意义,或用语言手段来提供必要的解释。在通常情况下,作者会做第二种选择,也就是说,作者会通过使用语言手段来帮助读者理解原文内容。话语标记语是写作中所使用的语言手段中的重要的一种。 总的来说,话语标记语是使写作更加连贯的手段。从本质上说,它反映了作者和读者时间的一种互动。英语话语标记语的数量很多,不同的话语标记语可以达到相同的语境效果而且一些话语标记语可以达到两个,甚至是三个语境效果,例如:for instance,however,in other words等等。 在书面语中,话语标记语不仅具有衔接话语单元的语义功能,同时又发挥重要的认识—语用功能,它既可以帮助作者生成语篇又能引导读者理解语篇,具体表现为语篇组构功能和认知引导功能。这二种功能并非互相排斥,而是关系密切,相辅相成的。由于话语标记语的语篇功能,学生熟练掌握了话语标记语的运用,就可以把意义上相互联系的话语单位连接起来,从而生成一个语义连贯的篇章。 因为话语标记语在语篇中的重要功能,学生对话语标记语的掌握程度与他们的英语写作水平有很大关联。然而,对于中国学生,把英语作为第二外语的学生来说,还未能熟练、准确把握和运用话语标记语,因此,教师在英语教学过程中,应系统地向学生传授话语标记语的相关知识,并分析它们的功能,以使学生正确理解和使用话语标记语。在英语写作中,利用话语标记语找到连贯关系,以帮助其理解和使篇章顺畅。 参考文献 [1]Blakemore, D.Semantic Constraints on R elevance[M].Oxford, Blackwell,1987. [2]Fraser,B.An Approach to Discourse Markers[J].Journal of Prag-matics,1990. [3]Johns,A.M.Textual Cohesion and the Chinese Speakers of English [J].Language Learning and Communication,1984. [4]Sperber,D.&D.Wilson.R elevance.Blackwell.1995. [5]陈新仁.话语联系语与英语议论文写作调查分析[J].外语教学与研究,2002. [6]冯光武.汉语标记语的语义、语用分析[J].现代外语,2004. [7]李明贤.话语标记语与外语写作教学[D].山东大学,2005. 在英语写作中研究话语标记语 山东师范大学外国语学院刘宁宁 [摘要]话语标记语指那些不参与句法结构,往往连接于上下两个话语片段之间,且为发话者主观外加、能发挥一定话语篇章功能的特殊的言语成分。目前,话语标记语已成为建构主义语言模式的语言学家研究的重点。它们不仅可以使得言谈自然并合乎语境,而且还表明语言是人类所独有的。因此,话语标记语的研究对于我们理解交际能力来说至关重要。它可以帮助我们了解语言是如何通过适当的文化方式借助认知、社会、表达以及语篇等诸多方面的知识运作的。本文对话语标记语的分析依据Sperber和Wilson的关联理论。关联理论的两大基本原则是认知原则和交际原则,认知原则即人类认知倾向于同最大关联相吻合;关联的交际原则即每一个明示的行为都应设想为它本身具有最佳关联。第二原则以第一原则为基础。语言学家,特别是语用学家对话语标记语进行了广泛的探索研究。话语标记语是当今话语分析、语用学等学科所关注的一个热门话题。然而,却很少从写作的角度研究话语标记语。我们认为,话语标记语具有独特的语篇链接功能。如果学生在写作中能正确熟练地运用话语标记语,那么学生的语篇连贯写作能力将会得到很大提高。 464 ——

英文感谢信万能句子

英文感谢信万能句子 1.感谢信英文格式 2.英文感谢信常用句型 3.英文的感谢信范文 4.感谢信英文的万能句子 感谢信英文格式 一、信函写作:称呼、正文、落款 1、审题—-判断是个人书信&事务公函 决定: 语域使用:正式:使用礼貌表达,不用缩略语(对公) 半正式:可以使用缩略和口语表达(对私) 非正式:(一般不考)——it depends 呼语:特定的写信对象:dear xx 不明确收信人:dear sir/madam, or to whom it may concern 2、正文 三段(8句):写作目的段、细化段、感谢或者期待。 3、各种信函内容安排 8)感谢信

a.基本结构 dear…, 表示感谢; 感谢缘由及内心感受,希望回报; 再次感谢,寄予希望。 yours sincerely, li ming b.范文解析: dear jim, i am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. i am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when i was knocked off my bike by a taxi. if it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid, i fear that the consequences might have been much more serious. everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome. although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach. if there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place. yours sincerely,

正规邮件常用英语100句

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